HYDRUS Conference: March 30-31, 2017, Prague, Czech Republic

Transcription

1 HYDRUS Conference: March 30-31, 2017, Prague, Czech Republic Modeling the Effect of Tillage and Urban Waste Compost Addition on Water Flow and Contaminant (Isoproturon, Cu, Cd) Transport in Agricultural Field Using HYDRUS-2D Vilim Filipović, Yves Coquet, Valérie Pot Genty, Philippe Cambier, Lana Filipović, Sabine Houot, Pierre Benoit Partenariat Hubert Curien (PHC) franco-croate

2 BACKGROUND Heterogeneity in soil structure from tillage practices and compost amendments Compost - increases soil OM and has an effect on soil hydraulic properties Urban waste compost may: - contain certain contaminants e.g. trace metals (TMs) - affect transport properties e.g. sorption (TMs, pesticides) and degradation (pesticides) 2D/3D transport models allows accounting explicitly for the spatial distribution of the different structures at plot scale OBJECTIVE To evaluate how the presence of heterogeneity due to soil tillage and repeated compost application affects water flow, pesticide dynamics and trace metal mobility in soil in the long-term QualiAgro field experiment TMs Cu, Cd Pesticide: Isoproturon ( IPU herbicide used in cereals) HYDRUS-2D

3 M&M Field experiment QualiAGRO (1998 -) Feucherolles, Yvelines (Paris) Albeluvisol (WRB) (19% clay, 75% silt, and 6% sand) Biannual rotation of winter wheat-maize *(barley in 2006/2007 due to corn rootworm infestation in the area) Tillage: four-furrow mouldboard plough Compost application > every two years > 4 T per h of organic C Three plots: SGW plot - co-compost of sewage sludge and green wastes MSW plot - municipal solid waste compost CONTROL (without any compost addition) SGW MSW ph (water) 7.6 ± ± 0.4 OM (g kg -1 ) 489 ± ± 117 Corg (g kg -1 ) 266 ± ± 44 Ntot (g kg -1 ) 23.2 ± ± 2.3 C/N ratio 11.6 ± ± 4.4 Soluble OM (% of OM) 45.6 ± ± 8.5 MSW SGW

4 Field measurment: Wick lysimeters (45 cm depth) (water +solute) TDR probes (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 cm) TENSIOMETERS (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 130, 160 cm) Near-saturated soil hydraulic conductivity - disk tension infiltrometer Water retention values Richards pressure plate Average bulk density Meteo data monitoring (ETP parameters) 0 cm Tilled PP E BT1 100 BT BTIC 160 IC

5 Soil structure Four soil zones were distinguished in the tilled layer : compacted clods (Δ) with no visible macropores non-compacted soil (Γ) with visible macroporosity Interfurrows (IF) created by moldboard plowing containing crop residues and applied compost plow pan (PP) created by plowing repeatedly to the same depth Γ Δ Large variation in soil hydraulic parameters between zones!

6 Water flow and IPU transport Water flow - Richards equation Solute transport - advection-dispersion equation assuming first order degradation kinetics in the liquid phase and solid phase and linear sorption HYDRUS-2D Degradation rate - dependent on water content and temperature Soil hydraulic functions θ(h) and K(h) - van Genuchten-Mualem model Simulation duration - 1 November October 2010 (6 years) Root water uptake Feddes model LAI and crop growth from STICS model ETP calculated using HYDRUS-1D - Penman-Montheith Isoproturon sorption, K d, were taken from studies performed before on the same field experiment and (Pot et al. 2011; Simon 2012) degradation rate, μ, was calculated from the incubation experiments (Vieublé-Gonod et al. 2009)

7 RESULTS Calibration (hydraulic parameters) was performed on 2008 using TDR, TEN and cum LYS outflow data Observed vs simulated TDR and Tensiometer data (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 130, 160 cm depth)

8 SGW MSW CONT Parameter Layer/Structure Γ Δ IF PP E BTI BTII BTICI BTICII IC cm cm cm cm cm cm 145 cm cm Soil θ r (cm 3.cm -3 ) θ s (cm 3.cm -3 ) α (cm -1 ) n K s (cm day -1 ) Solute K d (l kg -1 ) μ (day -1 ) D L (cm) Basic ρ b (g cm -3 ) C org (g kg -1 ) Parameter Layer/Structure Γ Δ IF PP E BTI BTII BTICI BTICII IC cm cm cm cm cm cm 140 cm cm Soil θ r (cm 3.cm -3 ) θ s (cm 3.cm -3 ) α (cm -1 ) n K s (cm day -1 ) Solute K d (l kg -1 ) μ (day -1 ) D L (cm) Basic ρ b (g cm -3 ) C org (g kg -1 ) Parameter Layer/Structure Γ Δ IF PP E BTI BTII BTICI BTICII IC cm cm cm cm cm cm 140 cm cm Soil θ r (cm 3.cm -3 ) θ s (cm 3.cm -3 ) α (cm -1 ) n K s (cm day -1 ) Solute K d (l kg -1 ) μ (day -1 ) D L (cm) Basic ρ b (g cm -3 ) C org (g kg -1 ) Water dynamics and IPU transport parameters after calibration Physical and chemical input parameters required by the HYDRUS 2D model. θ r residual water content, θ s saturated water content, α and n van Genuchten- Mualem shape parameters, K s saturated hydraulic conductivity, K d sorption coefficient, μ isoproturon degradation rate, ρ b bulk density, D L longitudinal dispersivity, Corg organic carbon content.

9 Observed (symbols) vs simulated (lines) volumetric water content during the period in the SGW plot

10 Observed (symbols) vs simulated (line) cumulative lysimeter water outflow during the period for threes plots MSW mm SGW mm CONT mm

11 Additional macropore preferential flow is suggested to explain high IPU mass leached in the three events! The cumulated IPU mass ( ) SGW = μg MSW = μg CONT = μg Preferential flow events just after IPU could not be captured by the model a) Observed IPU mass leached (symbols) with preferential flow events (circled) during 2006/07, and b) observed (symbols) vs simulated (line) IPU leached mass during the

12 Degradation rate - highly sensitive Laboratory derived degradation rates not to accurate compared to field ones! Optimization was done in order to fit the measured data Applied compost increased sorption and degradation decreased leaching! Observed (symbols) vs simulated (line) IPU leached mass ( ) period excluding preferential flow events and assuming temporal variation of IPU degradation rate

13 IPU concentration distribution in the tilled layer showed large spatial variations due to the presence of the different soil zones IPU concentration distribution in the tilled layer on the 26th of August 2007 (186 days after the second application)

14 Simulation of Trace Metal Transport It was assumed that the Cu and Cd were incorporated in the IF zones. Four compost (TMs) additions:on 28 Sept. 2004, 11 Sept. 2006, 11 Sept. 2007, and 14 Sept Transport of Cu and Cd equilibrium linear adsorption or nonlinear adsorption based on the Freundlich equation First approach (Kd-1) from the ratio between EDTA- and CaCl2 extractable fractions Second approach (Kd-2) estimation based on pedotransfer functions (PTFs)

15 Kd-2 Kd-1 Less stable MSW compost increased mobile fraction larger leached mass Kd-2? Kd-2 Overestimation of the influence of the low ph and SOC /Cd origin lithogenic Kd-1 Kd-2? Observed vs simulated Cu (left) and Cd (right) cumulated mass leached in lysimeter with the Kd-1 and Kd-2 modeling approach

16 Evolution of Cd conc. in soil solution in tilled layer ( ) Evolution of Cu conc. in soil solution in tilled layer ( )

17 CONCLUSIONS WATER IPU & TMs Compost addition - limits preferential flow HYDRUS was able to describe cumulative water outflow (E=0.99) SGW and MSW - reduce isoproturon leaching Spatial and temporal variations in pesticide degradation rate due to tillage and compost application play a major role in isoproturon dynamics limited trace metal mobility in the tilled layer even at high trace metal inputs rates due to high sorption to organic matter originating from compost addition HYDRUS showed nice applicability in solving 2D spatial distribution of water and solute dynamics in pedologicaly complex (multilayer) soil profiles!

18 Thank you for your attention! Questions? Vilim Filipović Department of Soil Amelioration, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb More info: Filipović, V., Coquet, Y., Pot, V., Houot, S., Benoit, P. (2014): Modeling the effect of soil structure on water flow and isoproturon dynamics in an agricultural field receiving repeated urban waste compost application. Science of the total environment Filipović, V., Coquet, Y., Pot, V., Houot, S., Benoit, P. (2016): Modeling water and isoproturon dynamics in a heterogeneous soil profile under different urban waste compost applications.geoderma Filipović V., Cambier P., Filipović L., Coquet Y., Pot V., Bodineau G., Jaulin A., Mercier V., Houot S., Benoit P. (2016): Modeling Copper and Cadmium Mobility in an Albeluvisol Amended with UrbanWaste Composts. Vadose Zone J.