About the editors... List of contributors... Preface... Foreword... Acknowledgments...

Transcription

1 V About the editors... List of contributors... Preface... Foreword... Acknowledgments... xiii xv xvii xix xxi 1 Introduction Evolution to net-zero energy buildings Net ZEB concepts Design of smart Net ZEBs and modeling issues Scope of this book... 4 References Modeling and design of Net ZEBs as integrated energy systems Introduction Passive design, energy efficiency, thermal dynamics, and comfort Detailed frequency domain wall model and transfer functions Distributed parameter model for multilayered wall Admittance transfer functions for walls Z-Transfer function method Detailed zone model and building transfer functions Analysis of building transfer functions Heating/cooling load and room temperature calculation Discrete Fourier Series (DFS) method for simulation Building transient response analysis Nomenclature Renewable energy generation systems/technologies integrated in Net ZEBs Building-integrated photovoltaics as an enabling technology for Net ZEBs Technologies Modeling Solar thermal systems Solar thermal collectors Modeling of solar thermal collectors Thermal storage tanks Modeling of thermal storage tanks Solar combi-systems Active building-integrated thermal energy storage and panel/radiant heating/cooling systems Radiant heating/cooling systems integrated with thermal mass Modeling active BITES... 58

2 VI Methods used in two mainstream building simulation software Nomenclature Heat pump systems a promising technology for Net ZEBs Solar air-conditioning Solar assisted/source heat pump systems Ground source heat pumps Combined heat and power (CHP) for Net ZEBs References Comfort considerations in Net ZEBs: theory and design Introduction Thermal comfort Explicit thermal comfort objectives in Net ZEBs Principles of thermal comfort A comfort model based on the heat-balance of the human body The adaptive comfort models Standards regarding thermal comfort Long-term evaluation of thermal discomfort in buildings Background The likelihood of dissatisfied Applications of the long-term (thermal) discomfort indices Daylight and visual comfort Introduction Adaptation luminance Illuminance-based performance metrics Daylight autonomy and continuous daylight autonomy Useful daylight illuminance Luminance-based performance metrics Daylight glare probability Daylight and occupant behavior Acoustic comfort Indoor air quality Conclusion References Net ZEB design processes and tools Introduction Integrating modeling tools in the Net ZEB design process Introduction Overview of phases in Net ZEB realization Tools Concept design Daylight Solar protection Building thermal inertia Natural and hybrid ventilation

3 VII Building envelope thermal resistance Solar energy technologies integration Design development Envelope and thermal inertia Daylight Plug loads and electric lighting RET and HVAC Technical design Integrated design process and project delivery methods Conclusion NET ZEB design tools, model resolution, and design methods Introduction Model resolution Model resolution for specific building systems and aspects Geometry and thermal zoning HVAC and active renewable energy systems Photovoltaics and building-integrated photovoltaics Lighting and daylighting Airflow Occupant comfort Occupant behavior Use of tools in design Climate analysis Solar design days Parametric analysis Interactions Multidimensional parametric analysis Visualization Future needs and conclusion Conclusion References Building performance optimization of net zero-energy buildings Introduction What is BPO? Importance of BPO in Net ZEB design Optimization fundamentals BPO objectives (single-objective and multi-objective functions) Optimization problem definition Review of optimization algorithms applicable to BPS Integration of optimization algorithms with BPS BPO experts interview Application of optimization: cost-optimal and nearly zero-energy building Introduction

4 VIII Case study: single-family house in Finland Results Final considerations about the case study Application of optimization: a comfortable net-zero energy house Description of the building model The adopted methodology and the statement of the optimization problem Discussion of results Final considerations Conclusion References Load matching, grid interaction, and advanced control Introduction Beyond annual energy balance Relevance of LMGI issues Peak demand and peak power generation Load management in the grid and buildings Smart grid and other technology drivers LMGI indicators Introduction Categories of indicators Strategies for predictive control and load management Energy storage devices Electric energy storage Thermal energy storage Predictive control for buildings Preliminary steps Requirements of building models for control applications Modeling of noncontrollable inputs Development of a control strategy Development of models for controls Building components: conduction heat transfer Thermal modeling of an entire building Linear models Continuous-time transfer functions Discrete-time transfer functions (z-transforms transfer functions) Time series models State-space representation Conclusion References Net ZEB case studies Introduction ÉcoTerra Description of ÉcoTerra

5 IX Design process Design objectives Design team and design process Use of design and analysis tools Assessment of the design process Measured performance Redesign study Boundary conditions Form and fabric Operations Renewable energy systems Simulation results Implementation of redesign strategies Conclusions and lessons learned Leaf house Main features of the leaf house Description of the design process Purposes of the building design Description of the thermal system plant Monitored data Features and limits of the employed model Calibration of the model Redesign Conclusions and lessons learned NREL RSF Introduction to the RSF Key project design features Design process Envelope Daylighting and electric lighting Space conditioning system Thermal storage labyrinth Transpired solar thermal collector Natural ventilation Building operation, typical monitored data, and thermal performance Photovoltaics Building simulation software support Software limitations Significance of the early design stage Abstraction to archetypes Model development Model validation and calibration Integrating design and control for daylighting and solar heat gain option with controlled shading

6 X Alternative design and operation for consideration Building-integrated PV: optimal use of building roof and façade Building-integrated PV/T and transpired collector with air-source heat pump Active building-integrated thermal energy storage Conclusions ENERPOS Natural cross-ventilation and ceiling fans Solar shading and daylighting Microclimate measures Materials Ergonomics and interior design Energy efficiency Artificial lighting Ceiling fans Air-conditioning system Computer network and plug loads Building management system and individual controls Integration of renewable energy technology Description of the design process Design objectives and importance of the design brief Design team and timeline Design tools Human factors consideration in the design Monitoring system Monitored data Measured performance Comparison of model prediction with measurements for ENERPOS Energy use Thermal comfort Thermal comfort experimental study Purpose and methodology Main results of the surveys A comparison between the experimental data and the Givoni comfort zones Lessons learned for future design of Net ZEBs in tropical climate Interior lighting Elevator energy Air-conditioning Occupant behavior Use of building thermal mass and night cooling Conclusions References

7 XI 8 Conclusion, research needs, and future directions Net ZEB modeling, design, and simulation Future directions and research needs Glossary Index

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