Name: The Earths resources. Class: Foundation Revision Questions. Date: 50 minutes. Time: 48 marks. Marks: Comments: Page 1 of 22

Transcription

1 The Earths resources Foundation Revision Questions Name: Class: Date: Time: 50 minutes Marks: 48 marks Comments: Page of 22

2 This question is about drinking water. (a) The flow diagram below shows how water is made suitable for drinking. (i) What is removed when the water is filtered? Tick ( ) one box. Gases Liquids Solids () (ii) What is used to sterilise the water? Tick ( ) one box. Carbon Chlorine Sodium chloride () Page 2 of 22

3 (iii) Why is the water sterilised? () Water can be purified by distillation. Drinking water is not usually purified by distillation because distillation is expensive. Complete the sentence. Distillation is expensive because it requires a lot of () (c) Why do some water companies add fluoride to drinking water? () (Total 5 marks) 2 This question is about drinking water. (a) Name two methods of treating water from rivers, lakes or the sea to produce drinking water. Tick two boxes. Anaerobic digestion Cracking Desalination Electrolysis Sterilising (2) Page 3 of 22

4 The table below shows the amounts of dissolved ions in a sample of drinking water. Dissolved ion Mass in mg per dm 3 Cl 250 Na NO What is the name of the ion with the symbol Cl? Tick one box. Calcium ion Carbonate ion Chloride ion Chlorine ion () Page 4 of 22

5 (c) Use the information in the table above to complete the bar chart in Figure. Figure () (d) Look at the questions labelled A, B, C, D. A How many substances are there in drinking water? B How much fluoride is in drinking water? C Is fluoride soluble in drinking water? D Should fluoride be added to drinking water? Which one of the questions cannot be answered by science alone? Tick one box. A B C D () Page 5 of 22

6 (e) Give two reasons why the answer you have chosen cannot be answered by science alone.. 2. (2) (f) A sample of drinking water contains.5 mg of fluoride per dm 3 of water. A person drinks dm 3 of this water. The recommended daily amount of fluoride is 4.0 mg. Which calculation gives the percentage of the recommended daily amount of fluoride in dm 3 of this water? Tick one box. () Page 6 of 22

7 (g) Figure 2 shows the effect of fluoride in drinking water on tooth decay in different age groups. Figure 2 Describe the pattern of tooth decay in Figure 2 for water without fluoride. Use data to justify your answer. (2) (h) Describe the effect of adding fluoride to drinking water for the age groups in Figure 2. (2) (Total 2 marks) Page 7 of 22

8 3 Good quality water is needed for a healthy life. In the United Kingdom, obtaining safe water for drinking is as simple as turning on a tap. The water is made safe to drink by water companies. However, in many parts of Africa and Asia, water used for drinking is contaminated and untreated. It is estimated that 2.2 million people die each year as a result of drinking contaminated water. DADA DANESHANANDA, Man with filtered water from the Mafi-Zongo water project. (a) Sea water is not used as drinking water. Suggest why. () Explain why water for drinking is filtered and then treated with chlorine. (2) (Total 3 marks) Page 8 of 22

9 4 In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate. Aluminium is used to make many items. Window Sergei Popov/iStock Airplane Luminis/iStock Pylon afj977/istock Can fotofermer/istock Car tridland/istock Aluminium is extracted from aluminium ore. Aluminium ore is called bauxite, which is impure aluminium oxide. The flow chart shows the main steps in the extraction of aluminium from aluminium ore. Page 9 of 22

10 Most aluminium is recycled. Aluminium is recycled by melting scrap aluminium at 700 C. Use your own knowledge and the information given to answer the question. Suggest why most aluminium is recycled. (Total 6 marks) Page 0 of 22

11 5 (a) Aluminium is more expensive than iron. Why is aluminium and not iron used for the central core in power cables? (2) Page of 22

12 Many industrial processes involve the removal of minerals by quarrying. 6 (a) All quarrying has some effect on the environment and on people s lives. Make comments about the social, economic, health, safety and environmental effects of quarrying. The hydrocarbon C 6 H 34 can be cracked. Balance the equation for cracking C 6 H 34 (5) (Total 7 marks) C 6 H 34 C 2 H 4 + C 8 H 8 () Page 2 of 22

13 Describe the differences between cracking and distillation. (2) (c) What type of reaction is cracking? Tick one box. Combustion Decomposition Neutralisation Precipitation () Page 3 of 22

14 (d) Ethene is used to make poly(ethene). Poly(ethene) is used to make plastic bags. the table below shows data from a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) for a plastic bag and a paper bag. Plastic bag Paper bag Raw materials Crude oil or natural gas Wood Energy used in MJ.5.7 Mass of solid waste in g 4 50 Mass of CO 2 produced in kg Volume of fresh water used in dm A company stated: A Life Cycle Assessment shows that using plastic bags has less environmental impact than using paper bags. Evaluate this statement. Use your knowledge and the information from above the table above. (6) (Total 0 marks) Page 4 of 22

15 7 Plastics are used to make many everyday items, such as the body of the kettle. (a) Complete the sentences by drawing a ring around the correct words. (i) The plastic is made from many small molecules called catalysts monomers polymers () (ii) Propene is produced by cracking some of the fractions that are crude oil separated from limestone metal ores () Page 5 of 22

16 After a few years the kettle no longer worked. Some parts of the kettle are made of plastic. Some parts of the kettle are made of stainless steel. The owner of the kettle disposed of it in a landfill site. Consider these statements. Suggest three reasons why the kettle should not be disposed of in a landfill site (3) (Total 5 marks) Page 6 of 22

17 Mark schemes (a) (i) Solids (ii) (iii) Chlorine kill microbes / bacteria allow to make the water safe to drink ignore disinfect ignore remove / get rid of microbes energy allow heat (c) improve dental health allow reduce tooth decay allow (local) government requirement allow help teeth [5] 2 (a) Desalination Sterilising Chloride ion (c) correct bar for NO 3 - (d) (e) D any two from: people have the right to choose (opinion) ethical / moral question cannot be tested by experiment 2 (f) (g) the percentage tooth decay increases with age by 4 % for each increasing age group Page 7 of 22

18 (h) reduces tooth decay (for all age groups) greater reduction in older people [2] 3 (a) contains (large amounts of) dissolved solids / difficult to remove dissolved solids allow salty / too much salt allow sea water makes you thirsty / vomit allow polluted / untreated / contaminated filtered: removes solids / removes insoluble material / dirt ignore large objects chlorine: kills/destroy bacteria/microbes/ germs etc allow disinfect / sterilise or gets rid of bacteria ignore purify / clean [3] 4 Marks awarded for this answer will be determined by the Quality of Written Communication (QWC) as well as the standard of the scientific response. Examiners should apply a best-fit approach to the marking. 0 marks No relevant content. Level ( 2 marks) A brief reason is given against extraction or for recycling. There is little scientific terminology used. Level 2 (3 4 marks) Some reasons are given with clear statements against extraction and or for recycling. Some scientific terminology is used Level 3 (5 6 marks) Several reasons are given with a detailed explanation against extraction and for recycling. Scientific terminology is used accurately Page 8 of 22

19 examples of chemistry points made in the response extraction: ignore uses and properties of aluminium. Comparative statements count for both methods limited resources of aluminium oxide higher temperatures required allow quoted temperatures eg extracted at 950 C large amount of energy required expensive requires mining / quarrying process takes longer / has more stages produces more carbon dioxide / greenhouse gases recycling: saves resources cheaper to recycle uses less energy only needs to be melted allow quoted temperatures eg melted / recycled at 700 C less electricity needs to be used less effect on environment example of effect on environment eg less destruction of habitats avoids need for disposal / use of landfill no need for quarrying sustainable 6 [6] Page 9 of 22

20 5 (a) any two points one mark each accept comparison between aluminium and iron aluminium has: a low density accept lighter or fewer pylons a good conductor of electricity does not corrode or rust do not accept does not react with air do not accept last longer 2 OR iron has: high density is a less good conductor (of electricity) rusts or reacts with air any 5 from: employment of people or cost of employment depletion or use of resources do not accept depletion here cost of energy resources cost of machines or buildings pollution by noise from traffic or quarrying air pollution by dust or traffic fumes danger of traffic on roads damage to landscape (eyesore) damage to habitats of wildlife lowers the value of houses nearby subsidence or vibration can affect roads or houses providing raw materials do not accept danger or falling in 5 [7] Page 20 of 22

21 6 (a) 4 (C 2 H 4 ) (c) (d) cracking involves a catalyst distillation does not or distillation does not involve a chemical change but cracking does Decomposition Level 3 (5 6 marks): A logically structured evaluation with links involving several comparisons. Nearly all points made are relevant and correct. Level 2 (3 4 marks): Some valid comparisons made between the two types of bag. There may be some incorrect or irrelevant points. Level ( 2 marks): A vague response with few correct and relevant points and with no direct comparisons. 0 marks: No relevant content Indicative content Accept converse in terms of plastic bags for all statements Paper bags are made from a renewable resource Plastic bags are made from a finite resource Paper bags require more energy to manufacture Paper bags produce more waste Paper bags are biodegradable Paper bags create more CO 2 CO 2 created by paper bags offset by photosynthesis in growing wood Paper bag requires much more fresh water Paper bags cannot be recycled Agree because non-renewability less important than other factors or disagree because of converse or can t say because data inconclusive / incomplete 6 [0] 7 (a) (i) monomers (ii) crude oil Page 2 of 22

22 any three from: metal may not corrode away / remains plastic remains / does not break down (decay) / not affected by microorganisms accept non-biodegradable should recycle / conserve resources / mend the kettle / burn (plastic) as a fuel accept it is a waste of materials / resources landfill sites are limited / filling up water pollution ignore harms wildlife / habitats or problems caused by burning the kettle 3 [5] Page 22 of 22