2/25, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi

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1 B.E.(Mechanical), M.I.E(India) M.B.M. Engineering College, Jodhpur M.E. (Structural), Delhi University B.E.(Civil) M.B.M. Engineering College, Jodhpur (AN ISO 9001:2008 Certified Company) VAYU EDUCATION OF INDIA 2/25, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi

2 Copyright VAYU EDUCATION OF INDIA ISBN: First Edition: 2012 Price 180/- All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publisher. Distributed by: JBC PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTERS 22-A, Street No.4, Near B.L. Complex, Tonk Phatak, Jaipur Phone; , Fax: jbcpd.jaipur@gmail.com Website: Published by: (AN ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED COMPANY) VAYU EDUCATION OF INDIA 2/25, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj, New Delhi Ph.: , Jaipur Ph : vayueducation@rediffmail.com, vayueducation@gmail.com Website:

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5 Syllabus Board of Technical Education, Rajasthan, Jodhpur Fluid Mechanics & Machines Technicians have to deal with pressure measurement, transportation of fluids and the machines converting hydraulic power into mechanical power and vice versa, in the field/industries for that one has to have a basic knowledge of fluid mechanics and machines. Topics such as pressure measurement, laws governing the flow of liquids, measurement of discharge, production of power are included in this subject. Although the major emphasis in this subject is on the study of liquids like water an incompressible fluid yet all the principles are applicable to all the fluids such as air, gas, steam etc. I includes the knowledge of various machines working on the principles of hydraulics. 1. Introduction 1.1 Introduction concepts Fluids and solids Liquid, gas and vapour 1.2 Fluid mechanics Kinematics Dynamics 1.3 Fluid properties Density Specific volume Specific gravity Viscosity Newton's law of Viscosity Dynamic and Kinematic Viscosity Compressibility Surface tension - soap bubble, drop Capillarity Vapour pressure and its importance

6 2. Fluid Pressure and its Measurement 2.1 Definition and its units 2.2 Pascal's law Intensity of pressure at a point in fluid at rest Pressure head 2.3 Pressure Atmospheric pressure Gauge pressure Vacuum pressure Absolute pressure Differentials pressure 2.4 Law of hydrostatic pressure 2.5 Brahma's press 2.6 Pressure measurement Manometers Piezometer - its limitation U-tube - simple, differential, inverted Micro-manometers Inclined tube micro-manometers Mechanical gauge Bourdon gauge Bellow gauge Diaphragm gauge Dead weight gauge 3. Hydrostatics 3.1 Total pressure 3.2 Centre of pressure 3.3 Total pressure and center of pressure in following cases Plane surface immersed horizontally Plane surface immersed vertically Plane surface immersed at an angle Curved surface (no proof) 3.4 Working of lock gates, sluice gate 3.5 Pressure on masonry dams of rectangular and trapezoidal sections and their condition of stability

7 4. Hydrokinematics 4.1 Description of fluid flow Eular approach Lagrangian approach 4.2 Definition of path line, stream line 4.3 Types of flow Steady - Non steady Uniform - Non uniform Laminar - Turbulent One, Two, Three dimensional flow 4.4 Continuity equation: Assumption Rate of discharge For one dimensional flow 5. Hydrodynamics and Measurement of Flow 5.1 Energy of fluid - pressure, kinetic and potential 5.2 Bernoulli's theorem Assumptions and its limitation Conversion of pressure into pressure head, velocity into kinetic head 5.3 Applications of Bernoulli's theorem Pitot-tube Venturimeter Orificemeter 6. Orifices 6.1 Definition and classification 6.2 Discharge through small orifices Coefficient of contraction Coefficient of velocity Coefficient of discharge Coefficient of resistance 6.3 Time of emptying a vessel of uniform cross section through an orifice at bottom. (Simple Numerical Problem).

8 7. Flow Through Pipes 7.1 Types of flow in pipes (Reynold's experiment) Laminar flow Turbulent flow Transient flow 7.2 Law of fluid friction Laminar flow Turbulent flow 7.3 Loss of head due to friction Darcy's Weisbach equations Chezy's formula Manning formula 7.4 Other energy losses in pipe (only expressions) 7.5 Total energy line and hydraulic gradient line 7.6 Pipe arrangement Pipes in series Pipes in parallel 7.7 Transmission of power through pipes 7.8 Siphon 7.9 Water hammer 8. Impact of Free Jet 8.1 Impulse momentum equation (no proof) 8.2 Force exerted by a fluid jet on stationery flat plate Plate normal to the jet Plate inclined to the jet 8.3 Force exerted by fluid jet on moving flat plate Plate normal to the jet Plate inclined to the jet 8.4 Force exerted by fluid jet on stationary curved vane Jet strikes at the centre of symmetrical cured vane Jet strikes tangentially at one 8.5 Force exerted by a fluid jet on moving curved vane.

9 9. Hydraulic Turbines 9.1 Classification of water turbines 9.2 Pelton turbine Working principle Constructional features 9.3 Francis turbine and Kaplan turbine Working principle Constructional features 9.4 Draft tube 9.5 Cavitation 9.6 Governing of Turbines Need for governing Simple governing mechanism 9.7 Surge tank 9.8 Turbine performance Heads - gross, net Efficiency - Hydraulic, Mechanical, Volumetric, Overall Unit quantities Specific speed Introduction to characteristics curve (no numerical problems) 9.9 Numerical problems on turbines 10. Centrifugal Pump 10.1 Introduction and working principles 10.2 Advantages over reciprocating pump 10.3 Classification 10.4 Constructional features Mechanical manometric and overall efficiency 10.5 Head of a pump - static, manometric Power required to drive the pump 10.6 Losses in pump and efficiency 10.7 Minimum stating speed 10.8 Pumps in series and parallel 10.9 Priming Description and working of multistage centrifugal pump, submersible, deepwell pump and gear pump Numerical problems

10 11. Reciprocating Pump 11.1 Types of pump 11.2 Main components and working 11.3 Slip Percentage slip Negative slip 11.4 Work down by a reciprocating pump 11.5 Acceleration of piston Its effect on velocity and pressure 11.6 Air vessel 11.7 Troubles in Reciprocating pump and their remedies Numerical problems 12. Miscellaneous Hydraulic Machines 12.1 Description, working principle of following machines Hydraulic accumulator Hydraulic intensifier Hydraulic press Hydraulic coupling and torque converter

11 1. (INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS) (Introduction) (Fluid) (Classification of Fluid) (Real Fluid) Newtonian Fluid Non-Newtonian Fluid (Mass density or density) (Specific Weight) (Specific Gravity) (Compressibility) (Law of Viscosity) (Kinematic Viscosity) (Cohesion) (Adhesion) (Surface Tension) Liquid Jet Capillarity or Vapour Pressure... 9 [Numerical Examples] [Questions for Excercise] (FLUID PRESSURE AND ITS MEASURMENT) (Fluid Pressure)

12 2.3 (Pressure Head) (Pascal Law) Bramahs Press or Hydraulic Press Negative Pressure or Vaccum Pressure (Measurment of Pressure) (Mechanical Gauges) (Pressure Diagram) [Numerical Examples] [Questions for Excercise] (HYDROSTATICS) (Introduction) (Total Pressure on Immersed Surface in a Liquid) (Total Pressure on a Horizontal Immersed Surface) (Total Pressure on a Vertically Immersed Surface) (Total Pressure on Inclined Immersed Surface) (Centre of Pressure) (Centre of Pressure for Vertically Immersed Surface) (Centre of Grauity and Moment of Inertia) (Centre of Pressures for Inclined Immersed Surface) (Pressure on Curved Surface Immersed in a Liquid) (Gate) (Masonary Dam) [Numerical Examples] [Questions for Excercise] (HYDRO KINEMATICS) (Introduction) (Fundamental law of fluid flow)

13 4.4 (Stream Line) (Path Line) (Difference Between Path Line and Stream Line) Stream Tube Potential Line Flow (Steady Flow) (Laminar Flow) Uniform Non-uniform Flow Rotational and Irrotational Flow (One-dimensional, Two-dimensional, Three dimensional flow) Continuity Equation Velocity Potential and Stream Function Velocity Potential Stream Function Equipotential Line Stream Line [Numerical Examples] [Questions for Excercise] (HYDRODYNAMIC AND MEASURMENT OF FLOW) (Energy of Flowing Fluid and Head) (Potential Energy or Datum Energy) (Pressure Energy) (Total Energy) (Conversion of P.E. Into V.E.) (Bernoulies Theorem) (Limitation of Bernoulies Theorem) (Application of Bernoulies Theorem) [Numerical Examples] [Questions for Excercise]... 94

14 6. (ORIFICIES) (Introduction) (Clafficition of Orifice) (Orifice According to Size) Hydraulic Cofficient of Orifices Determination of Cofficient of Orifice (Flow Through Small Free Orifice) (Flow Through Large Rectangular Orifice) (Flow Through Fully Submerged Orifice) (Flow Through Partially Submergeet Orifice) (Time of emptying tank of uniform cross-section through an orifice) (Time of Emptying of a Hemispherical Tank Through an Orifice of Bottom) [Numerical Examples] [Important Points] [Questions for Excercise] (FLOW THROUGH PIPES) Introduction (Fluid Function) (Law of Fluid Function) Pipe Head (Chezy's Formula) (Other Head Losses in Pipe) Energy Line Hydraulic Grade Line Energy Line Hydraulic Grade Line

15 7.9 (Transmission of Power Through Pipes) Pipe (Efficiency of Pipe) (Condition for Maximum Effiency) (Combination of Pipes) Water Hammer (Flow Through Syphon) [Important Points] [Questions for Excercise] (IMPACT OF FREE JET) (Introduction) (Jet Impingement Upon a Stationary Fiat Plate) (Force Exerted By Fluid Jet on Moving Flate Plate) Curve Vane (Force exerted by a fluid on stationary curved vane) Curve Vane (Force exerted by a fluid jet on moving curbed vane) Flow Over Radial Vanes [Numerical Examples] [Questions ror Excercise] (HYDRAULIC TURBINE) (Introduction) (Classification of Turbine) Specific Speed for Turbine Pelton Wheel Turbine Pelton wheel turbine Component Working Properties of Peltin Wheel Francis Turbine Draft Tube Kaplan Turbine Cavitation Governing of Hydraulic Turbine Surge Tanks

16 Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machine By Kapil Goyal, Rahul Choudhray Publisher : Vayu Education ISBN : Author : Kapil Goyal, Rahul Choudhray Type the URL : Get this ebook