2016: YEAR IN A REVIEW

Transcription

1 October-December, 2016 हर त - Industry ISSN No: Volume 14, No : YEAR IN A REVIEW Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre ENVIS Centre: Cleaner Production & Clean Technology Supported by: Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Govt. of India

2 Editorial The state of Gujarat is recognized for its vibrancy and entrepreneurial spirit, it is one of India s leading states in terms of Industrialization, it is a manufacturing powerhouse with world class production capabilities. The state has always been forefront of economic growth in the country, but at the same time the state is more conscious about its responsibility in ensuring a clean and green environment. Gujarat is the leading state in the country by having common environmental infrastructure facilities such as Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) and TSDFs, but the efforts of Gujarat has not just stopped by controlling the pollution, or by promoting the concepts such as Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD), but the state is also taking proactive & preventive steps towards pollution by promoting the concept of Cleaner Production a synonym of Pollution Prevention, with philosophy of prevention is always better than cure. Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre achieved many landmarks in the year 2016 and contributed in reducing GHG emissions, waste minimization and pollution reduction conducting various awareness programmes on Cleaner Production and Clean Technology and by successfully completing Cleaner Production Assessments Projects in various industries of the state, which resulted in improvement of environmental performance of the industries. This issue of our newsletter summarizes various projects successfully undertaken by the centre i.e., cleaner production assessment in ceramic and glass industries, pilot project on Eco-Industrial Parks Development at Dahej & Nandesari, Gujarat, Recommendation for financial assistance on Cleaner Production implementation by the industries under IC Policy 2015, technical evaluation study of gasifier during the year , including the highlights of Gujarat Cleaner Production Award Ceremony to represent Gujarat Cleaner Production Award for the year & for successful implementation of Cleaner Production & Clean Technology measures by the industries of Gujarat. Contents 2016: Year in a Review Events Snapshots Page 2

3 GUJARAT CLEANER PRODUCTION AWARD CEREMONY FOR THE YEAR & HELD AT MAHATMA MANDIR, GANDHINAGAR on 4th DECEMBER,2016

4 Gujarat Cleaner Production Award (for the year & ) for successful implementation of Cleaner Production and Clean Technology measures by Industries of Gujarat The Department of Forests and Environment, Government of Gujarat and Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre have taken an initiative to tackle industrial pollution issues through promotion of Cleaner Production to create sustainable development in the state of Gujarat. Every year, Nominations are invited for the Gujarat Cleaner Production Award from Small, Medium and Large Scale industries of Gujarat. The award is given to one industry in Small & Medium Scale Sector and one industry in Large Scale Sector in the State. The award given to one of the best among these industries particularly from the angle of adoption and successful implementation of Cleaner Production and showing exemplary work in form of Water and Energy Conservation, Waste Water and Solid Waste Reduction etc. during the financial year. Trophy, Cash Prize and Certificate are given to the winning industries from both categories. The first runner up will get Cash Prize and Certificate. The winning industries are also eligible to get one year additional consent from Gujarat Pollution Control Board. GCPC has invited nominations for GCPA for the year & , based on their submission, the five industries from each category were shortlisted. As directed, the shortlisted industries were called before GCPA committee to make presentation on the tools of Cleaner Production implemented by them. After the presentation the physical verification of all the industries were carried out by officials from GPCB, GCPC and NPC. The status of the physical verification was then submitted to the committee and final selection of award winning and runners up were finalized for the year & Page 4

5 Glimpse of Environmental Benefits Achieved by Winner and Runner up Industries on implementing Cleaner Production options (For the year & ) M/s. Somany Ceramics Ltd., Mehsana M/s. Aarti Industries Ltd., Jhagadia Page 5

6 M/s. Vidya Dairy, Anand M/s. Hemani Industries Ltd., Dahej Page 6

7 M/s. Asian Paints Ltd., Ankleshwar M/s. Atul Ltd., Ankleshwar Page 7

8 M/s. Rhythm Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Surat To distribute the Trophy, Cash Prize and Certificate to the Winner and Runner up industries, The Gujarat Cleaner Production Award Ceremony (for the year & ) was organized in Wastech International Summit and Expo held on 4th December 2016 at Seminar Hall-I, Mahatama Mandir, Gandhinagar (Gujarat). Shri Shankarbhai Chaudhary, Hon ble Minister of State for Environment, Government of Gujarat, distributed the Trophy, Cash Prize and Certificates to the winner and runner up industries. Page 8

9 UNIDO has awarded a Pilot Project to GCPC on Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production (RECP) to Foster Eco-Industrial Development in Eco-Industrial Parks in India at Dahej and Nandesari Industrial Estate. Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre (GCPC) and United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) jointly initiated a pilot project to Foster Eco-Industrial Development in Eco-Industrial Parks in India at Dahej and Nandesari Industrial Estate through Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production, The project aims at improving the Resource Productivity and Environmental Performance of Industries in the selected industrial estates. The project was formally launched on 2nd May, 2016 at Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC), Head Office, Udyog Bhavan, Gandhinagar under the Chairmanship of Shri Arvind Agarwal, IAS, (then) Additional Chief Secretary, Industries and Mines Department, Government of Gujarat. The project includes RECP Assessments including baseline survey for resource consumption and RECP tools for 30 nos. of pilot industries in Dahej and 20 nos. of pilot industries in Nandesari in Gujarat. The project also includes baseline survey of existing and proposed common environmental infrastructures, and thereby preparing site-master plan of the estates and identify the need of required infrastructures at Nandesari & Dahej Industrial Estates. It is also proposed to upgrade mode of transportation of goods establishing Railway network along with up-gradation of highways at Dahej Industrial Estate. Key Activities of the Project 1. Coordination & Facilitation Establishing an RECP Hub Building up network of enterprise RECP coordinators/ experts Building up the information base for Industrial Synergies Page 9

10 2. RECP Capacity and RECP Demonstrations Planning and Conducting RECP Trainings for Enterprise Staff and RECP hub RECP Demonstrations- Conducting Comprehensive RECP assessments EIP-Industrial Sustainability trainings 3. Eco Industrial Parks Planning & Construction Inventory and appraisal of existing master plans and industrial and non-industrial zoning Identification of additional environmental infrastructure needs Development and promotion of key environmental infrastructure investments Expected Outcomes: To improve the resource productivity and environmental performance of industries in pilot Eco Industrial Park through the parallel and integrated application of RECP technique in enterprises and EIP strategies and practices in the Pilot Eco Industrial Parks. The target industries are expected to benefit from operational costs savings (lower consumption of materials, energy and water and reduced disposal of waste, emissions and waste water), whilst also improving their compliance with applicable environmental policies and standards and their conformance to international norms of environmental and societal behavior (in turn contributing to the standing of as a base for international investor and buyers). As demonstrated internationally, scaling up and mainstreaming RECP an industrial zone will benefit from greater collaboration and exchanges, within enterprises (between management, technical and environmental staff, finance, etc.), among enterprises (allowing them to learn from each other s good practices and between enterprises, government and technical institutes/ service providers.) The project will create business opportunities and results in improved resource efficiency and environmental performance throughout existing and new industrial parks in eco industrial park. P a g e 10

11 RECP Assessment in Ceramic and Glass Sector in Gujarat (India) Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre with the support of Forests & Environment Department, Government of Gujarat successfully conducted Cleaner Production Assessment in Ceramic & Glass Sector in Gujarat. Within the project frame work, total 10 enterprises, 5 from each Ceramic & Glass sector has been selected for RECP Assessment with identification of core environmental issues like resource efficiency, inefficient operations, pollution problems etc. The assessment involved the improvement targeting resource efficiency, process improvement, energy efficiency and reduced environment impacts, by employing appropriate technologies. As a result, both environment and economic gain achieved. After successful completion of the project, GCPC organized two dissemination and training programmes, one for each Ceramic and Glass sector, with objective to train and disseminate the results achieved during the project period. Under this, representatives from 200 ceramic and glass industries were trained on Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production implementation. Achievements at a Glance P a g e 11

12 Promotion of Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production (RECP) in Industrial Estates and Academic Institutions in Gujarat The Department of Forests and Environment, Government of Gujarat awarded a project on Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production Promotion in Industries to the implementing agency Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre. The partners of the project includes Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) and 25 Industrial Estates & 7 Academic Institutions of Gujarat. The objective behind the promotion of Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production in Industrial Estates and Academic Institutions of the state of Gujarat is to create awareness about the benefits of implementing RECP which, leads to Sustainable Industrial Development in the state. Under this project, the Centre targeted 25 nos. of industrial estates across the state for the promotion covering of all industrial sectors and 7 nos. of academic institutions having chemical and environmental engineering department in the state. The promotion programme includes, presentation of RECP Concept, Methodology including Sector Specific Case Studies with Group Exercises. Tools, Cleaner Production Promotion Programmes in Industrial Estates of Gujarat (in 2016) P a g e 12

13 Cleaner Production Promotion Programmes in Academic Institutions of Gujarat GCET (Anand) M.S.U. (Baroda) BVM (V.U. Nagar) GCPC A.K. Commerce (Gandhinagar) DDIT (Nadiad) Govt. Polytechnic (Gandhinagar) V.V.P. (Rajkot) Results Achieved: Industrial Estates 600 Academic Institutions 200 No. of Industrial Personnel Trained 400 No. of Students Trained 0 0 No. of Programmes Conducted No. of Industrial No. of Students Personnel Trained Trained P a g e 13

14 Training for Teachers & Housewives on CP in Household Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre has taken a new initiative this year by promoting the concept of Cleaner Production and Clean Technologies in household. The centre regularly organizes the training programme named Cleaner Production in Household inviting housewives and primary school teachers from Gandhinagar and surroundings. GCPC-ENVIS Staff Members provides information on resource conservation i.e., water, energy and food, household waste management and its reuse and recycling, health hazards associated with excessive usage of electronic appliances and precautions for the same, including awareness creation on using renewable energy applications in daily life, various case studies and practically implementable solutions to reduce household waste. The centre has taken giant strikes by promoting this concept to housewives and primary school teachers as they are the inspiration for generations to come. Results Achieved No. of programmes conducted No. of teachers trained No. of housewives trained P a g e 14

15 P a g e 15

16 Cleaner Production Assessment in M/s. Mahavir Synthesis Pvt. Ltd; Sachin, Surat (Gujarat) M/s. Mahavir Synthesis Pvt. Ltd. located at GIDC Industrial Estate, Sachin, Surat, Gujarat is engaged in manufacturing various chemicals i.e., Sulfonic Acids, Sulfonamides, Pyrazolones and Specialty Chemicals. The company believes in constant improvement in their processes with objective to use waste as a resource in their industry. The industry approached Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre to conduct a study on opportunities of their waste to use as a raw material in their other processes. The following activities carried out during this assessment is as under: Detailed study of existing process Study on process up-gradation and to develop a process which recovers and reuse products from mother liquor Process modification at Laboratory Scale Material and Energy balance Generating Cleaner Production options Preparation and submission of technical report Results GCPC had conducted total five experiments to find out highest percentage (%) of purity of the recovered products and its recovery. On accomplishment of experiments, two (2) experiments out of five (5) showed desired results which are as under: P a g e 16

17 Overall Benefits after implementation of CP options: Sr. Before CP No. 1. The company was not recovering any components Operating cost of ETP cost was high No extra revenue generation from the process After CP Recovered two products from mother liquor by Development of new techniques to reduce waste generation and the process is now turned eco-friendly Operating cost of ETP is reduced Generation of extra revenue through selling of recover products and Eliminated all harmful elements from by-products and steam generation Cleaner Production Assessment and ETP Adequacy study in M/s. Swati Spentose Pvt. Ltd. GIDC Industrial Estate, Vapi, Gujarat M/s. Swati Spentose Pvt. Ltd., located at GIDC Industrial Estate, Vapi, Gujarat is engaged in manufacturing of pharmaceutical products. GCPC conducted a study in the industry with objective to reduce resource consumption in manufacturing processes, including minimization of waste generation and checking the adequacy of effluent treatment plant. Results GCPC team identified the source of waste generation from individual processes and suggested measures for the same. The following measures implemented by the industry based on the recommendations and suggestions are as under: Scrubbing of HCL using 30-35% concentration in presence of water as a solvent reduced Diethyl Ammonium Chloride, ultimately reducing the Ammonical Nitrogen in the effluent load. Reaction time, temperature and ph were optimized, which increased the yield of the product. Change in raw material to improve process efficiency. P a g e 17

18 Financial Assistance to implement Cleaner Production in Gujarat The Industries Commissionerate, Government of Gujarat provides financial assistance to the industries, under Gujarat Industrial Policy, 2015 on implementation of Cleaner Production measures inculcating green practices which resulted in significant amount of resource conservation and pollution reduction as well as development and up-gradation of common environmental infrastructure in the concerned industrial estate. List of financial assistance schemes for implementation of Cleaner Production & Clean Technology measures is listed below: Scheme -1 Scheme for assistance to Environment Management Assistance under the scheme will be sanctioned by State Level Implementation Committee, on the basis of opinion by Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre (GCPC). Sr. Eligible Activity No. Quantum of Assistance per Project 1. Implementation of CP Technology in Place at Existing Process such as Substitution & Optimization at raw material, reduction in Water Consumption or Energy Consumption or Waste generation. 1. Up to 35% at cost at Plant & machinery with ceiling at Rs. 35 Lacs during the operative period at the scheme for MSME. 2. Up to 10% at cost at Plant & machinery with ceiling at Rs. 35 Lacs during the operative period at the scheme for Large Project. 2. Any other environment management project with us at clean, efficient and innovative Pollution Control Equipment. 1. Up to 25% at cost at Plant & machinery with ceiling at Rs. 35 Lacs during the operative period at the scheme for MSME. 2. Up to 10% at cost at Plant & machinery with ceiling at Rs. 35 Lacs during the operative period at the scheme for Large Project. 19 Applicants No of industries in 2016 has applied for financial assistance from state government for implementing cleaner techologies in their premises. Clean Technologies Industries have changed their raw material, euipment used, installed tertiary waste water treatment to recycle water, installed Photo Voltaic System and many more in order to save natural resorces OutcomesLacs of theindian project Rupees Total amount of money invested by industries to conserve natural resources P a g e 18

19 On providing financial assistance by the Government of Gujarat on implementation of Cleaner Production and Clean Technology measures, industries are willingly moving forward towards implementation of cleaner production and clean technology measures, as a result industries of Gujarat is conserving significant amount of natural resources during their production process, this also resulted in reduction of waste in forms of solid and liquid including reduction of pollution in the state. These efforts finally resulted in creating Sustainable Industrial Development in the State of Gujarat. Technical Evaluation Study of Gasifier Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre (GCPC) conducted a technical evaluation study of Gasifier in Bentonite Black Granules and Unroasted Bentonite Granules manufacturing units. The manufacturing process of Bentonite Black Granules includes screening, drying, packaging etc. The objective behind the study (project) is to evaluate the performance of the Gasifier in terms of ambient air quality standards prescribed by Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB). The activities included during the evaluation of Gasifier by GCPC includes: 1. Data Collection (Gasifier System) 2. Technical Evaluation of Gasifier Process 3. Sampling and Analysis of producer gas and flue gas generated from gasification processes 4. Comparative study of gasifier systems using different type of fuels 5. Detail Evaluation of Gasifier and Study of pollutants generated from the different processes Outcomes of the project The Gasification system eliminates about 70% of direct use of furnace oil, which results in signification amount of financial savings i.e Rs per Tonne of Product of change of fuel, which was costing Rs per Tonne of product before changing the fuel. P a g e 19

20 EVENTS MoU SIGNED FOR PREPARATION OF TEXTILE BREF DOCUMENT FOR GUJARAT HELD DURING WASTECH SUMMIT, 2016 AT MAHATMA MANDIR GANDHINAGAR 2nd to 4th December, 2016 Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) & The German Federal Environmental Agency (UBA) with support of Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre (GCPC) is taking steps to prepare customized Best available Techniques Reference Documents for Textile Sector in Gujarat with objective to support industries in improving environmental compliance. The German Federal Agency (UBA) is providing technical and advisory support to GPCB bringing with it the experience from Germany and Europe. For this GCPC is an author to prepare the BREF document of textile sector for the State of Gujarat. The MoU was exchanged for this project between UBA and GPCB in presence of Shri Shankarbhai Chaudhary, Hon ble Minister of State, Environment (Independent Charge) on 4th December,2016 on the occasion of Wastech Summit, 2016 organized by GPCB at Mahatma Mandir, Gandhinagar. The dignitaries present on the dias during the function includes Shri Arvind Agarwal, IAS, Additional Chief Secretary, Forests and Environment Department, Government of Gujarat, Shri Hardik Shah, IAS, Member Secretary, Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Dr. Bharat Jain, Member Secretary, Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre, Shri D.J. Yadav, Chairman, CII, Shri Sunil Parekh, Chief Corporate Affair and Advisor, Zydus Group & Curator, World Economic Forum, Geneva, Dr. Rakesh Kumar, Director, NEERI. GUJARAT CLEANER PRODUCTION AWARD CEREMONY FOR THE YEAR & HELD AT MAHATMA MANDIR, GANDHINAGAR 4th December, 2016 Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre invited nominations for the Gujarat Cleaner Production Award for the year & The Award Ceremony for the distribution of trophy, cash prize and certificate was organized in WASTECH, 2016 on 4th December, 2016 at Mahatma Mandir Gandhinagar. The dignitaries present on the occasion of Gujarat Cleaner Production Award Ceremony includes Shri Shankarbhai Chaudhary, Hon ble Minister, of State for Environment Government of Gujarat, Shri Arvind Agrawal, IAS, Additional Chief Secretary, Forests and Environment Department, Government of Gujarat, Shri Hardik Shah, IAS, Director (Environment), Forests & Environment Department, Government of Gujarat, Dr. Bharat Jain, Member Secretary, Gujarat Cleaner Production Centre, Gandhinagar, Dr. Rakesh Kumar, Director, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Shri Sunil Parekh, Chief-Corporate Affairs & Advisor, ZYDUS Group & Curator, World Economic Forum, Geneva, Shri D.J. Yadav, Chairman, CII Gujarat Environment, Green Initiatives & Sustainability Panel & Chief Executive Officer Arvind Ltd. P a g e 20

21 Winners: (Large Scale Sector) M/s. Somany Ceramics Limited, Mehsana Winners: (Small & Medium Scale Sector) M/s. Vidya Dairy, Anand Winners: (Large Scale Sector) M/s. Aarti Industries Limited (Unit-I), Jhagadia Winners: (Small and Medium Scale Sector) M/s. Hemani Industries Limited (Unit-III), Dahej Runner-up: (Large Scale Sector) M/s. Asian Paints Limited (Phathalic Division), Ankleshwar Runner-up: (Large Scale Sector) M/s. Atul Limited (Aromatics Division), Ankleshwar Runner-up: (Small and Medium Scale Sector) M/s. Rhythm Chemicals Pvt. Ltd., Surat CLEANER PRODUCTION PROMOTION PROGRAMME FOR THE SENIOR OFFICIALS OF INDUSTRIES COMMISSIONERATE, GOVERNMENT OF GUJARAT ORGANIZED BY GCPC-ENVIS CENTRE AT INDUSTRIES COMMISSIONERATE OFFICE, GANDHINAGAR 11th November, 2016 GCPC-ENVIS Centre organized a Cleaner Production Promotion Programme for the senior officials of Industries Commissionerate, Government of Gujarat on 11th November, 2016 at Industries Commissionerate Office, Gandhinagar. The objective behind the promotion programme is to develop understanding about the concept cleaner production to the General Managers of Industries Commissionerate, because they are the one who provides financial assistance to the industries on successful implementation of Cleaner Production and Clean Technology measures by the industries of Gujarat. The dignitaries present during the promotion programme includes Shri D.R. Parmar, Dy. Commissioner of Industries, Gandhinagar, Dr. Bharat Jain, Member Secretary, GCPC and Coordinator, ENVIS. Speaking on the occasion Dr. Jain gave brief introduction about the organization and its activities at regional, national and international level. Shri P.R. Rathod, Programme Officer, ENVIS made a detailed presentation on the concept of Cleaner Production and Clean Technology, its benefits and presented various case studies of successful P a g e 21

22 implementation of Cleaner Production and Clean Technologies by industries of Gujarat with efforts from GCPC-ENVIS. The programme concluded with vote of thanks by Shri D.R. Parmar, Dy. Commissioner of Industries, Gandhinagar. CLEANER PRODUCTION PROMOTION PROGRAMME IN HOUSEHOLD ORGANIZED BY GCPC-ENVIS CENTRE AT GANDHINAGAR 27th December, 2016 GCPC-ENVIS Centre organized a Cleaner Production Promotion Programme in Household at Conference Room, GCPC-ENVIS Centre on 27th December, The objective behind conducting this programme is to spread awareness about waste minimization at domestic level through implementation of cleaner production and clean technology measures. More than 25 primary and secondary school teachers from (women) from Vidya Bharti Training Sankool, Gandhinagar, Ahmedabad and surroundings participated in the programme. The programme started with Saraswati Vandana by the experts and participants. Dr. K.U. Mistry, Former Chairman, Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB) was invited as a Chief Guest for the programme. Speaking on the occasion Dr. Bharat Jain, Member Secretary, GCPC and Coordinator, ENVIS shared his experience working in the field of Cleaner Production. He mentioned so far many steps have been taken on treatment of pollution, but it is always better to move towards preventive approach i.e., Cleaner Production rather than curative. Shri P.R. Rathod, Programme Officer, ENVIS explained the importance of Cleaner Production measures for domestic waste minimization. He briefed about the scenario of scarcity of natural resources i.e., water and energy in the world and simple steps for conservation of water and energy at home. Ms. Priyanka Joshi, Information Officer, ENVIS continued the session presenting the scenario of food and plastic waste. She initiated different steps to prevent food waste including its management. She presented case studies on food waste management including live practically implementable examples for the same. The programme continued with discussion between the experts and the participants. Speaking on the occasion Dr. K.U. Mistry, Former Chairman, GPCB who was invited as Chief Guest for the programme congratulated GCPC-ENVIS Centre for initiating proactive step towards domestic waste minimization through promotion of Cleaner Production and Clean Technology. He also shared his experience closely working with GCPC during his tenure and thanked Dr. Bharat Jain, Member Secretary, GCPC and Coordinator, ENVIS for the invitation. He concluded the session requesting all the participants to create awareness towards resource conservation and Waste minimization in their societies with objective to create sustainable development in the state of Gujarat. The earth does not belong to us. We belong to the earth. - Mahatma Gandhi P a g e 22

23 Exchange of MoU for preparation of Textile BREF document for Gujarat between the officials of UBA, GPCB and GCPC during Wastech on 4th December, 2016 Cleaner Production promotion programme in Household organized by GCPC-ENVIS Centre on 27th December, 2016 P a g e 23 Ms. Priyanka Joshi, Information Officer, ENVIS presenting the scenario of food waste and plastic waste and steps to reduce these wastes during Cleaner Production promotion programme in household

24 Interaction of GCPC-ENVIS team with Dr. K.U. Mistry, Former Chairman, Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB), Gandhinagar Dr. K.U. Mistry, Former Chairman, GPCB interacting with Staff members of GCPC-ENVIS during an expert lecture GCPC-ENVIS EDITORAL TEAM Dr. Bharat Jain, Member Secretary, GCPC & Co-ordinator, ENVIS Mr. Punamchandra Rathod, Programme Officer Ms. Priyanka Joshi, Information Officer Mr. Heer Desai, Project Assistant Dr. Bharat Jain, Member Secretary, GCPC & Coordinator, ENVIS concluding the interacting session with vote of thanks to Dr. Mistry GUJARAT CLEANER PRODUCTION CENTRE ENVIS CENTRE 3rd Floor, Block No. 11 & 12, Udyogbhavan, Sector-11, Gandhinagar , Gujarat Tele-Fax: Website: P a g e 24