GCSE BITESIZE Examinations

Transcription

1 GCSE BITESIZE Examinations General Certificate of Secondary Education Geography Extended Marking Scheme Higher Level Time Allowed: 2 hours Answer all questions in the spaces provided Total marks for the paper: 100 marks 1

2 1. Population and Settlements (a) (i) Award one mark for either of these answers: a population pyramid an age-sex pyramid 1 mark (ii) Award one mark for each of the points listed below, or any other valid comment, up to a maximum of two marks. 2 marks greater availability of birth-control techniques improved health so that the infant death rate is reduced government controls on the number of children per family rising economic prosperity and a reduced dependency on the need for children in farming (iii) Award two marks for one effect that is well explained. 2 marks Social effects Less money need be spent on health and other types of care for children. Increased numbers of smaller families may break up the traditional extended family. Economic effects Fewer people in the work force in the future. There may be a need to encourage migration to the country to fill job vacancies. (b) (i) Award one mark for each feature and reason. No separate mark is given for identifying the feature. The features with reasons may include the following points: 2 marks Large public building: These are typically located in the city centre for historic reasons and for greatest access to people in the city. Old tall buildings: The are generally either shops or offices which make the most use of limited expensive space in the city centre. Trams: These help to reduce traffic congestion in a city centre. (ii) Award two marks for identifying one feature and for giving views about whether the feature is an advantage or could cause a problem. There is no mark for choosing the feature. 2 marks The tracks that take up space on the roads. The stopping points along the route The overhead electric wires. A view must also be given, stating advantages and/or disadvantages of the feature. (iii) Award five marks for details relating to a specific city. Credit can also be given for a sketch map or diagram. Marks are awarded for these points. 5 marks Naming a city in an MEDC (one mark) Giving specific examples for the city of methods to reduce congestion, e.g. bus-only lanes, park and ride, car park restrictions, subsidised mass transit system, car-sharing schemes, etc. (one mark for each relevant method, up to a maximum of two marks) Giving reasons why the method has been chosen. (one mark for each relevant method, up to a maximum of two marks) 2

3 (c) (i) Award one mark for each of the points listed below, or any other valid reason, up to a maximum of three marks. Marks are not given for negative factors that are related to living in a city. 3 marks more living space for housing and recreation lower cost of houses in some places less air and noise pollution less traffic congestion a perception of lower risk of crime a greater sense of local community opportunities for improved education for children (ii) Award one mark for each of the changes listed below, or any other valid comment, with additional marks for a detailed explanation of the changes, up to a total of eight marks. 8 marks More houses are built to accommodate more people, e.g. in small housing estates. Old houses and other buildings are renovated by commuters who can afford to do this. The cost of houses goes up because of greater demand by people who have better paid jobs. A village school can stay open if there are more children. Some shops and services can survive because there are more customers. The children of local people may be forced to move away when the cost of houses increases. The social life of the village may change because there are more people with a greater range of interests. 2. Managing Earth s resources (a) (i) Award one mark for each of the points listed below, up to a maximum of three marks. The answer must contain the correct geographical terms. 3 marks The mix of beach sediment may have been eroded from further along the coast. A groyne is usually built to stop longshore drift. The beach sediment has piled up on one side of the groyne showing the direction from which the material has come. (ii) For the method chosen, award one mark for stating that it is a method of reducing the amount and rate of erosion that is taking place. 3 marks Award the other two marks for explaining how it works. The correct geographical terms should be used. The methods work in one or more of these ways: by making a defensive wall against destructive waves by allowing some of the wave s energy to be absorbed in gaps in the structure by making the waves energy turn back on incoming waves (b) (i) Award two marks for a description that contains these features. 2 marks A V-shaped valley with steep sides. There is a narrow valley bottom. There are interlocking spurs. 3

4 (ii) Award 1 mark for each correct definition. 4 marks Velocity: the speed of forward movement of water in a river. Bed load: the sediment carried by a river along its bed, e.g. larger stones and boulders. Discharge: the volume of water that is passing along a river, usually measured in cubic metres per second (cumecs) Hydraulic radius: an index that shows the relationship in a river s channel between its width and its banks. (iii) There is no mark for suggesting a method to prevent flowing in the context of the sketch. Award two marks for giving an explanation of how the method can prevent flooding. 2 marks Straighten the river A straight course can speed up the river s flow. This can take the extra amount of water out of the area more quickly. This means it will not pond back and flow over its banks. Change the shape of the river s sides This can make the channel more efficient for carrying away the water more quickly. By changing the hydraulic radius, there can be less friction between river and its bed and banks. With less friction, the river can flow faster. The sketch also shows a flat terrace where the river can flood without causing any harm. Remove river sediment Boulders and smaller stones can be dredged from the river s bed to improve its capacity to take water and to reduce friction so the water can flow away more easily. (iv) Award one mark for each of the points listed below, using the correct geographical terms, up to a maximum of two marks. 2 marks Trees absorb and evaporate rainwater so less flows into the streams and rivers. Rainwater is held back and released more slowly into rivers, reducing the rate of surface runoff. Trees reduce the amount of soil erosion so there is less eroded material taking up space in the river s channel, leaving more space for water. (c) Award one mark for naming the place. 9 marks Award up to seven marks for giving case-study details of why the flooding has happened. The answers can include both natural and human causes with links between them explained. Natural high rainfall in a short period rain falling over frozen or saturated ground a build-up of sediment in a river for either natural or human reasons Human changed land use, felling trees replacing areas of vegetation with a surface of impermeable concrete storm drains that make water flow more quickly into river systems 4

5 3. Employment and land use (a) (i) Award 1 mark for each correct figure. 2 marks Primary Secondary Tertiary USA Brazil Nepal (ii) Award three marks for an answer that contains a reasoned explanation that would be appropriate in the context of an economically developed country. Accept any of the following or other valid reasons. 3 marks Much of the work in mineral extraction such as for oil and coal, is now automated so a large labour force is not needed. Much of the work in farming is now done by machinery such as combine harvesters. The demand for some raw materials has been reduced, for example for coal, so jobs have been lost in mining. In some areas, mineral resources have been used up. Some foods and minerals are imported so less needs to be produced in the USA. Many people do not want to work in primary activities such as in farming as it can be poorly paid and involve hard physical work. (iii) Award four marks for an answer that applies geographical concepts to what might happen in Nepal. 4 marks The percentage of people in primary industries may go down by a large amount because of an increase in mechanisation. The percentage of people who work in secondary industries may rise by a small amount as new manufacturing companies come to the country, perhaps to take advantage of lowcost labour. The percentage of people who work in tertiary jobs is likely to go up as people who earn more money can afford to hire domestic help. There may be an increase in jobs as a result of tourism as the country becomes more accessible by better roads and air communications. b) (i) Award one mark for an answer that correctly describes the location of the science park as being on the northern edge of the city, and up to an additional two marks for an explanation that uses features from the map to suggest some reasons for the location. The reasons may be as follows: 3 marks The cost of land may be less expensive on the edge of the city compared to nearer the centre, so a large area can be used for the science park. The location is close to main A class roads that surround the city as a ring road, allowing goods to be brought to and from the science park. The environment on the edge of the city may be more attractive and less congested than nearer the centre. (ii) Award 3 marks for an explanation that contains these or other valid reasons. 3 marks The companies may make parts for each other so it is cheaper for transport if they are near to each other. The same types of industries will build up a pool of skilled workers who can move between the companies. 5

6 The conditions that made it favourable for some high-tech industries, such as a university, good road and air transport, are likely to make the same location suited to other high-tech industries. c) There is no mark for naming the type of industry, e.g. leisure or tourism, financial services or retail businesses. 10 marks Award 10 marks for an answer that provides detail about the following: An area that is named and defined. (one mark) A description of the features of the area, e.g. its climate, transport network or other aspects of its infrastructure. (up to three marks) Reasons why the industry has been attracted to the area, making clear links to the area s features. (up to six marks) 4. Atmosphere and living world a) (i) Award one mark for each of the points listed below, up to a maximum of two marks for each part of the answer. Correct geographical terms should be used. 4 marks Area B The warm front of a depression is approaching. Rising warm moist air is rising over the colder air in front of it. The warm most air cools and condenses to form increasingly lower cloud. Rain falls from the low stratus cloud as the warm front approaches. Area E There is a flow of cool air behind the cold front of the depression. Some air rises in unstable conditions as convection currents to form cumulus cloud. There can be scattered outbreaks of rain from the clouds. (ii) Award one mark for each of the points listed below, up to a maximum of three marks. 3 marks The air circulates anticlockwise The air is moving in towards the centre of low pressure The air is rising as it spirals inwards. The pressure decreases towards the centre (b) (i) Precipitation describes all forms of water that falls to the ground, e.g. rain, hail and snow. 1 mark (ii) There is no mark for the choice of area. 2 marks Award two marks for an answer that includes figures and an understanding of the conditions that cause the precipitation as described below. Area A has a tropical climate with marked seasonal differences between wet and dry periods. Area B has an equatorial climate with a high monthly rainfall. Area C has a hot desert climate with very low annual rainfall. (iii) No mark is awarded for naming the area. 5 marks Award five marks for case-study details of water management strategies in an area that can experience drought. The answers may include the following and/or other techniques. 6

7 Storing water building dams and reservoirs tapping into underground reservoirs of water in aquifers transferring water from wetter areas, e.g. by pipeline, river or canal building water-desalinisation plants Controlling the use of water using methods that do not need large amounts of water, e.g. extensive ranching preventing non-essential uses of water implementing charging systems such as water meters (c) (i) Award one mark for each of the points listed below, up to a maximum of two marks. 2 marks The diagram indicates that contaminants are brought to this food chain through rain. They could also be brought by rivers or in ocean currents. They are picked up by the air or are washed into rivers in areas where they are used, such as on farms and in industrial areas. (ii) Award up to eight marks for an answer that links the spread of chemicals up through the food chain to animals such as the polar bear, in which the contaminants can become concentrated. These points need to be explained. 8 marks Some of the animals on the diagram are endangered species such as some types of whales and polar bears. The contaminants do not decay. They build up in the food chain as one species consumes another species up the food chain. The Arctic marine food chain is a short chain between top and bottom so contaminants will pass through quickly and accumulate more easily at the higher levels. Any change in one part of the food chain will affect the balance of wildlife and vegetation at all levels. 7