Background Interest PPCP/EDC Sources & Occurrence. Pharmaceuticals and Personal. Products (PPCPs) Pharmaceuticals & Personal Care.

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1 and Personal Care Products Literature Review, Treatment Technologies, Research and Regulatory MWEA IPP Seminar October 15, 2009 Rich Grant, P.E. Fleis & VandenBrink Engineering Brian Rice, P.E. Fleis & VandenBrink Engineering Interest PPCP/EDC Sources & Occurrence Initial need for data Wastewater treatment plants Risk assessment / Toxicology Increased microbial resistance to antibiotics 1

2 Interest PPCP/EDC Sources & Occurrence PPCPs s = & Personal Care Products Antibiotics Fragrances Anti-inflammatory inflammatory Hormones medicines Pain medication Antiepileptic medicines X-ray contrast Blood lipid regulators media Cough syrup Interest PPCP/EDC Sources & Occurrence EDCs s = Endocrine Disrupting Pesticides Organohalogens Alkyphenols Heavy metals Organotins Phthalates Natural Hormones Phytoestrogens Phenols Aromatic hydrocarbons Interest PPCP/EDC Sources & Occurrence 2

3 Analytes Dose Human Analgesics Acetaminophen Ibuprofen Codeine Lipid Regulators Clofibric Acid Gemfibrozil Antibiotics Trimethoprim Sulfamethoxazole Lincomycin Tylosin Antidepressants Fluoxetine Norfluoxetine Steroids 17b-estradiol 17a-ethinylestradiol Estrone Estriol Coprostanol Cholesterol β-adrenergic Blockers Atenolol Metoprolol Propranolol Stimulants Caffeine Antiepileptics Carbamazepine Analytes Dose Human A Dose of Perspective Accomplish 200 mg/d Ibuprofen with 150 MGD water A Sip (synergic impact of some EDCs at lower doses) Consider - Potency at Low Dose Bioaccumulative, persistent (PBC, THFs, DDT, etc) Immunity build-up (antibiotics) Designed for low-dose potency (atrazines, triazines) USGS National Reconnaissance Study 3

4 PPCPs/EDCs in Michigan 4-Season Sampling Lakes and Rivers Similar Water Cycle: Mean Concentrations - PPCPs Huron River Drinking Water Wastewater Influent Wastewater Effluent Concentration (ppb) Sulfamethoxazole Lincomycin Tylosin Trimethoprim Acetaminophen Concentration (ppb) Carbamazepine Ibuprofen Water Cycle: Mean Concentrations - Hormones and Steroids Caffeine Cotinine 1,4 Dioxane Huron River Drinking Water Wastewater Influent Wastewater Effluent Stigmasterol Sitosterol Stigmastanol Coprostanol Cholesterol Dihydrochloesterol Surface/Ground Water Interaction 4

5 Ann Arbor Water Treatment Grand Rapids Source Water Monroe Lime Softening Ozone Rapid Mix Flocculation/ Sedimentation Ozone Clarifier Sedimentation GAC Filtration Sand Filtration Final Treatment Free Chlorine Final Treatment Chloramines Final Treatment Free Chlorine Filtration Distribution System Concentration (ppt) Mean Antibiotics Antidepressants Antiepileptics 3 2 Analgesics Beta Blockers Lipid Regulators Steroids Stimulants 1 Ann Arbor Grand Rapids Monroe 60 Drinking Water Mean Co oncentration (ppt) Antibiotics Antidepressants Antiepileptics Analgesics Beta Blockers Lipid Regulators 1 Steroids Stimulants 1 1 Ann Arbor Grand Rapids Monroe 5

6 rcent Removal Per 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% Water Treatment Removal 0% Antibiotics Antidepressants Antiepileptics Analgesics Beta Blockers Lipid Regulators Steroids Stimulants Ann Arbor Grand Rapids Monroe Helena Valley Ground Water:, Personal Care Products, Endocrine Disruptors (PPCPs) and Microbial Indicators of Fecal Contamination Kathleen (Kate) J. Miller and Joseph Meek, both of the Montana Department of Environmental Quality,

7 32 of 38 PPCP analytes detected in GW Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) 80% Atrazine 40% High Density = 300 septic systems /mi 2 Moderate Density = septic systems /mi 2 7

8 Occurrence and Fate of and Personal Care Products in Groundwater Environments, EPA funded research by Stony Brook University, 2005 Distribution of PPCPs Migration of PPCPs Upper drift aquifer on Long Island, New York 18 sampling sites Septic tank plume Some pharmaceuticals detected in GW from drainfield plume Sorption and migration Drainfield is not the end to migration of PPCPs, EDCs 8

9 Goals - halt, minimize Contamination by Pass-Through Biosolids Contamination Wastewater Pass Thru Biosolids Treatment Destruction vs Removal Physical, BioChemical Treatment Pass Thru Biosolids Treatment WWTP Sorption Removal and Pass Through Biosolids impact Limited Biodegradation 9

10 Pass Thru Biosolids Treatment WHAT WORKS? Recent Studies: REDUCTION OF EMERGING CONTAMINANTS THROUGH CONVENTIONAL AND ADVANCED WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES Joan Oppenheimer, Roger Stephenson, Samer Adham, James DeCarolis 2007 Pass Thru Biosolids Treatment Six full-scale treatment facilities Twenty target PPCPs Percentage removal of each compound versus the solids retention time (SRT) Benchmark: SRT80% Conclusions SO WHAT WORKS? AWWA Research Foundation (AWWARF) Wastewater W t t Removal of EDCs and in Drinking Water and Reuse Treatment es,

11 Pass Thru Biosolids Treatment RECENT FINDINGS - SRT80% not achievable for most compounds Best biological removal performance noted with nitrification/denitrification system -Microfiltration reverse osmosis (MF/RO) Optimal Removal, little/no destruction, high $ OBSERVATIONS 1) Bio-sorption 2) Advanced Oxidation 100% 90% Pass Thru Biosolids Treatment Conclusions Percent Removal 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Ann Arbor Grand Rapids Free chlorine 11

12 Free chlorine Ozone Free chlorine Ozone Ultraviolet irradiation Free chlorine Ozone Ultraviolet Disinfection Advanced Oxidation 12

13 Free chlorine Ozone Ultraviolet Disinfection Advanced Oxidation Activated Carbon Wastewater Free chlorine Ozone Ultraviolet Disinfection Advanced Oxidation Activated Carbon R O i W t t Reverse Osmosis Wastewater Free chlorine Ozone Ultraviolet Disinfection Advanced Oxidation Activated Carbon R O i Biological Removal W t t Reverse Osmosis 13

14 Regulate Manage Future Regulatory Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program Section 408(p) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA. $2.85 to $6 billion to fully screen EDC chemicals (University of Minnesota, 2004) If a substance is found to have an endocrine effect on humans, FFDCA section 408(p)(6) directs the Administrator to take action under available statutory authority to ensure protection of public health. Regulate Manage Future Should We Regulate a Specific Chemical? Persistent and/or bioaccumulative? Evidence of antibiotic resistance? Evidence of endocrine disruption? Potential for allergic reactions? Risks to environment, human health? Regulate Manage Future Likely Regulatory Targets Cardiovascular agents Anxiolytic sedatives hypnotics & antipsychotics Gastrointestinal meds Antivirals Corticosteroids Based on combination of: Predicted relative clinical dose Log Kow Removal in WWTPs Number of compounds in class Daphnid > Fish > Algae - Sanderson et al.,

15 What is happening now? Regulate Manage Future What is REALLY happening now? Potential Releases of Unused Medicines In Landfill Leachate Lial Tischler, Tischler/Kocurek, Virginia Cunningham, Doug Finan GSK, Mary Buzby, Merck & Co., Inc. Neil Parke, Eli Lilly & Co., Inc. Regulate Manage Future What is REALLY happening now? Direct Disposal (Toilet/Landfill) Regulate Manage Future Trash Flush Store 15

16 Regulate Manage Future CONSIDER THIS QUOTE: Landfill disposal of unused medicines will result in much lower surface water discharges of pharmaceutical active ingredients than flushing unused medicines to sewers. WHEN considering the 20% or so that is not excreted Landfill Disposal of Unused Medicines Gaining Momentum & Publicity Regulate Manage Future PPCPs, EDCs, Survival Biosolids to Landfill? 16

17 Historical EPA methods EDCs low-dose activity Previous work missed EDC impacts Ecologically, which is appropriate? Innocent until proven guilty vs. Unsafe until proven Safe 87,000 compounds Current tracking Need: Control Unacceptable discharge = unmanageable risk 17

18 Necessary: 5-10 year plans. Consider Efforts to Optimize EDC & PPCP Destruction at the POTW Consider Also at Water Treatment Facilities AOP Upgradable? and Personal Care Products Literature Review, Treatment Technologies, Research and Regulatory MWEA IPP Seminar October 15, 2009 Rich Grant, P.E. Fleis & VandenBrink Engineering Brian Rice, P.E. Fleis & VandenBrink Engineering or