Lecture 13 Distributed Generation Rev ME 430 Thermal Systems Design

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1 Lecture 13 Distributed Generation Rev 2015 ME 430 Thermal Systems Design

2 Today's Central Utility Tomorrow's Distributed Utility? Central Generation Central Generation Wind Genset Remote Loads Fuel Cell PV Customers Customer Battery Efficiency Distributed Utility Associates 2

3 Distributed Generation (Definition) distributed generation is the use of small-scale power generation technologies, located close to the load being served, for the purpose of meeting local (substation level) peak loads and/or displacing the need to build additional (or upgrade) local distribution lines.

4 Distributed Energy Resources (distributed Generation) DG technologies may be installed by customers, energy service providers (ESP) or a utility distribution company (UDC) Usually at or near a load for an economic advantage over the distribution gridbased option.

5 Technologies Fossil-fuel based distributed generation Combustion Turbines, (e.g., CHP) Internal-combustion engines Fuel Cell Fossil fuel based Non-fossil fuel based generation Solar PV, Solar Thermal Power Generation Wind Fuel Cell (renewable fuel) Biomass (renewable fuel) Storage technologies

6 Deployment Issues of Fossil-Fuel Based Distributed Generation Air and noise emissions (except fuel cell) Islanding Interconnection standards Reduced use of electrical distribution system May need upgrading of fuel supply system (e.g., gas pressure)

7 New DG technologies Small wind systems Small fuel cells (PEM (proton exchange membrane) or Solid Oxide) Photovoltaic (PV shingles, AC modules) Storage technologies (flywheels, SMES) Micro-turbines

8 Operating the Distributed Utility, Smart Grid Transmission Line Central Generating Station Electric Power Monitoring & Control Lines ~ Regional Dispatch Distribution Substation Smart Controller Energy Value Information Genset Wind Photovoltaic Distribution Line Distributed Utility Associates, Used with Permission Communication & Control Links Battery Factory Town Remote Load 8

9 Mass produced Modular Small (<20 MW) Common Traits in DG Support system reliability Provide economic advantage to end-user, ESP, and/or UDC Provide customer and UDCs an alternative to standard generation options

10 Now 2,000 Or higher

11 Economic Advantages of DG Economic advantages included one or more of the following: Load management Reliability Power quality Fuel flexibility Cogeneration Increased distribution grid reliability/stability

12

13 Typical Fossil Fuel Technologies Internal-combustion engines Diesel engines Natural gas engines Micro-turbines Fuel cells Stirling engines

14 Commercial Status Commercial Availability Size Installed Cost ($/kw) O&M Costs (cents/kwh) Fuel Type Typical Duty Cycles IC Engines Well established 50 kw- 5 MW $800 $1500 Small Turbines Well established 1 MW 50 MW $700 $900 Microturbines New industry 25 kw 75 kw $500 $1300 Fuel Cell Well established 1 kw 200 kw $ Diesel, propane, NG, oil & biogas Baseload Propane, NG, distillate oil & biogas Baseload, intermed. peaking Propane, NG, distillate & biogas Peaking Intermed. Baseload Hydrogen, biogas & propane Baseload Not in Commercial sector

15 Hodge Table_11_01a

16 Hodge table_11_01b

17 Benefits of Fossil-Fuel Based Distributed Generation Dispatchable Can be used for baseload or peaking Reliable Used on either side of meter Fuel easily available First to be deployed

18 Renewable Energy Technologies Photovoltaics Solar-dish Stirling Small wind systems Large wind systems Stirling engines (biomass, LFG)

19 Small Wind Turbines are Different Large Turbines ( kw) Installed in Windfarm Arrays Totaling MW $1,000/kW; Designed for Low Cost of Energy Requires 6 m/s (13 mph) Average Sites Small Turbines ( kw) Installed in Rural Residential On- Grid and Off-Grid Applications $2,500-5,000/kW; Designed for Reliability / Low Maintenance Requires 4 m/s (9 mph) Average Sites Large: 300 kw Turbine Wolfe Island 86 x 2.3 MW Siemens Wind Turbines Almost $5000/KW installed Small: 10 kw Turbine

20 Modern Small Wind Turbines: High Tech, High Reliability, Low Maintenance Aerospace Technology High Reliability - Low Maintenance Easily Retrofits to Homes & Businesses Typical Costs: $ 3 / Watt (AC, Installed) O&M Costs ~ $0.005/kWh 10 kw Bergey Turbine

21 Commercial Availability Commercial Status of DG/DER* (*Distributed Energy Resources) Photovoltaic Well established Size 0.30 kw 2 MW Installed Cost ($/kw) O&M Costs (cents/kwh) $6,000 $10,000 Dish- Stirling Year 2000? 30 kw and larger $10,000/ kw (now) $400/kW (later) Small Wind Well established 600 watts 40 kw Large Wind Minimal Varies 1.0 Fuel Type Solar Solar and NG (hybrid mode) Typical Duty Cycles Peaking Nope Peaking or Interm. Hybrid mode Wind Varies Well established 40 kw 1.5 MW $900 $1,100 Wind Varies Larger Greater

22 Benefits of Renewable Based Distributed Generation No/low noise or air pollution Independent of fossil fuel price changes Good for very small, modular applications Could be used on either side of a meter Coincident with peak demand when solar resource is used

23 Deployment Issues of Renewable Based Distributed Generation Intermittent availability (unless used with storage) Islanding Less than 2 MW (100 kw or Less is common) Interconnection standards and cost Will need grid support (backup) New industry, lacks public exposure, track record

24 Storage Technologies Batteries Modular pumped hydro Air compression Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) Flywheels Ultra-capacitors

25 Benefits of Storage Technologies Multiple Uses: Load management Power quality Dispatchability Uninterrupted power supply Reliability/Availability Dynamic benefits for the grid- smooth out demand peaks

26 Storage as a Distributed Energy Resource Storage type and size varies Determining factors include: Purpose of use Capacity requirements Duration of use Comparative cost Lifetime and maintenance

27 Impact of DG/DER Technology Deployment Empowers customers by providing a choice Provide missing or expensive components of an unbundled electrical service Allow feed-back of electricity to grid (e.g.,fit) Create safety concerns, real or perceived, for UDC (utility distribution companies) Provide dynamic benefits to the distribution system (supply and load diversity) Positive or adverse impact on the T&D (transmission and distribution) system

28 Most Likely Users of DG in Next Five Years (Projected in 2000) IC Engines Small and micro turbines Storage Fuel Cell PV Small Wind Large wind Indust. X X X X Comm. X X X X X X Residential X X X UDC X X X X X Exercise: How should this chart look in 2016?

29 Technology Mix Affects Grid Impacts The source of generation capacity on the grid affects the safety, backup and cost, for example, 5 MW diesel-generation capacity delivers more kwh and is dispatchable compared to 5 MW of PV 5 MW diesel adds more pollution than 5 MW fuel cells or PV 5 MW of a natural gas engine provides baseload power with little or no backup, but 5 MW of wind requires backup (e.g., wind is non-dispachable and so less attractive to Utilities)