WHAT ARE WE BREATHING IN RAIL SUBWAY SYSTEMS, AND WHY?

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1 WHAT ARE WE BREATHING IN RAIL SUBWAY SYSTEMS, AND WHY? T. Moreno, V. Martins, MC. Minguillón, C. Reche, F. Amato, M. Capdevila, E. de Miguel, S. Centelles, X. Querol

2 Implementing Methodologies and Practices to Reduce air pollution Of the subway environment THE QUESTION OF AIR QUALITY IN UNDERGROUND SYSTEMS IS NOT TRIVIAL Underground subway systems worldwide transport > 100 million people daily Ambient PM10 concentrations on platforms can be >> 50 µg/m 3. Subway PM is extremely metalliferous and very different in chemistry from outside ambient air.

3 On platforms PM10 (µg/m 3 ) PM2.5 (µg/m 3 ) Barcelona Querol et al. 2012; Moreno et al. 2014; Martins et al Budapest Salma et al London Seaton et al Los Angeles Kam et al Paris Raut et al Prague Cusack et al New York 68 Wang and Gao 2011 Seoul Kim et al Stockholm Johansson & Johansson 2003 Taipei Cheng et al Inside train PM10 PM2.5 Barcelona Querol et al. 2012; Martins et al Los Angeles Kam et al New York 40 Wang and Gao 2011 Taipei Cheng et al. 2008

4 PM SOURCES IN UNDERGROUND SYSTEMS Outdoor Na, K, NO 3, SO 4, V, C, etc Catenary Cu, Zn, Pb, C Electric brushes Carbon + resuspension Brakes Ba, Cu, Sb, As Wheels, rails Fe, Mn, Cr Ballast, cement Al, Si, Ca, etc

5 BCN Metro 1.25 million passengers per weekday 50% of public transport loading Average journey time (inside train) 12 minutes Open platform system Closed platform system

6 BARCELONA METRO AIR QUALITY PROJECT ( ) METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN Continuous aerosol monitoring at 4 platforms during one whole month (twice a year). 24 platforms (6 lines) Inside trains (6 lines)

7 METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN

8 METHODOLOGY AND WORK PLAN ASAP: PM10 samples for microscopy (Cardiff Univ.-UK) Coriolis: Bacteria (DNA, RNA) in trains and at platforms 10 min (CEAB/CSIC, Univ. Laval- Canada & Queensland Univ. of Technology- Australia)

9 ppm PMx (µg/m 3 ) 11:55 11:56 11:57 11:59 12:00 12:02 12:03 12:05 12:06 12:07 12:09 12:10 12:12 12:13 12:14 12:16 12:17 12:19 12:20 12:22 12:23 12:24 12:26 12:27 12:29 12:30 12:31 12:33 12:34 12:36 12:37 12:39 12:40 12:41 12:43 12:44 12:46 12:47 12:48 12:50 12:51 12:53 12:54 12:56 12:57 12:58 13:00 13:01 13:03 13:04 13:05 VARIABLES: TRAIN FREQUENCY & PASSENGER NUMBERS 160 PM10 PM2.5 PM1 La Sagrera µg/m Joanic SUMMER PM10 PM2.5 PM1 Arrival Departure Passenger build-up and exchange 500 CO CO Train IN Train OUT 10: :25 9:20 09:35 12:03 12:10 time 12:17 12:24 12:31 12:39 12:46 12:53 time 13:00 Time (hh:mm) Moreno et al 2014, Atmos Environ 92,

5 PM1 Arrival Departure 160 120 80 1 2 3 4 40 0 12:03 12:10 12:17 12:24

10 PMx (µg/m 3 ) PMx (µg/m 3 ) 200 VARIABLES: PLATFORM VENTILATION Joanic SUMMER PM10 PM2.5 PM1 Arrival Departure :03 12:10 12:17 12:24 12:31 12:39 12:46 12:53 13: Joanic WINTER :04 12:11 12:18 12:26 12:33 12:40 12:47 12:54 13:02 13:09 Time (hh:mm)

11 PMx (µg/m 3 ) VARIABLES: TUNNEL AND TRAIN VENTILATION WITH FORCED TUNNEL VENTILATION 700 WITHOUT FORCED TUNNEL VENTILATION µg/m h 1h INSIDE TRAINS PM10 PM2.5 PM1 Open Close With Air Conditioning Without Air Conditioning :33 10:40 10:47 10:55 11:02 11:09 11:16 11:23 11:31 Time (hh:mm) Martins et al 2015, Sci. Total Env. 511,

VARIABLES: STATION DESIGN AND PISTON EFFECT (µg/m 3 µg/m 3 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 PM10 PM2.

12 VARIABLES: STATION DESIGN AND PISTON EFFECT (µg/m 3 µg/m PM10 PM2.5 PM1 TRAIN Without PSD :27 9:35 9:43 9:52 10:00 10:08 10:17 10: TRAIN PM10 PM2.5 PM1 Train arrival Train departure :22 13:29 13:36 13:43 13:50 13:58 Time (hh:mm) 14:05 14:12 14:19 14:26 With PSD

13 PM 2.5 (µg m -3 ) VARIABLES CONTROLLING PLATFORM AIR QUALITY 160 Colder Warmer single tunnel with one rail track separated from the platform by a wall with PSDs NEW SYSTEM one wide tunnel with two rail tracks separated by a middle wall single narrow tunnel with one rail track one wide tunnel with two rail tracks without middle wall CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM Martins et al 2015, Sci. Total Env. 511,

14 PM sources in underground systems Frontal brake pad Lateral brake pad Cu catenary 2cm Wheels 1cm

16 RAIL/WHEEL BRAKE PADS Moreno et al 2015, Sci. Total Env. 505,

To develop and propose to local/national authorities effective air mitigation measures for subway systems Testing and

17 IMPROVE OBJECTIVES ( ) 1. To determine the emission sources and their contribution to air quality in platforms and trains, 2. To develop and propose to local/national authorities effective air mitigation measures for subway systems Testing and Development of mitigation strategies: Tunnel activities, Practicability/effect of applying dry suppressant compounds to ballast, Mitigation strategies for emissions from specific rail sources (brake pads, rails & electrical catenaries).

CONCLUSIONS Station design: single/double track, access points, depth, ventilation systems, platform door systems Train frequency and piston effect Passenger numbers Train design:

18 CONCLUSIONS Station design: single/double track, access points, depth, ventilation systems, platform door systems Train frequency and piston effect Passenger numbers Train design: braking systems, wheels, air conditioning, etc. Contamination by outside city air Ferruginous environment influenced by brake pad chemistry

Subway/Barcelona outdoor SUBWAY PM CHEMISTRY Llefià

Zn, Li, Ti, Ba 10,00 1,00 NO3- SO42- NH4+ Na Cl PM2.

20 Subway/Barcelona outdoor SUBWAY PM CHEMISTRY Llefià Joanic Tetuan Sta Coloma 100,00 Pb, Ni, As, La, Ce, Co, Cu, Sb NO 3, Na, Cl, PM 2.5, Ca, Fe, Rb, Cr, Mn TC, Al, Mg, V, Bi, Se, Sn, P, Zn, Li, Ti, Ba 10,00 1,00 NO3- SO42- NH4+ Na Cl PM2.5 TC Al2O3 Ca Mg Fe Pb V Cd Bi Se Sn Ni Rb P U Zn As Li Ti La Ce Co Cr Cu Mn Sb Ba