INVESTIGATION OF SOME PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HAND DUGWELL WATER IN MUBI ADAMAWA STATE NIGERIA

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1 INVESTIGATION OF SOME PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF HAND DUGWELL WATER IN MUBI ADAMAWA STATE NIGERIA M.U. ABBA1, I.J. TEKWA2 AND M.S. HUSSEINI2 1. Depatment of Agicultual and Bio-Envionmental Engineeing Technology. Fedeal Polytechnic P.M.B. 3 Mubi. 2. Depatment of and Bio-Envionmental Engineeing Agicultual Technology. Fedeal polytechnic P.M.B. 3 Mubi. ABSTRACT The status of eighteen (18) hand dug well-wate samples fom six selected wads (Yelwa, Lokuwa, Sabon layi, Kolee, Digil, Wuo-patuji) in Mubi town was detemined by evaluating the physiochemical popeties of hand dug well-wate samples. The investigation was caied out fo a peiod of 12 calende months. The paametes investigated include Tubidity, colou, odou, tempetue, taste, suspended solids. Total dissolved solid (TDS), electical conductivity (EC), ph, Na, Mg, Ca, Fuoide, Nitate, Potassium, Sulphate, in the laboatoy using standad pocedue. A Filteing device developed, made fom a jute sack and ply wood was used to filte physical impuities in the wate. The esults was compaed with the available standad equiement fo wate use. The physical popeties (Odou, colou, taste, TSS, TDS, tubidity and tempeatue) of the investigated hand dug-well wate wee found to be within the acceptable limit fo safe dinking wate quality specified by WHO (2010), NIS/SON/NAFDAC, (7) and Austalian Dinking Wate Guideline (2011). The chemical popeties (ph, F, Cl, Na, Ca, Mg, SO4, NO3, K and conductivity) wee also found to be within the acceptable limits fo safe dinking wate quality ealie specified by WHO (2010), NIS/SON/NAFDAC, (7) and Austalian Dinking Wate Guideline (2011). The Data wee analysed using statistix 8.0 fo the analysis of vaiance (ANOVA) among vaiables unde obsevation. The sample means wee appopiately sepaated using LSD at % level and S.E (±). In addition, selected paametes wee futhe compaed using line gaphs. Keywod: Contamination, well wate, quality, analysis, impuities, investigation. INTRODUCTION In ancient times, wate was mostly stoed in tanks, pots and buckets while, some people havested ain wate fom the oof tops of houses and kept fo use duing ain fall absence especially duing the dy season (Tebutt, 1980). The inceased demand fo wate esulted in tapping of gound wate fom spings and hand dug wells. Shallow and pemeable wate table aquifes ae most susceptible to contamination (Moody. 1986). be within toleable use-limits fo human consumption. Wate taste, colou, odou, SAR, ph and salinity (EC) status standads (Schwab, et al 1989).Mubi metopolis in Adamawa state is one aea that utilizes well wate as souce of dinking in most of he wads. Ove the past few yeas the pevalence of wate bon diseases in Mubi metopolis is so alaming due to contamination and pollution. Available ecods fom Mubi Geneal Hospital and the Local Govenment Pimay Health cae shows significant ate of wate bone diseases in the study aea The objectives of the study ae; To investigate the physical and chemical and chaacteistics of hand dug wells in Mubi metopolis of Adamawa state.

2 To detemine the months with highest concentation of wate contaminants duing the study peiod. To poffe solutions to the poblems of the hand dug wells in the study aea. The study was limited to the status of eighteen(18) hand dug well wate samples fom six selected locations in Mubi metopolis and these ae Lokuwa,Kolee,Yelwa,Sabon-layi, Wuopatuji and Digil espectively. The study has lasted fo a peiod of 12 months (1yea) ( ). In many counties, availability of wate has become a citical and ugent poblem fo counties without access pipe bon wate (Okonko et al, 8). Thee is need to contol the pollution of suface and gound wate since the public health of the people have a diect link with the availability of adequate quantity and good quality wate (Alao et al, 2010). A significant numbe of the population in the study aea depends on well wate fo thee dinking and othe domestic puposes, and thee has been a lot of complaints about the quality of the well wate in tems of biological, chemical and physical contamination. Available ecods obtained fom Mubi Geneal Hospital and the Local Govenment Pimay health cae Office evealed that the ate Wate bon diseases is so alaming in the study ae Wate Physical Popeties Wate Tempeatue Wate tempeatue is not only impotant to swimmes and fisheman, but also to industies and even fish and algae. A lot of wate is used fo cooling puposes in powe plants that geneate electicity. They need cool wate to stat with, and they geneally elease wame wate back to the envionment. The tempeatue of the eleased wate can affect downsteam habitats (Wate Talk, 4). Tempeatue also can affect the ability of wate to hold oxygen as well as the ability of oganisms to esist cetain pollutants (http;//ga.wate.usgs.gov/edu/watepopeties.html). Colou and Odo Colou can be caused by decaying leafs, plants, oganic matte, coppe, ion, and manganese, which may be objectionable. Indicative of lage amounts of oganic chemicals, inadequate teatment, and high disinfection demand. Potential fo poduction of excess amounts of disinfection by poducts. Cetain odous may indicative of oganic o non-oganic contaminants that oiginated fom municipals o industial waste dischage o fom natual souces Tubidity Tubidity is the amount of paticulate matte that is suspended in wate. Tubidity measues the scatteing effect that suspended solids have on light: the highe the intensity of scatteed light, the highe the tubidity. Mateial that causes wate to be tubid includes: Clay Silt Finely divided oganic and inoganic matte. Soluble coloed oganic compounds. Plankton Micoscopic oganisms

3 Tubidity makes the wate cloudy o opaque. Tubidity is measued by shining a light though the wate and is epoted in nephelometic tubidity units (NTU). Duing peiods of low flow (base flow), many ives ae a clea geen colo, and tubidities ae low, usually less than 10 NTU. Duing a ainstom, paticles fom the suounding land ae washed into the ive making the wate a muddily bown colo, indicating wate that has highe tubidity values (Wate Talk, 4). Suspended sediments Suspended sediment is the amount of soil moving along in a steam. It is highly dependent on the speed of wate flow, as fast-flowing wate can pick up and suspend moe soil than calm wate (Wate Talk, 4). Duing stoms, soil is washed fom the steam banks into the steam. The amount that washes into a steam depends on the type of land in the ive s wateshed and the vegetation suounding the ive. If land is distubed along a steam and potection measues ae not taken, then excess sediment can ham the wate quality of a steam (Wate Talk, 4). Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) High concentations of TDS may affect taste advesely and deteioate plumbing and appliances. The EPA ecommends that wate containing moe than mg/l of dissolved solids not be used if othe less minealized supplies ae available. Howeve, wate containing moe than mg/l of TDS is dangeous to dink. Exclusive of most teated public wate supplies. ph ph is a measue of the fee hydogen ion and hydoxyl ions in the wate. A ph of 7 is neutal. ph unde 7 indicates acidity; highe than 7 indicates alkalinity. Because ph can be affected by chemicals in the wate, ph is an impotant indicato of wate that is changing chemically. Dinking wate with a ph between 6. and 8.geneally is consideed satisfactoy. Acidic wates ae coosive to plumbing and faucets, paticulaly if the ph is below 6. Wates with a ph above 8. may have a bitte o sod alike taste. The ph of wate can affect the teatment of wate and should be consideed if the wate is used fo field application of pesticides. Wate with a ph of 7 to 8. equies moe chloine fo the destuction of pathogens (disease oganisms) than wate that is slightly acidic. Chemical contamination Fluoide Fluoide concentations of 0.7 to1.2 mg/l in dinking wate will potect against dental cavities. Howeve, excessive levels (moe than 1. mg/l) may cause discoloation, o mottling of the teeth. This occus only in developing teeth befoe they push though. Elevated fluoide levels also may cause skeletal damage and bone disease. Because low levels of fluoide ae common in goundwate, most municipalities add fluoide to the wate.(u.s. Envionmental Potection Agency, Safe Dinking Wate Act, 2012) Chloide High concentations of chloide ions can cause wate to have an objectionable salty taste and coode hot-wate plumbing systems. High-chloide wates have a laxative effect fo some

4 people. An uppe limit of 20 mg/l has been set fo chloide ions, although noticing the taste at this level is difficult, and even highe concentations do not appea to cause Advese health effects. An incease in the nomal chloide content of wate may indicate possible pollution fom human sewage, animal manue o industial wastes. (U.S. Envionmental Potection Agency, Safe Dinking Wate Act, 2012) Calcium and Magnesium Calcium and magnesium ae the main contibutos to wate hadness. When wate is heated, calcium beaks down and pecipitates out of the solution, foming scale. Maximum limits have not been established fo calcium. Magnesium concentations geate than 12 mg/l may have a laxative effect on some people. Teatment fo calcium is softening (tank media) and eveses osmosis. Magnesium levels can be contolled though distillation. (U.S. Envionmental Potection Agency, Safe Dinking Wate Act, 2012) Potassium Potassium concentations in wate ae geneally vey small. Although excessive amounts may have a laxative effect, the EPA has not established a maximum limit. Potassium (chloide) is used as a eplacement fo salt in wate softenes when dietay sodium intake is a health issue. (U.S. Envionmental Potection Agency, Safe Dinking Wate Act, 2012) Sodium Sodium is a vey active metal that does not occu natually in a fee state. It always is combined with othe substances. In the human body, sodium helps maintain the wate balance Human intake of sodium is mainly influenced by the consumption of sodium as sodium chloide o table salt. The contibution of dinking wate is nomally small, compaed with othe souces. The teatment fo cetain heat conditions, ciculatoy o kidney diseases, o cihosis of the live may include sodium estiction.. The National Academy of Sciences has suggested a standad fo public wate allowing no moe than mg/l of sodium. This would ensue that the wate supply adds no moe than10 pecent of the aveage peson s total sodium intake. The Ameican Health Association ecommends a moe consevative standad of 20 mg/l to potect heat and kidney patients. (U.S. Envionmental Potection Agency, Safe Dinking Wate Act, 2012) Conductivity. Specific conductance is a measue of the ability of wate to conduct an electical cuent. It is highly dependent on the amount of dissolve solids (such as salt) in the wate. Pue wate, such as distilled wate, will have a vey low specific conductance, and sea wate will have a high specific conductance. Rain wate has often dissolves aibone gasses and aibone dust while it is in the ai, and thus often has a highe specific conductance than distilled wate. Specific conductance is an impotant wate- quality measuement because it gives a good idea of the amount of dissolved mateial in the wate(wate Talk, 4). MATERIALS AND METHODS Study Aea The study was caied out at Mubi Noth local govenment aea, and is located in the Nothen pat of Adamawa State It lies between latitudes 141 and 191 N, and between longitudes and E. It bodes Bono State to the West, Maiha and Hong LGA to the

5 South and Michika LGA to the Noth, while its easten bounday is belted by the Mandaa Mountains to the Cameoon Republic (Fig.1). The aea has about 06.4 squae kilometes (km) with a population size of 79,04 at a density of 160. people pe squae kilomete (Nwogboso and Uyanga, 1999). The aea has a topical wet and dy climate, with dy season lasting fo a minimum peiod of months (Novembe to mach), while the wet season spans between Apil and Octobe, each yea. Annual ainfall amounts anges fom a mean minimum of 0mm to a mean maximum of 1,00mm (Adebayo,4). The main occupation of the people in the aea is mainly aable faming and livestock poduction. Collection of dug-well wate Samples One (1) lite of wate samples was andomly collected fom 18 selected hand dug-wells in 6 locations, 3 sample each fom Kolee, Lokuwa, Sabon-layi, Yelwa, Wuo-patuji and Digil espectively. The samples wee collected using a bucket and a ope system. Each sample was poued into a 1 lite steile bottle and labeled fo pescibed laboatoy studies.

6 Table 1: Detemination of physical and chemical popeties of sample wate Wate Popety Unit Method of analysis Instument Physical Taste Palatability Tongue Odou Smell Nose Colou Seeing Eye O Tempeatue C ----Themomete Tubidity mg/lite Spectophotometic Wate analyse Total Suspended mg/lite Solid (TSS) Total dissolved mg/lite solids (TDS) Spectophotometic Wate analyse Spectophotometic Wate analyse Chemical Calcium(Ca) mg/lite Magnesium (Mg) mg/lite Sodium (Na) mg/lite Fluoide (F) mg/lite Elemental method analysis Elemental method analysis Elemental method analysis Spectophotometic Chloide (Cl) mg/lite Spectophotometic Spectophotomete Sulphate (SO4) mg/lite Spectophotometic Spectophotomete Potassium (K) mg/lite Titimetic Wate analyse Nitate ((NO3) mg/lite Spectophotometic Spectophotomete Conductivity us/cm Spectophotometic Conductivity mete ph mete ph eaction) (wate --- of AAS of AAS of AAS Spectophotomete Refeence Key: AAS (Atomic adsoption spectophotomete able 2: Location and designation of selected hand-dug wells in the study aea Well Wad Depth of Depth of Use of well dug-well(m) wate in well KL1 Kolee.3m 1.2m Location of well Adjacent Capt. Yakubu

7 KL2 Kolee.0m 1.4m KL3 Kolee 6.0m 2.1m LK1 Lokuwa 7.4m 3.4m LK2 Lokuwa 6.6m 3.0m LK3 Lokuwa 6.1m 2.6m SB1 Sabon-layi 7.2m 2.7m SB2 Sabon-layi 7.6m 3.3m SB3 Sabon-layi.9m 1.9m YL1 Yelwa 6.2m 2.2m YL2 Yelwa.1m 2.1m YL3 Yelwa 6.3m 2.7m WP1 Wuo-patuji.7m 2.1m WP2 Wuo-patuji 6.0m 2.8m WP3 Wuo-patuji.3m 1.9m (td), behind LG secetaiat Opposite Masallacin Izala Gidan Alhaji Musa. Kukawa steet. Kofan Jaengol. GRA Road Kofan Babanwali, behind pison yad. Abubaka s esident, Digil oad. Gidan Sani Jigi Gidan yusuf liman, lokoja steet Gidan Hassan kongo, Kano steet Umau Fudamu esident, opp. Top class. Hamisu s esident behind new maket Abba s Fam, behind new maket Suzana s house Gidan ambassado

8 DG1 Digil 4.8m 1.7m DG2 Digil 4.4m 1.3m DG3 Digil 4.7m 1.m Kofan Maafa Gidan Jauolugga Gidan Alhaji Bello Souce, (Field suvey.2014) Table 3: Popotion of hand dug-well wate uses in the study aea Location Numbe of Pecentage (%) Numbe of Pecentage(%) espondents espondents not using H.D.W.W using H.D.W.W Kolee Lokuwa Sabon-layi Wuo-patuji Digil Souce, (Field suvey.2014) Key; H.D.W.W= Hand dug-well wate Plate. 1. ]

9 Plate 2 Plates showing (1) hand dug-wells, and (2) filteing device Table 4: values of physical popeties compaed with standad Month TSS(mg/l) TDS(mg/l) Tubidity(NTU) May June July August Temp(0C) Septembe Octobe Novembe Decembe Januay Febuay Mach Apil

10 Souce: (Laboatoy analysis ) Table : Chemical popeties compaed with standads Month ph Flouide(mg/l) Chloide (mg/l) Limi t May June July August Septembe Octobe Novembe Decembe Januay Febuay Mach Apil Sulphate(mg/l) Nitate (mg/l) Souce: (Laboatoy analysis ) Table 6: Chemical popeties compaed with standads Month Sodium(mg/l Magnesium(mg/l Calcium(mg/l ) ) ) May June July August Septembe Octobe Mea n Conductivity (µs/cm) Mea n Novembe 3.2 Decembe 3.2 Januay 3.31 Febuay 3.33 Mach 3.3 Apil 3.40 Potassium(mg/l ) Limi t

11 Souce: (Laboatoy analysis ) a) Kolee b) Lokuwa c) Sabonlayi Fig. 2 (a-c): Physical popeties (TSS and TDS) of hand dug-well wate ove 12 month peiod in the individual study location a) Yelwa b) Wuopatuji c) Digil Fig. 3 (a-c): Physical popeties (TSS and TDS) of hand dug-well wate ove 12 month peiod in the in dividual study location a) b) Fig 4: a) Tubidity of hand dug-well wate ove 12 month peiod in the vaious study locations and b) values of Tubidity ove the 12 months peiod fo all the study locations Fig : values of TSS and TDS of hand dug-well wate ove 12 month fo all the study locations in the study aea. Fig. 6: Tempeatue of hand dug-well wate ove 12 month peiod in the vaious study locations

12 Fig 7: values of tempeatue of hand dug-well wate ove 12 month fo all the study locations in the study aea. Fig. 8: Chemical popeties of hand dug-well wate ove 12 month peiod at a). Kolee, b).lokuwa, and c). Sabon-Layi locations Fig. 9: Chemical popeties of hand dug-well wate ove 12 month peiod at a). Yelwa, b).wuopatuji, and c). Digil locations a).

13 b). Fig 10: values of chemical popeties (a-b) of hand dug-well wate ove 12 month peiod fo all the study locations.

14 Study month A p il A ug S us ep t te m be O ct ob e N ov em be D ec em be Ja nu a Fe y b ua y M a ch Ju ly Ju ne M ay Conductivity (us/cm) 160 a) Kolee Lokuw a Sabonlayi Yelw a W/patuji Digil

15 b) Kolee Lokuw a Sabonlayi Yelw a W/patuji Digil Ju ly A ug us S ep t te m be O ct o be N o ve m be D e ce m be Ja nu a F eb y u a y M a ch Ju ne M ay 6 A p il Wate eaction (ph) 7.4 Study month Fig. 11: Estimated ates of a). electical conductivity (EC), and b). wate eaction (ph) of hand dug-well wate ove 12 months peiod in the vaious study locations a)

16 b) Fig 12: Estimated values of a). wate eaction (ph), and b). conductivity of hand dug-well wate in the study aea. RESULTS AND DISCSSION

17 The physical popeties of 18 hand dug well wate samples in the study wee analysed in the laboatoy fo the study peiod. Samples fom 1 wells appeaed colouless, and unobjectionable in tems of odou and taste which ae within the stipulated limit by Nigeian Industial Standad (NIS), Standad Oganization of Nigeia (SON) and National Agency fo Food and Dug Administation Contol (NAFDAC) (7). This agees with the ange epoted by Tekwa (7), while examining hand dug-well wate quality and use in Mubi. Slightly coloued samples wee obseved in 3 wells which had no cove, and the opening edge casing was not aised high enough above the gound level. This slightly colouing was obseved duing the ainfall peak (June Septembe). Duing this peiod decayed mateials ae easily tanspoted by suface un off and by seepage though suface soil. Colou can be caused by decaying leafs, plants, oganic matte, coppe, ion, and manganese, which may be objectionable. Total Suspended Solids (TSS) efes to the filteable solids in a liquid medium that can be filteed using a filte, it is also the amount of soil moving in wate.the TSS value anged fom 16.39mg/l to 16.83mg/l (Table 4), which is below the maximum limit of 0mg/l ecommended fo dinking wate stipulated by NIS, SON and NAFDAC, (7). The value of TSS was ecoded high 16.83mg/l in the month of Apil, this could be attibuted to the fact that this peiod was the beginning of the ainfall of which, sand stom and dust usually occus befoe ainfall. Howeve with this value ecoded the hand dug-well wate is safe to dink in this espect. The Total dissolve Solids found in this study anged fom mg/l (Table 4), which is below the maximum limit ecommended fo standad dinking wate stipulated by NIS, SON and NAFDAC, (7). The wate is safe to dink in tems of TDS. TDS above maximum limit may affect taste advesely and cause deteioation in plumbing pipes. The EPA ecommends that wate containing moe than mg/l of dissolved solids must not be used. Health wise, wate containing moe than mg/l of TDS is not ecommended to dink. Tubidity is the amount of paticulate matte that is suspended in wate caused by the pesence of suspended matte such as clay, silt, and fine paticles of oganic and inoganic matte. The Tubidity value ecoded in this study anged fom NTU, (Table 4). This ange of values fall below the maximum limit of NTU stipulated by NIS, SON and NAFDAC, (7). Tubidity was ecoded high in the month May (3.26 NTU), this was attibuted to the fact that this peiod was the beginning of ainfall of which ainstom, paticles fom the suounding land ae washed into the well making the wate slightly muddy colou. Tempeatue values obtained fom this study anged fom 2 oc 28.9oC (Table 4). This ange is acceptable unde NIS, SON and NAFDAC, (7) standad which should be ambient, that is tempeatue of the immediate suounding envionment and should be acceptable to most consumes. ph is a measue of the fee hydogen ion and hydoxyl ions in the wate. A ph of 7 is neutal. ph unde 7 indicates acidity; highe than 7 indicates alkalinity. Dinking wate with a ph between 6. and 8.geneally is consideed satisfactoy. The ph values of the study anged fom (Table ). This ange is below the maximum pemissible limit of 8. stipulated by NIS, SON and NAFDAC, (7). With this value ecoded the wate safe to dink. The ph values fo the month of May, June and August showed an acidic concentation, while the est of the months ae alkaline in natue. Fluoide concentations of 0.7 to1.2 mg/l in dinking wate will potect against dental cavities. Howeve, excessive levels (moe than 1. mg/l) may cause discoloation, o mottling of the teeth. Fluoide concentation anged fom 0.88mg/l to 1.17mg/l (Table ). This ange is below the maximum limit of 1.mg/l fo

18 dinking wate quality stipulated by NIS/SON/NAFDAC, (7), (Table 16). The wate is safe to dink in tems of fluoide. High concentations of chloide ions can cause wate to have an objectionable salty taste and coode hot-wate plumbing systems. The value of chloide ecoded anged fom 83mg/l to 111mg/l, (Table 6). This ange is fa below the maximum pemissible of 20mg/l fo safe dinking wate quality stipulated by NIS/SON/NAFDAC (7). The wate in the study aea is safe to dink in tems of chloide. It was obseved that concentation of chemical popeties was ecoded highe in aining season compaed to dy season because of incease in volume of wate in the well. This was attibuted to the fact in aining season the wate table seems to be high. Sulphate value anged fom 44mg/l to 7mg/l (Table 6), this ange is also below the maximum limit of mg/l fo dinking wate quality stipulated by NIS/SON/NAFDAC, (7) as indicated in (Tables 9) This evealed that the wate is safe to dink. The concentation of Nitate anged fom 33.6mg/l to 46.48mg/l, (Table 16). This ange is below the maximum limit of 0mg/l fo dinking wate quality stipulated by WHO (2010), (Table 9), as such the wate is safe to dink in this espect. The concentation of Sodium ange fom 3.2mg/l to.92mg/l. (Table 6) This ange is also fo below the maximum limit of mg/l fo dinking wate quality stipulated by NIS/SON/NAFDAC (7).The wate is safe fo dinking in tems of Sodium. It was obseved that the concentation was ecoded highe in aining season compaed to dy season due to the fact that the ising wate table duing these peiod and also couple with the fact that wate un-off flowing into some of the wells that do not have thei casing isen high above gound level, Also infiltation of contaminated wate into wells that do have cacks on thei wall casing. The value of magnesium anged fom 3.4mg/l to 6.2mg/l, (Table 6). This value is lowe than the maximum pemissible limit of 12mg/l fo dinking wate quality epoted by Noth Dakota State Univesity Wate Quality Intepetive Tool, 2012 (Table 10). This evealed that the wate is safe fo dinking in tems of magnesium. The concentation of calcium anged fom 20.17mg/l to 2.8mg/l, (Table 6). The value Potassium ange fom 48mg/l to 6mg/l, (Table 6). Electical conductivity value anged fom µs/cm to 128 µs/cm, (Table 6). This ange is fa below the maximum limit of 0 µs/cm, fo dinking wate quality stipulated by NIS/SON/NAFDAC, (7). The wate in the study ae is safe to dink in tems of conductivity. Conclusion This study evealed that: 1. The physical popeties (Odou, colou, taste, TSS, TDS, tubidity and tempeatue) of the hand dug-well wate wee found to be within the acceptable limit fo safe dinking wate quality specified by WHO (2010), NIS/SON/NAFDAC, (7) thoughout the yea. The chemical popeties (ph, F, Cl, Na, Ca, Mg, SO 4, NO3, K and conductivity) wee also found to be within the acceptable limits fo safe dinking wate quality ealie specified by WHO (2010), NIS/SON/NAFDAC, (7). REFERENCES Adebayo A.A. (4): A Geogaphy synthesis. (1steds) Paaclete Publishes.Yola Pp 17-2.

19 Alao O.O. Aojojoye O.A. Ogunlaja O and Famuyiwa O. (2010): Impact assessment of bewey effluent on wate Quality in Majawe, Ibadan, South Westen Reseche. 2(); Association of official Analytical Chemists (AOAC), : Official methods of Analytical Chemists 18th ed. Washington D.C Association of Analitical Chemist (AOAC), : Official Methods of Analysis New Yok. Moody, D.W (1986): Souces and Extent of Goundwate Contamination. Noth Caolina co-opeative. http// Assesed Nigeian Industial Standad (NIS): Standad Oganization of Nigeia (SON), and National Food and Dug Administation Contol (NAFDAC),(7): Nigeia Standad fo Dinking Wate Quality, NIS 4: 7, Abuja, Okonko I.O, Adejoye, O.D. (8): Micobiological and physiochemical analysis of diffeent wate samples used fo domestic pupose in Abeokuta and Ojota Lagos State Afican jounal of Biotechnology. Vol. 7(); , 4. Schwab, G, O, D.D. Fangmei. W.J. Elliot and R.K. Fevet (1992): Soil and Wate Consevation Engineeing. (4thEds). New Yok. Tebutt.T.H.Y. (1980): Wate/Wastwate Quality Contol, th edition. Heineman, ISBN Malawi Bueau of Standads. Tekwa (9). Assessment of Hand Dug Well Wate Quality and Use in Mubi, Adamawa State, Jounal of Sustainable Development in Agicultue and Envioment. Vol. 3. Paaclete Publishes Yola. United State Envionmental Potection Agency (USEPA) (2012): ARS Stategic Gound Wate Plan 1. Washington. Wate Talk (4). Wate quality. htt;// Edu/docs/methane/saline-sodic-fac.shtml. Assesed 04/11/2011