Solar PV, Wind, and Storage System Design. Ilya Chernyakhovskiy, NREL April 26, 2018 Dushanbe, Tajikistan

Transcription

1 Solar PV, Wind, and Storage System Design Ilya Chernyakhovskiy, NREL April 26, 2018 Dushanbe, Tajikistan

2 Design Consideration 1: Technology Generation 1 Megawatt installed PV capacity powers ~160 homes (US) Ranges from 79 in TN to 216 in CA, avg. of 164 (source: SEIA Requires 2-4 hectares 1 Megawatt installed wind capacity fuels homes (US) Employment US Wind industry employs 88,000 (AWEA US Solar industry employs 208,859 (TSF NREL 2

3 Solar Design

4 Photovoltaics System (Grid Connected) NREL 4

5 PV System Block Diagram w/o Battery PV Array PV Circuit DC/AC Inverter With GFP Utility Main Service Panel Combiner DC Disconnect Disconnect AC Disconnect Utility NREL 5

6 PV System Block Diagram with Battery PV Array PV Array Circuit Combiner PV Array Disconnect Backup Battery Charge Controller Ground -Fault Protector Battery Disconnect Backup Power System, DC/AC Inverter, and Battery Charge Controller AC Disconnect Utility Disconnect Main Service Panel Utility Battery System NREL 6

7 PV Inverter Overview Converts DC from PV Modules to AC into Utility Grid Implements Maximum Power Point Tracking Provides system monitoring Implements grid interactive features NREL 7

8 Design Consideration 1: Tracking 1-MW Array in Boulder, Colorado Fixed Tilt, 1-Axis and 2-Axis Tracking 2,021,628 kwh = +39% 1,901,947 kwh = +30% 1,458,592 kwh Modeled using PVWatts NREL 8

9 Design Consideration: Siting and Shading Minor PV module shading can reduce output dramatically Isc 3.0 unshaded Current (A) 2.5 I-V Unshaded 25 Power (W) P-V Shaded Source: Peter McNutt, NREL Voltage (V) Voc I-V and P-V curves of an unshaded and shaded crystalline-silicon module - shading just 7% of the module area yields a 93% drop in its output power! NREL 9

10 Wind Design

11 Small Wind Turbine Design Configuration: 2 or 3 blades aimed into the wind by the tail Blades: Fiber-reinforced plastics Over-Speed Protection: Furling (rotor turns out of the wind) Generator: Direct-drive, permanent magnet alternator (no brushes), variable-speed operation Controller: Electronic device that delivers - DC power for charging batteries - AC power for utility interconnection Result: Simple, rugged design Only 2 4 moving parts Little regular maintenance required Bergey EXCEL, 10 kw NREL 11

12 Sizes and Applications Small ( 10 kw) Homes Farms Remote Applications (e.g. water pumping, telecom sites, icemaking) Intermediate (10 kw-1 MW) Village Power Hybrid Systems Distributed Power Large (1 MW +) Central Station Wind Farms Distributed Power Community Wind NREL 12

13 Design Consideration 1: Location NREL 13

14 Design Consideration 2: How High Height m Wind Speed, m/s SURFACE NREL 14

15 Characteristics of a Good Wind Site Good Wind Resource Adequate Transmission (if interconnecting) Reasonable Road Access Receptive Community Few Environmental Concerns NREL 15

16 System Design

17 Stand Alone Lighting and Charging Design Solar panel: 10x10 cm <10 Wp Storage Lithium-ion battery: High energy density: kwh/m 3 40kWh/ton Low weight: average 7kg, compared to 35kg for lead-acid battery High efficiency: % Long cycle life: average life >20 years; >3000 cycles at 80% depth of discharge LED lights: High brightness: >200 lumens/bulb, compared to 150 lumen oil lamp Long life: >20 years considering 4hrs/day usage Charge controller: Protects batter from overcharging or discharging and spikes in voltage Protects PV panel from reverse polarity NREL 17

18 Stand Alone Home System Design Generation: Solar: average W Small wind turbines: typically 1-10 kw with <7m rotor diameter Hydro: typically run-of-river; pico (5-20 kw), micro (<1000 kw), mini (< 1 MW) Diesel: generator of any size Biomass: multiple fuels & technologies to produce electricity Can use single resource, hybrid system, or none (batteries only) Storage Batteries Typically lead acid or lithium ion Typically 100 Ah/12Vdc Wiring and control: depends on configuration of generation and loads Charge controller, 10A/10A/12 V DC Inverter for AC loads or rectifier for DC Meters and/or energy management system to balance generation with battery charge and load NREL 18

19 Isolated Microgrid Design Generation: Solar: 250W-10kW depending on community size Mid-size wind turbines: kW (transportation constrained) Hydro: typically run-of-river; pico (5-20 kw), micro (<1000 kw), mini (< 1 MW) Diesel: generator of any size Biomass: multiple fuels & technologies to produce electricity Increasingly composed of multiple generation technologies Storage Batteries Diesel fuel Typically lead acid or lithium ion Tank farm with multiple month supply Wiring and control: depends on configuration of generation and loads Inverters/rectifiers Energy management system Customer meters NREL 19

20 Grid-Operable Microgrid Design Generation: Solar: > 1 MW Wind turbines: typically > 250 kw Hydro: typically run-of-river; micro (<1000 kw), mini (< 1 MW) Biomass: multiple fuels & technologies to produce electricity Can use single resource, hybrid system, or none (batteries only) Batteries: Critical component of any SHS Typically 100 Ah/12Vdc Wiring and control: depends on configuration of generation and loads Power electronics (microcontrollers, inverters) Distributed energy resource management systems (DERMS) Source; NREL 20

21 Case Studies

22 Chaninik Wind Group Alaska System Design System components Five 95kw Windmatic wind turbines Control system System Modeling Electric Thermal Storage Grid control/ integration Smart meters Lithium ion batteries NREL 22

23 Chaninik Wind Group Diesels can go 100% off New metering allows realtime utility management of outages, thermal stoves, and electric charging NREL 23

24 Chaninik Hybrid Grid Design Goal 1: Minimize total life cycle cost (LCC) by selecting the optimal mix and operation of diesel power, photovoltaic power (PV), and batteries Goal 2: Build local capacity to maintain operations Source: Intelligent Energy Systems NREL 24

25 Shungnak Microgrid Design Community is facing serious issues with supplying fuel to the community Over the next 25 years, it is estimated that the community will spend $39MM on fuels Goal: Perform high level techno-economic review to identify opportunities for reducing total community energy costs through renewable energy and waste heat capture Lowest cost scenario 50% reduction in imported fuel NREL 25

26 Alternative Energy Options Considered Wind power, including wind-to-heat thermal energy storage electric stoves Solar photovoltaics (PV) Hydropower Power plant heat recovery Biomass heat Battery storage NREL 26

27 Data Inputs for Modeling Diesel fuel costs Marginal costs of power Heating fuel costs Load data (can be modeled if communities are not yet electrified) Heating load (modeled based on village fuel use and weather data) Diesel power house characteristics Wind, hydro, biomass, and solar resource data 15 Minute Electric Load Data for Two Years Modeled Heating Load for 1 Year Based on Fuel Usage NREL 27

28 Results: Solar, Wind, Diesel, and Heatloops Power plant heat recovery is very cost-effective. Extending power plant heat recovery loop to serve planned Community Center / Coffeehouse is cost effective even at highest range of installed cost estimate Wind resource is relatively weak but wind power is cost-effective if total installed costs <$9700/kW, inclusive of any necessary power system controllers needed to integrate wind power into the electrical system Adding wind power reduces total available heat available for the power plant heat recovery system, however the economics remain positive with both heat recovery and wind power when wind total installed costs are <$9700/kW Hydropower is not found to be cost effective PV is cost effective at <$5500/kW when impact on heat recovery is considered Source: US Department of Energy NREL 28

29 Thank You NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, operated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC.