Background. Forest Practices Code in maintaining riparian values. Forest Practices Board FPB/SR/ The Range Resources Assessment Procedures.

Transcription

1 An Evaluation of the Functionality of Selected Streams in Cranbrook and Kootenay Lake Forest Districts Doug Fraser, P. Ag. Senior Range Practices Agrologist Range Section, Forest Practices Branch Ministry of Forests November, 2002

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3 Table of Contents Abstract... ii Background... 1 Findings... 2 Yahk Range Unit... 2 Observations... 2 Recommendations... 2 Rosen Lake Range Unit (Little Sand/Rosen Creeks)... 5 Observations... 5 Recommendations... 5 Gold Creek-Plumbob Range Unit (Wickman-Bloom Creeks Area)... 8 Observations... 8 Recommendations... 8 List of Tables Table 1. A summary of values for Hawkins Creek... 2 Table 2. A summary of values for Little Sand Creek-Rosen Creek... 5 Table 3. A summary of values for Wickman-Bloom Creeks... 8 List of Appendices Appendix 1. Yahk Range Unit Function Checklists Appendix 2.. Rosen Lake Range Unit Checklists Appendix 3. Gold Creek - Plumbob Range Unit Function Checklists i

4 Abstract A team evaluated several Range Act agreement areas in Cranbrook and Kootenay Lake Forest Districts during the week of October of Efforts were focused on portions of Hawkins Creek, Little Sand Creek and Wickman/Bloom Creeks perceived to be most at risk to livestock impacts. Functionality and residual cover habitat values were assessed. We were able to provide "snapshots" in time of 17 stream reaches, 1 wetland, and 4 adjacent uplands, and report on their habitat values. Five stream reaches were rated as slightly at risk, while the remainders were rated as moderately at risk to non-functional. One wetland was rated as properly functioning. All of the uplands were rated as highly at risk to non-functional. We observed that forest harvesting adjacent to streams and construction of access roads along or near riparian areas created new access for cattle. This access and a lack of other management led to heavy grazing and trampling damage in some riparian areas. Beavers played a significant role in several riparian systems Season-long grazing and poor distribution of livestock has led to degraded riparian and upland conditions in some areas. In the Yahk Range Unit, a significant portion of the watershed has been previously logged and roads have been placed in streamside riparian zones. A significant run-off event occurred during the spring of 2002 with major effects on Hawkins Creek South and Hawkins Creek. An IWAP is recommended for this watershed. The fence at Fork Meadow needs to be repaired. The riparian areas should be grazed in a late spring to early summer rotation. A forage supply evaluation should be completed for the unit. Freeman Creek from Fork Meadow to the US border should be evaluated in Forest in-growth has led to reduced understorey forage for livestock and wild ungulates particularly in the Rosen Lake/Little Sand Creek area. This is placing additional grazing pressure on open grasslands and riparian zones. Livestock have seriously affected the function of Little Sand Creek and Rosen Creek. It is recommended that this portion of the range unit be rested from livestock grazing for at least five years. Large portions of the Gold Creek Plumb bob Range Unit have been harvested and there is a significant road network affecting riparian function. An IWAP is recommended. The Wickman- Bloom Creek portion of the unit is overstocked given the forage supply. A complete destocking of the Wickman-Bloom Creek portion of this unit is recommended. Mazur Meadow should be evaluated in ii

5 Background A Forest Practices Board special report on range practices 1 indicated significant livestock impacts to riparian areas and features in portions of Cranbrook Forest District. The Yahk Co-ordinated Resource Management Plan is about to be renegotiated and the Yahk range users wish to know how they are doing. The community of Yahk has expressed concerns about water quality and a local fisheries biologist has also expressed concerns over livestock impacts to portions of Hawkins Creek. Cranbrook Forest District requested assistance from Doug Fraser of Forest Practices Branch and Val Miller of Nelson Forest Region in evaluating certain riparian areas that were of local concern. Jodie Kekula, Anne Skinner and Barb Banting participated in the evaluation on behalf of Cranbrook Forest District. Sue Crowley of WLAP participated for one day at Yahk. The objectives of the evaluation were: to evaluate the health and functionality of riparian areas and the contributing adjacent uplands using standard methodology 2 ; to determine if current range practices and levels of use are appropriate; identify other factors affecting the functionality of the watersheds. 1 Effect of Cattle Grazing near Streams, Lakes and Wetlands. A results based assessment of range practices under the Forest Practices Code in maintaining riparian values. Forest Practices Board FPB/SR/ The Range Resources Assessment Procedures. 1

6 Findings Yahk Range Unit Table 1. A summary of values for Hawkins Creek. Level of functionality / Site type Properly Functioning 80% Slightly at risk 61 79% Moderately at risk % Highly at risk 20 40% Nonfunctional < 20% Stream reaches Wetlands 1 1 Uplands Observations A large proportion of the watershed has been harvested and there is a significant road infrastructure, much of which is within riparian zones. Road construction had been occurring above American Creek just prior to the evaluation. The road surface was left very unstable and subject to erosion. Trees were marked for harvesting adjacent to some unnamed tributaries to the upper reaches of Hawkins Creek. These tributaries are likely classified as S6 streams and therefore there is no requirement to maintain a riparian reserve. Removal of these barriers will create livestock access and trampling damage. Over-use of Fork Meadow and upper reaches of Freeman and Hawkins Creeks by cattle was noted. Late season grazing of riparian areas is harming watershed and stream function and plant communities. The fence around Fork Meadow is in disrepair. Murray Meadow section is over-grazed and the uplands and stream are non-functional. Some GEF fencing needs to be completed in order to achieve better control of livestock drift to lower elevations. The current grazing season is from June 15 to October 15. Recommendations 1. An Interior Watershed Assessment Procedure is needed 2. Fork Meadow could serve as a riparian pasture if the fences were repaired. 3. Murray Meadow should to be rested for several years. Consider fencing the creek to allow recovery. 4. Change the overall grazing pattern to allow a shorter period of late spring-early summer use of riparian areas. 5. Complete a forage supply evaluation of the Unit. 6. Do not cut trees within the riparian areas along creeks and tributaries. 7. Complete the GEF fencing projects to gain better control of livestock on cut-blocks. 8. Do an evaluation of Freeman Creek from Fork Meadow to the US border in Total 2

7 Late season livestock grazing leaves sparse cover and reduces the shrub layer. Fork Meadow is the origin for both Hawkins and Freeman Creeks. A properly used sedge meadow. Average stubble height is > 20 cm. Hawkins Creek where it enters Murray Meadow. The channel has incised and shrubs have been lost from the right bank. This segment of Hawkins Creek is well protected by y debris and sedges. Livestock trampling to streambank. The stream channel is narrow, deep, and the banks are undercut in this section. Livestock browsing of snowberry. Trees roots and y debris are holding the banks of this tributary in place. These trees are scheduled for harvesting. 3

8 Recent timber harvesting above American Creek. Murray Meadow. Recent road work above American Creek. A large road network has been built within the riparian areas of this watershed. A spring flood has eroded the right bank of Hawkins Creek and moved bed materials. A large percentage of the watershed has been harvested. Livestock grazing has removed the shrub corridor in this reach. The right bank has been eroded by spring flooding and will take years to repair. Woody debris and boulders give this segment stability. Debris jam from the flood of spring

9 Rosen Lake Range Unit (Little Sand/Rosen Creeks) Table 2. A summary of values for Little Sand Creek-Rosen Creek Level of functionality / Site type Properly Functioning 80% Slightly at risk 61 79% Moderately at risk % Highly at risk 20 40% Nonfunctional < 20% Stream reaches Total Wetlands Uplands (general observations) N/A 1 1 Observations The area is overstocked with cattle and distribution is poor. Upland areas are over-utilized. Most of the upland area has less than 2 cm of residual cover. Residual cover in riparian zones varies from 1 cm to 5 cm wherever livestock have access. There are significant impacts on the lower reaches of both creeks. Where cattle have access, the riparian community is altered, the shrub corridor has been lost or reduced and weeds have invaded. Kokanee and Brook Trout were observed spawning in Little Sand and Rosen Creeks, but long reaches having suitable gravels were not being used because of accumulations of fine textured sediments (imbeddedness). This sediment was a result of livestock impacts. Recommendations 1. This area should be rested from grazing for a minimum of 5 years. 2. Fence the upper reaches of Little Sand Creek to prevent any future cattle access. A wing fence near the hydro line would prevent upstream access. 5

10 Cattle trail along upper reach of Little Sand Creek. The upper reach of Little Sand Creek. Trampling along Little Sand Creek. Livestock crossing on Little Sand Creek. October 17/02. Cattle still grazing on Crown range. Livestock grazing has all but eliminated the alder community. Houndstongue in the protection of a shrub. The channel is wide, shallow, and has lost its undercut banks. Some headcuts have started. The riparian area is heavily grazed (< 2 cm) and there is heavy browsing of shrubs. 6

11 Gravels in this section are imbedded with fine sediments. Livestock trampling. Eroding banks and deposition of a medial bar in the creek channel. Loss of shrub community along Rosen Creek A well protected portion of Rosen Creek. This was formerly beaver-ponded, but the dam has broken. Meadow adjacent to Rosen Creek. Over-utilized uplands adjacent to Little Sand Creek. Over-utilized uplands adjacent to Rosen Creek. Over-utilized sedge meadow adjacent to Rosen Creek. 7

12 Gold Creek-Plumbob Range Unit (Wickman-Bloom Creeks Area) Table 3. A summary of values for Wickman-Bloom Creeks. Level of functionality / Site type Properly Functioning 80% Slightly at risk % Moderately at risk % Highly at risk % Nonfunctional < 20% Stream reaches 2 2 Wetlands Uplands 1 1 Total N/A Observations A significant portion of this watershed has been logged. The Wickman-Bloom Creek portion of this range unit is overstocked given the forage availability and the apparent ability of the agreement holder to management livestock. Most grazing is occurring along roadsides and in openings next to streams. There is no residual cover left wherever livestock have grazed. The upper reaches of Wickman Creek are protected by a y thicket and are rated as PFC. Below the culvert, beginning at Wickman Meadow, the creek is highly at risk to non-functional. The meadow adjacent to Bloom Creek, near the confluence with Wickman creek in overgrazed. Bloom Creek is blown-out at the lower end by a high flow event. Three horses were observed grazing in trespass in a small pasture at Mazur Meadow. Recommendations 1. An IWAP is needed. 2. A complete destocking of the Wickman-Bloom Creek portion of this unit is recommended. 3. Mazur meadow should be evaluated in

13 Wickman Creek and meadow. Channel is incised. Shallow-rooted upland grasses are unable to hold banks in place. Wickman Creek below road culvert. Badger activity in Wickman Meadow. Poor residual cover. Over-utilized areas adjacent to Wickman Creek. Eroded streambank. Lack of shrub corridor. Beaver activity on Wickman Creek. Bloom Creek at confluence with Wickman Bloom Creek. A spring flood has eroded banks and moved channel bed materials. Over-utilized grasses and shrubs. 9

14 Appendix 1. Yahk Range Unit Function Checklists Yahk Range Unit Function Checklists 10

15 Uplands Function Checklist Range Unit: Yahk Range Agreement Holder Range Agreement Number: UTM Coordinates: 11U E N Name of Upland Area: Fork Meadow BEC Subzone Date: October 16/02 Location: Origins of Hawkins Creek Hectares: Observers: Fraser, Kekula, Miller, Skinner, Crowley Yes No N/A Parameters Hydrologic and Soils Organic material (plant litter, standing vegetation) protects soil surface from raindrop impact and evaporative effects of sun and wind. Water will easily infiltrate the soil surface (absence of physical soil crusting, capping). Subsurface soil conditions support infiltration (compaction layers are uncommon). Standing vegetation and plant litter detain overland water flow and trap sediment. Non-stream ephemeral drainages are stable (sufficient vegetation is present to protect against downcutting). Biotic/Vegetation The plant community is showing good vigour. There is recruitment of desirable plant species (new seedlings). The plant community reflects a fully occupied root zone. Seeps, springs, and ephemeral drainages support vigourous stands of phreatophytic plants. Biological breakdown of plant residues/organic material is apparent (decomposition as opposed to oxidization). Biological breakdown of livestock dung is rapid. A diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate life is evident. Erosion/Deposition Evidence of rills, gullies, pedestaling and other excessive soil movement is uncommon. There is little visual evidence of pedestalling of plants or rocks. Pedestals present are sloping or rounding and accumulating litter. Check one PFC At risk Highly at risk Non-functional Notes: Is the desired plant community present (diversity - - species, comp., age classes, structure, form)? altered plant community Soils types and textures? 11

16 Description of Plant Communities and Habitats Browse utilization List of preferred browse species on site Browse Use Categories current year s growth Light 0-10% Moderate 11-40% Heavy >40% Browse form (select one) Stubble Height m transect. Measurements taken every paces. Measurements along transect: 4 to 5 cm Lightly Browsed Moderately Browsed Heavily Browsed Avg. height: Max. ht: Min. ht: Pattern of use: Photos Numbers: Current Plant Community: Lack of late successional species Weed Species: Species: Size of infestation: <100m ,500m 2 >1ha Distribution: Rare individuals Scattered patches Continuous stands Desired Plant Community Notes (Plant community, structure, recruitment, litter, bare ground, invasive species) 12

17 Streams Riparian Function Checklist Range Unit Yahk Range Agreement Holder: Range Agreement Number UTM Coordinates:: 11U E: N Name of Stream: Hawkins Creek BEC Subzone: Date: October, 16/02 Segment Reach ID: HC1 Gradient of Segment: Low Med High Stream type: Perennial Intermittent Ephemeral Continuous Interrupted Observers: Fraser, Kekula, Miller, Skinner, Crowley Yes No N/A Parameters Channel Structure, Function and Diversity Channel characteristics (rocks, large y debris) and associated floodplain (access to overflow areas) are adequate to dissipate energy. Channel & banks are relatively stable. Lateral movement is associated with natural sinuosity. The segment is vertically stable. Erosion, deposition and movement of bed materials are normal for this reach. Bank shearing, soil compaction, and bare ground are uncommon Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, gradient, pool/riffle ratio, and other aspects of channel geometry are in balance with the landscape setting (e.g., land form, geology). Inputs of organic debris from adjacent riparian area and subsequent incorporation into the channel are normal for area. Banks are undercut. Riffle bed materials and gravels are free of sediment. Fish spawning and use of rock undersides by insects and other invertebrates are possible. Flow Regime Flow rates and timing remain unchanged over time (i.e. perennial to intermittent or ephemeral; continuous to interrupted) Biotic Community Roots of trees, shrubs, and grasses extend into the stream. Root masses are capable of withstanding high streamflow events and allowing formation of overhanging banks. The plant community exhibits high vigour and indicates maintenance of riparian soil moisture characteristics. Occurrences of trampling, rubbing or browsing are uncommon. Riparian plant communities are an adequate source of replacement y debris, both now and in the foreseeable future. A diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate life is evident. Nutrient Inputs and Water Quality Nutrient levels are normal (there is a lack of algae mats and organism die-offs and there is a good aquatic organism diversity). Inputs of fine organic matter are appropriate (leaves, small branches and twigs). Check one PFC At risk Non-functional Notes: Is the desired plant community present (diversity - -species, comp., age classes, structure, form)? No. Loss of shrubs Does the substrate make this stream susceptible to either vertical or lateral erosion? Yes Soils types and textures? Fine Are the riparian soils subjected to prolonged saturation and anaerobic conditions? Yes Is the stream beaver controlled? No longer here Is the stream effluent or influent? Have land uses altered the dynamics of the system? Yes. Road at bottom of reach 13

18 Description of Plant Communities and Habitats Browse utilization List of preferred browse species on site Browse Use Categories current year s growth Light 0-10% Moderate 11-40% Heavy >40% Browse form (select one) Stubble Height Lightly Browsed Moderately Browsed Heavily Browsed m transect. Measurements taken every paces. Measurements along transect: Avg. height: Max. ht: Min. ht: Pattern of use: Photos Current Plant Community: Numbers: Weed Species: Species: Size of infestation: <100m ,500m 2 >1ha Distribution: Rare individuals Scattered patches Continuous stands Desired Plant Community Notes (Plant community, structure, recruitment, litter, bare ground, invasive species) sedge - low gradient lack of shrubs 14

19 Streams Riparian Function Checklist Range Unit Yahk Range Agreement Holder: Range Agreement Number UTM Coordinates:: 11U E N Name of Stream: Hawkins Creek BEC Subzone: Date: October, 16/02 Segment Reach ID: HC2 Gradient of Segment: Low Med High Stream type: Perennial Intermittent Ephemeral Continuous Interrupted Observers: Fraser, Kekula, Miller, Skinner, Crowley Yes No N/A Parameters Channel Structure, Function and Diversity Channel characteristics (rocks, large y debris) and associated floodplain (access to overflow areas) are adequate to dissipate energy. Channel & banks are relatively stable. Some shearing. Lateral movement is associated with natural sinuosity. The segment is vertically stable. Erosion, deposition and movement of bed materials are normal for this reach. Bank shearing, soil compaction, and bare ground are uncommon Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, gradient, pool/riffle ratio, and other aspects of channel geometry are in balance with the landscape setting (e.g., land form, geology). Inputs of organic debris from adjacent riparian area and subsequent incorporation into the channel are normal for area. Banks are undercut. Riffle bed materials and gravels are free of sediment. Fish spawning and use of rock undersides by insects and other invertebrates are possible. Flow Regime Flow rates and timing remain unchanged over time (i.e. perennial to intermittent or ephemeral; continuous to interrupted) Road Biotic Community Roots of trees, shrubs, and grasses extend into the stream. Root masses are capable of withstanding high streamflow events and allowing formation of overhanging banks. The plant community exhibits high vigour and indicates maintenance of riparian soil moisture characteristics. Occurrences of trampling, rubbing or browsing are uncommon. Riparian plant communities are an adequate source of replacement y debris, both now and in the foreseeable future. A diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate life is evident. Nutrient Inputs and Water Quality Nutrient levels are normal (there is a lack of algae mats and organism die-offs and there is a good aquatic organism diversity). Inputs of fine organic matter are appropriate (leaves, small branches and twigs). Check one PFC At risk Slightly Non-functional Notes: Is the desired plant community present (diversity - -species, comp., age classes, structure, form)? Loss of shrubs Does the substrate make this stream susceptible to either vertical or lateral erosion? Yes Soils types and textures? Fine Are the riparian soils subjected to prolonged saturation and anaerobic conditions? Yes Is the stream beaver controlled? Is the stream effluent or influent? Have land uses altered the dynamics of the system? Road location 15

20 Description of Plant Communities and Habitats Browse utilization List of preferred browse species on site Browse Use Categories current year s growth Light 0-10% Moderate 11-40% Heavy >40% Browse form (select one) Stubble Height Lightly Browsed Moderately Browsed Heavily Browsed m transect. Measurements taken every paces. Measurements along transect: Avg. height: Max. ht: Min. ht: Pattern of use: Photos Current Plant Community: Browse form approximates moderately browsed. Numbers: Weed Species: Species: Size of infestation: <100m ,500m 2 >1ha Distribution: Rare individuals Scattered patches Continuous stands Desired Plant Community Notes (Plant community, structure, recruitment, litter, bare ground, invasive species) shrub species browsed loss of rose understorey minor amounts of birch, potentilla impact on browse species 16

21 Lakes, Ponds and Wetlands Riparian Function Checklist Range Unit: Yahk Range Agreement Holder: Range Agreement Number: UTM Coordinates:: 11U E N Name of Riparian-Wetland Area Un-named BEC Subzone Date: October 16/02 Segment ID: Classification of Lake or Pond: Sedge marsh Type of Wetland (< 2m depth): Marsh: beaver ponded fresh water saline closed basin Swamp Bog Fen Shrub-carr Observers: Fraser Yes No N/A Hydrologic Water levels have remained unchanged over time (willow fringe or willow skeletons). Biotic/Vegetation The plant community is showing good vigour and maintenance of riparian soil moisture characteristics. Diversity and structure of the riparian and emergent vegetation has been maintained. The plant community is adequate to filter sediments and pollutants. Occurrences of trampling, rubbing or browsing are uncommon. Adequate vegetation cover is present to protect banks. A diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate life is evident. The riparian plant community is an adequate source of large y debris, both now and for the foreseeable future. Erosion/Deposition Bank shearing, soil compaction, and bare ground are uncommon. Soil erosion and deposition in the wetland and riparian area are within natural levels. Hummocks are rounded and completely vegetated. Nutrient Inputs and Water Quality Nutrient levels are normal (there is a lack of algae mats and organism die-offs and there is a good aquatic species diversity). Inputs of fine organic matter are appropriate (leaves, small branches and twigs). Check one PFC At risk Non-functional Notes: Is the desired plant community present (diversity - - species comp., age classes, structure, form)? Yes. Sedge meadow. Soils types and textures? Saturated, fine Are the riparian soils subjected to prolonged saturation and anaerobic conditions? Yes Is this wetland part of a beaver controlled riparian system? 17

22 Description of Plant Communities and Habitats Browse utilization List of preferred browse species on site Browse Use Categories current year s growth Light 0-10% Moderate 11-40% Heavy >40% Browse form (select one) Stubble Height >20 cm Lightly Browsed Moderately Browsed Heavily Browsed m transect. Measurements taken every paces. Measurements along transect: Avg. height: Max. ht: Min. ht: Pattern of use: Photos Numbers: Current Plant Community: Carex Weed Species: Species: Size of infestation: <100m ,500m 2 >1ha Distribution: Rare individuals Scattered patches Continuous stands Desired Plant Community Same Notes (Plant community, structure, recruitment, litter, bare ground, invasive species) Carex grazed to cm height 18

23 Range Unit Yahk Streams Riparian Function Checklist Range Agreement Holder: Range Agreement Number UTM Coordinates:: 11U E N Name of Stream: Hawkins Creek BEC Subzone: Date: October, 16/02 Segment Reach ID: HC3 Gradient of Segment: Low Med High Stream type: Perennial Intermittent Ephemeral Continuous Interrupted Observers: Fraser, Kekula, Miller, Skinner, Crowley Yes No N/A Parameters Channel Structure, Function and Diversity Channel characteristics (rocks, large y debris) and associated floodplain (access to overflow areas) are adequate to dissipate energy. Channel & banks are relatively stable. Lateral movement is associated with natural sinuosity. The segment is vertically stable. Erosion, deposition and movement of bed materials are normal for this reach. Bank shearing, soil compaction, and bare ground are uncommon Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, gradient, pool/riffle ratio, and other aspects of channel geometry are in balance with the landscape setting (e.g., land form, geology). Inputs of organic debris from adjacent riparian area and subsequent incorporation into the channel are normal for area. Banks are undercut. Riffle bed materials and gravels are free of sediment. Fish spawning and use of rock undersides by insects and other invertebrates are possible. Flow Regime Flow rates and timing remain unchanged over time (i.e. perennial to intermittent or ephemeral; continuous to interrupted) Road Biotic Community Roots of trees, shrubs, and grasses extend into the stream. Root masses are capable of withstanding high streamflow events and allowing formation of overhanging banks. Sedges The plant community exhibits high vigour and indicates maintenance of riparian soil moisture characteristics. Occurrences of trampling, rubbing or browsing are uncommon. Riparian plant communities are an adequate source of replacement y debris, both now and in the foreseeable future. A diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate life is evident. Nutrient Inputs and Water Quality Nutrient levels are normal (there is a lack of algae mats and organism die-offs and there is a good aquatic organism diversity). Inputs of fine organic matter are appropriate (leaves, small branches and twigs). Check one PFC At risk Slightly Non-functional Notes: Is the desired plant community present (diversity - -species, comp., age classes, structure, form)? Browsing, loss of rose Does the substrate make this stream susceptible to either vertical or lateral erosion? Soils types and textures? Fine Are the riparian soils subjected to prolonged saturation and anaerobic conditions? No Is the stream beaver controlled? No Is the stream effluent or influent? Have land uses altered the dynamics of the system? Yes Cattle trail between creek and road sediment from road 19

24 Range Unit Yahk Streams Riparian Function Checklist Range Agreement Holder: Range Agreement Number UTM Coordinates:: 11U E N Name of Stream: Hawkins Creek BEC Subzone: Date: October, 16/02 Segment Reach ID: HC4 Gradient of Segment: Low Med High Stream type: Perennial Intermittent Ephemeral Continuous Interrupted Observers: Fraser, Kekula, Miller, Skinner, Crowley Yes No N/A Parameters Channel Structure, Function and Diversity Channel characteristics (rocks, large y debris) and associated floodplain (access to overflow areas) are adequate to dissipate energy. Channel & banks are relatively stable.. Lateral movement is associated with natural sinuosity. The segment is vertically stable. Erosion, deposition and movement of bed materials are normal for this reach. Boulders Bank shearing, soil compaction, and bare ground are uncommon Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, gradient, pool/riffle ratio, and other aspects of channel geometry are in balance with the landscape setting (e.g., land form, geology). Inputs of organic debris from adjacent riparian area and subsequent incorporation into the channel are normal for area. Banks are undercut. Riffle bed materials and gravels are free of sediment. Fish spawning and use of rock undersides by insects and other invertebrates are possible. Flow Regime Flow rates and timing remain unchanged over time (i.e. perennial to intermittent or ephemeral; continuous to interrupted) Land uses Biotic Community Roots of trees, shrubs, and grasses extend into the stream. Root masses are capable of withstanding high streamflow events and allowing formation of overhanging banks. The plant community exhibits high vigour and indicates maintenance of riparian soil moisture characteristics. Occurrences of trampling, rubbing or browsing are uncommon. Riparian plant communities are an adequate source of replacement y debris, both now and in the foreseeable future. A diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate life is evident. Nutrient Inputs and Water Quality Nutrient levels are normal (there is a lack of algae mats and organism die-offs and there is a good aquatic organism diversity). Inputs of fine organic matter are appropriate (leaves, small branches and twigs). Check one PFC At risk Slightly Non-functional Notes: Is the desired plant community present (diversity - -species, comp., age classes, structure, form)? Does the substrate make this stream susceptible to either vertical or lateral erosion? Soils types and textures? Fine over boulders Are the riparian soils subjected to prolonged saturation and anaerobic conditions? Is the stream beaver controlled? No. Is the stream effluent or influent? Have land uses altered the dynamics of the system? Yes - logging, roads and cattle trailing 20

25 Uplands Function Checklist Range Unit: Yahk Range Agreement Holder Range Agreement Number: UTM Coordinates: 11U E N Name of Upland Area: Murray Meadow BEC Subzone 1100 m Date: October 16/02 Location: Hectares: Observers: Fraser, Kekula, Miller, Skinner, Crowley Yes No N/A Parameters Hydrologic and Soils Organic material (plant litter, standing vegetation) protects soil surface from raindrop impact and evaporative effects of sun and wind. Water will easily infiltrate the soil surface (absence of physical soil crusting, capping). Subsurface soil conditions support infiltration (compaction layers are uncommon). Standing vegetation and plant litter detain overland water flow and trap sediment. Non-stream ephemeral drainages are stable (sufficient vegetation is present to protect against downcutting). Biotic/Vegetation The plant community is showing good vigour. There is recruitment of desirable plant species (new seedlings). The plant community reflects a fully occupied root zone. Seeps, springs, and ephemeral drainages support vigourous stands of phreatophytic plants. Biological breakdown of plant residues/organic material is apparent (decomposition as opposed to oxidization). Biological breakdown of livestock dung is rapid. A diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate life is evident. Erosion/Deposition Evidence of rills, gullies, pedestaling and other excessive soil movement is uncommon. There is little visual evidence of pedestalling of plants or rocks. Pedestals present are sloping or rounding and accumulating litter. Check one PFC At risk Non-functional Notes: Is the desired plant community present (diversity - - species, comp., age classes, structure, form)? No Soils types and textures? Fine 21

26 Description of Plant Communities and Habitats Browse utilization List of preferred browse species on site Browse Use Categories current year s growth Light 0-10% Moderate 11-40% Heavy >40% Browse form (select one) Stubble Height <2 cm Lightly Browsed Moderately Browsed Heavily Browsed m transect. Measurements taken every paces. Measurements along transect: Avg. height: Max. ht: Min. ht: Pattern of use: Heavy overall Photos Numbers: Weed Species: Species: Thistles Size of infestation: <100m ,500m 2 >1ha Distribution: Rare individuals Scattered patches Continuous stands Current Plant Community: lack of late succession species shallow rooted bluegrasses lack of shrubs Desired Plant Community Notes (Plant community, structure, recruitment, litter, bare ground, invasive species) the upland area is heavily grazed and there is a lack of residual cover weeds present 22

27 Range Unit Yahk Streams Riparian Function Checklist Range Agreement Holder: Range Agreement Number Murray Meadow UTM Coordinates:: 11U E N Name of Stream: Hawkins Creek BEC Subzone: 1100 m Date: October, 16/02 Segment Reach ID: HC5 Gradient of Segment: Low Med High Stream type: Perennial Intermittent Ephemeral Continuous Interrupted Observers: Fraser, Kekula, Miller, Skinner, Crowley Yes No N/A Parameters Channel Structure, Function and Diversity Channel characteristics (rocks, large y debris) and associated floodplain (access to overflow areas) are adequate to dissipate energy. Channel & banks are relatively stable. Lateral movement is associated with natural sinuosity. The segment is vertically stable. Incised Erosion, deposition and movement of bed materials are normal for this reach. Bank shearing, soil compaction, and bare ground are uncommon Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, gradient, pool/riffle ratio, and other aspects of channel geometry are in balance with the landscape setting (e.g., land form, geology). Inputs of organic debris from adjacent riparian area and subsequent incorporation into the channel are normal for area. Banks are undercut. Riffle bed materials and gravels are free of sediment. Fish spawning and use of rock undersides by insects and other invertebrates are possible. Flow Regime Flow rates and timing remain unchanged over time (i.e. perennial to intermittent or ephemeral; continuous to interrupted) Biotic Community Roots of trees, shrubs, and grasses extend into the stream. Root masses are capable of withstanding high streamflow events and allowing formation of overhanging banks. The plant community exhibits high vigour and indicates maintenance of riparian soil moisture characteristics. Occurrences of trampling, rubbing or browsing are uncommon. Riparian plant communities are an adequate source of replacement y debris, both now and in the foreseeable future. A diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate life is evident. Nutrient Inputs and Water Quality Nutrient levels are normal (there is a lack of algae mats and organism die-offs and there is a good aquatic organism diversity). Inputs of fine organic matter are appropriate (leaves, small branches and twigs). Check one PFC At risk Non-functional From meadow edge/forest edge downstream End 11U E N Notes: Is the desired plant community present (diversity - -species, comp., age classes, structure, form)? No Does the substrate make this stream susceptible to either vertical or lateral erosion? Both Soils types and textures? Fine Are the riparian soils subjected to prolonged saturation and anaerobic conditions? No Is the stream beaver controlled? No Is the stream effluent or influent? Have land uses altered the dynamics of the system? Yes clearing grazing 23

28 Streams Riparian Function Checklist Range Unit Yahk Range Agreement Holder: Range Agreement Number UTM Coordinates:: 11U : 1099 m Name of Stream: Hawkins Creek - 7 Mile Road BEC Subzone: Date: October, 16/02 Segment Reach ID: HC6 Gradient of Segment: Low Med High Stream type: step-pool Perennial Intermittent Ephemeral Continuous Interrupted Observers: Fraser, Miller Yes No N/A Parameters Channel Structure, Function and Diversity Channel characteristics (rocks, large y debris) and associated floodplain (access to overflow areas) are adequate to dissipate energy. Channel & banks are relatively stable. Lateral movement is associated with natural sinuosity. earlier flow The segment is vertically stable. Erosion, deposition and movement of bed materials are normal for this reach. Bank shearing, soil compaction, and bare ground are uncommon too wide Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, gradient, pool/riffle ratio, and other aspects of channel geometry are in balance with the landscape setting (e.g., land form, geology). Inputs of organic debris from adjacent riparian area and subsequent incorporation into the channel are normal for area. Banks are undercut. one side only Riffle bed materials and gravels are free of sediment. Fish spawning and use of rock undersides by insects and other invertebrates are possible. Flow Regime Flow rates and timing remain unchanged over time (i.e. perennial to intermittent or ephemeral; continuous to interrupted) harvesting Biotic Community Roots of trees, shrubs, and grasses extend into the stream. Root masses are capable of withstanding high streamflow events and allowing formation of overhanging banks. one side only The plant community exhibits high vigour and indicates maintenance of riparian soil moisture characteristics. narrow Calcan fringe Occurrences of trampling, rubbing or browsing are uncommon. Riparian plant communities are an adequate source of replacement y debris, both now and in the foreseeable future. sporadic alder, no recruitment A diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate life is evident. Nutrient Inputs and Water Quality Nutrient levels are normal (there is a lack of algae mats and organism die-offs and there is a good aquatic organism diversity). Inputs of fine organic matter are appropriate (leaves, small branches and twigs). Check one PFC At risk Moderately Non-functional Notes: Is the desired plant community present (diversity - -species, comp., age classes, structure, form)? No. Should be adense alder thicket Does the substrate make this stream susceptible to either vertical or lateral erosion? Soils types and textures? Fine loam over boulders Are the riparian soils subjected to prolonged saturation and anaerobic conditions? No Is the stream beaver controlled? No Is the stream effluent or influent? Have land uses altered the dynamics of the system? Yes 24

29 Description of Plant Communities and Habitats Browse utilization List of preferred browse species on site Browse Use Categories current year s growth Light 0-10% Moderate 11-40% Heavy >40% Browse form (select one) Stubble Height Lightly Browsed Moderately Browsed Heavily Browsed m transect. Measurements taken every paces. Measurements along transect: Avg. height: Max. ht: Min. ht: Pattern of use: Photos Current Plant Community: Numbers: Weed Species: Species: Size of infestation: <100m ,500m 2 >1ha Distribution: Rare individuals Scattered patches Continuous stands Desired Plant Community Notes (Plant community, structure, recruitment, litter, bare ground, invasive species) lack of rose, snowberry and red osier. No alder recruitment. 25

30 Streams Riparian Function Checklist Range Unit Yahk Range Agreement Holder: Range Agreement Number UTM Coordinates:: 11U E N/end at HC7A Name of Stream: Hawkins Creek (confluence) BEC Subzone: Date: October, 16/02 Segment Reach ID: HC7 Gradient of Segment: Low Med High Stream type: Perennial Intermittent Ephemeral Continuous Interrupted Observers: Fraser, Miller Yes No N/A Parameters Channel Structure, Function and Diversity Channel characteristics (rocks, large y debris) and associated floodplain (access to overflow areas) are adequate to dissipate energy. Channel & banks are relatively stable. south bank eroded away Lateral movement is associated with natural sinuosity. bank loss The segment is vertically stable. Erosion, deposition and movement of bed materials are normal for this reach. Bank shearing, soil compaction, and bare ground are uncommon Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, gradient, pool/riffle ratio, and other aspects of channel geometry are in balance with the landscape setting (e.g., land form, geology). Inputs of organic debris from adjacent riparian area and subsequent incorporation into the channel are normal for area. Banks are undercut. one side, where trees root Riffle bed materials and gravels are free of sediment. Fish spawning and use of rock undersides by insects and other invertebrates are possible. Flow Regime Flow rates and timing remain unchanged over time (i.e. perennial to intermittent or ephemeral; continuous to interrupted) Biotic Community Roots of trees, shrubs, and grasses extend into the stream. Root masses are capable of withstanding high streamflow events and allowing formation of overhanging banks. one side only The plant community exhibits high vigour and indicates maintenance of riparian soil moisture characteristics. Occurrences of trampling, rubbing or browsing are uncommon. Riparian plant communities are an adequate source of replacement y debris, both now and in the foreseeable future. lack of recruitment A diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate life is evident. Nutrient Inputs and Water Quality Nutrient levels are normal (there is a lack of algae mats and organism die-offs and there is a good aquatic organism diversity). Inputs of fine organic matter are appropriate (leaves, small branches and twigs). Check one PFC At risk Highly at risk Non-functional Notes: Is the desired plant community present (diversity - -species, comp., age classes, structure, form)? No Does the substrate make this stream susceptible to either vertical or lateral erosion? Soils types and textures? Fine over boulders Are the riparian soils subjected to prolonged saturation and anaerobic conditions? No Is the stream beaver controlled? No Is the stream effluent or influent? Have land uses altered the dynamics of the system? Yes. Flood event has washed away south bank and mobilized and exposed cobbles 26

31 Streams Riparian Function Checklist Range Unit Yahk Range Agreement Holder: Range Agreement Number UTM Coordinates:: 11U E N Name of Stream: Hawkins Creek BEC Subzone: 1092 m Date: October, 16/02 Segment Reach ID: HC8 From Cold Creek Gradient of Segment: Road Bridge downstream Low Med High Stream type: Perennial Intermittent Ephemeral Continuous Interrupted Observers: Fraser, Miller Yes No N/A Parameters Channel Structure, Function and Diversity Channel characteristics (rocks, large y debris) and associated floodplain (access to overflow areas) are adequate to dissipate energy. Channel & banks are relatively stable. moved bed materials Lateral movement is associated with natural sinuosity. The segment is vertically stable. boulder movement Erosion, deposition and movement of bed materials are normal for this reach. Bank shearing, soil compaction, and bare ground are uncommon Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, gradient, pool/riffle ratio, and other aspects of channel geometry are in balance with the landscape setting (e.g., land form, geology). Inputs of organic debris from adjacent riparian area and subsequent incorporation into the channel are normal for area. Banks are undercut. Riffle bed materials and gravels are free of sediment. Fish spawning and use of rock undersides by insects and other invertebrates are possible. Flow Regime Flow rates and timing remain unchanged over time (i.e. perennial to intermittent or ephemeral; continuous to interrupted) Biotic Community Roots of trees, shrubs, and grasses extend into the stream. Root masses are capable of withstanding high streamflow events and allowing formation of overhanging banks. The plant community exhibits high vigour and indicates maintenance of riparian soil moisture characteristics. Occurrences of trampling, rubbing or browsing are uncommon. Riparian plant communities are an adequate source of replacement y debris, both now and in the foreseeable future. A diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate life is evident. Nutrient Inputs and Water Quality Nutrient levels are normal (there is a lack of algae mats and organism die-offs and there is a good aquatic organism diversity). Inputs of fine organic matter are appropriate (leaves, small branches and twigs). Check one PFC At risk Non-functional Notes: Is the desired plant community present (diversity - -species, comp., age classes, structure, form)? No Does the substrate make this stream susceptible to either vertical or lateral erosion? Soils types and textures? Fine over boulders Are the riparian soils subjected to prolonged saturation and anaerobic conditions? No Is the stream beaver controlled? No Is the stream effluent or influent? Have land uses altered the dynamics of the system? Yes. Spring flood event. 27

32 Appendix 2.. Rosen Lake Range Unit Checklists Rosen Lake Range Unit Checklists 28

33 Streams Riparian Function Checklist Range Unit Rosen Lake Range Agreement Holder: Range Agreement Number UTM Coordinates:: 11U E N Name of Stream: Little Sand Creek BEC Subzone: 854 m Date: October 17/02 Segment Reach ID: LS1 Gradient of Segment: Low Med High Stream type: Perennial Intermittent Ephemeral Continuous Interrupted Observers: Fraser Yes No N/A Parameters Channel Structure, Function and Diversity Channel characteristics (rocks, large y debris) and associated floodplain (access to overflow areas) are adequate to dissipate energy. Channel & banks are relatively stable. Lateral movement is associated with natural sinuosity. The segment is vertically stable. Erosion, deposition and movement of bed materials are normal for this reach. Bank shearing, soil compaction, and bare ground are uncommon Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, gradient, pool/riffle ratio, and other aspects of channel geometry are in balance with the landscape setting (e.g., land form, geology). Inputs of organic debris from adjacent riparian area and subsequent incorporation into the channel are normal for area. Banks are undercut. Riffle bed materials and gravels are free of sediment. Fish spawning and use of rock undersides by insects and other invertebrates are possible. Flow Regime Flow rates and timing remain unchanged over time (i.e. perennial to intermittent or ephemeral; continuous to interrupted) Biotic Community Roots of trees, shrubs, and grasses extend into the stream. Root masses are capable of withstanding high streamflow events and allowing formation of overhanging banks. The plant community exhibits high vigour and indicates maintenance of riparian soil moisture characteristics. Should be a dense thicket Occurrences of trampling, rubbing or browsing are uncommon. livestock trails Riparian plant communities are an adequate source of replacement y debris, both now and in the foreseeable future. A diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate life is evident. Nutrient Inputs and Water Quality Nutrient levels are normal (there is a lack of algae mats and organism die-offs and there is a good aquatic organism diversity). Inputs of fine organic matter are appropriate (leaves, small branches and twigs). Check one PFC At risk slightly Non-functional narrow, confined valley with steep slopes both sides livestock trails and trampling browsing/grazing Notes: spawning kokanees Is the desired plant community present (diversity - -species, comp., age classes, structure, form)? Does the substrate make this stream susceptible to either vertical or lateral erosion? Soils types and textures? Fine Are the riparian soils subjected to prolonged saturation and anaerobic conditions? No Is the stream beaver controlled? No Is the stream effluent or influent? Have land uses altered the dynamics of the system? Not in this reach. 29

34 Streams Riparian Function Checklist Range Unit Rosen Lake Range Agreement Holder: Range Agreement Number UTM Coordinates:: 11U E N Name of Stream: Little Sand Creek BEC Subzone: 850 m Date: October 17/02 Segment Reach ID: LS2 Gradient of Segment: Low Med High Stream type: Perennial Intermittent Ephemeral Continuous Interrupted Observers: Fraser, Miller, Kekula, Banting, Skinner Yes No N/A Parameters Channel Structure, Function and Diversity Channel characteristics (rocks, large y debris) and associated floodplain (access to overflow areas) are adequate to dissipate energy. Channel & banks are relatively stable. Lateral movement is associated with natural sinuosity. The segment is vertically stable. Erosion, deposition and movement of bed materials are normal for this reach. Bank shearing, soil compaction, and bare ground are uncommon Sinuosity, width/depth ratio, gradient, pool/riffle ratio, and other aspects of channel geometry are in balance with the landscape setting (e.g., land form, geology). Inputs of organic debris from adjacent riparian area and subsequent incorporation into the channel are normal for area. Banks are undercut. Riffle bed materials and gravels are free of sediment. Fish spawning and use of rock undersides by insects and other invertebrates are possible. Flow Regime Flow rates and timing remain unchanged over time (i.e. perennial to intermittent or ephemeral; continuous to interrupted) Biotic Community Roots of trees, shrubs, and grasses extend into the stream. Root masses are capable of withstanding high streamflow events and allowing formation of overhanging banks. one side and patches only The plant community exhibits high vigour and indicates maintenance of riparian soil moisture characteristics. Occurrences of trampling, rubbing or browsing are uncommon. Riparian plant communities are an adequate source of replacement y debris, both now and in the foreseeable future. Red-osier, Snowberry., Rose, Alder A diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate life is evident. Nutrient Inputs and Water Quality Nutrient levels are normal (there is a lack of algae mats and organism die-offs and there is a good aquatic organism diversity). Inputs of fine organic matter are appropriate (leaves, small branches and twigs). Check one PFC At risk Moderately Non-functional canyon opens below hydro line good pools wherever there are alder root balls Notes: Is the desired plant community present (diversity - -species, comp., age classes, structure, form)? Problem with structure and recruitment Does the substrate make this stream susceptible to either vertical or lateral erosion? Soils types and textures? Fine Are the riparian soils subjected to prolonged saturation and anaerobic conditions? No Is the stream beaver controlled? Old evidence Is the stream effluent or influent? Have land uses altered the dynamics of the system? Grazing crossing - photo 30