How to keep the necessary stability and reliability in the energy system of the future?

Transcription

1 Dr.-Ing. Peter Birkner, Executive Member of the Board, Mainova AG Frankfurt am Main, Germany, October, 2012 How to keep the necessary stability and reliability in the energy system of the future? Transmission &Distribution SMART GRIDS Europe 2012, Amsterdam

2 Curriculum Vitae Peter Birkner Study of electrical power engineering and doctoral thesis at Technische Universität München (Dipl.-Ing., Dr.-Ing.) Positions within RWE Group Lechwerke AG, Augsburg, GER (11/ /2004; Vice President, Business Unit Grid) Wendelsteinbahn GmbH, Brannenburg, GER (1/ /2008; Managing Director) Vychodoslovenska energetika a.s., Kosice, SK (1/2005 8/2008; Member of the Board) RWE Rhein-Ruhr Netzservice GmbH, Siegen, GER (9/2008 6/2011; Managing Director) Mainova AG, Frankfurt, GER (7/2011 to today; Chief Technical Officer and Member of the Board) Chairman Networks Committee, Eurelectric, Brussels (6/2008 to today) Visiting Professor (Electrical Power Engineering) Technicka Universita v Kosiciach, (6/2005 to today) Lecturer (Electrical Power Engineering) at Universität Bonn (1/2009 to today) and Universität Wuppertal (6/2010 to today) Numerous publications and lectures on power engineering and economics

3 How to keep the necessary stability and reliability in the energy system of the future? 1 2 The new generation and load structure in Europe and Germany The role of energy storage and available technical options 3 The contribution of smart meters 4 Efficient smart grid technologies in practice 5 Basic roles of smart grids and smart markets 6 Necessary development of the legal framework

4 The German Energiewende is ambitious and is based on renewables, tough savings and imports 1 *) GER EU? Limited import and export capacities All European countries are increasing the installed capacity of renewables Renewable energy sources show a synchonous generation pattern Are the electricity savings realistic? *) Assuming substantial efficiency increase and energy savings but also signigicant electricity imports! We have to do some homework! 4

5 Power Maximum consumption Import / Export Pumped hydro storage Available power plants (conventional) A rate of 35 % of renewable Energy means to double the installed generation capacity 1 Percentage of power generation 5 % 18 % 35 % 80 % 122 % 100 % 50 % 0 % + Installed capacity of renewables Note: The national energy concept assumes substantial efficiency increase and energy savings but also signigicant electricity imports!

6 Increasing the installed capacity of renewables without reversible storage results in a saturation 1 Demand of energy (100%) Installed renewable power Conventional energies Generation power / Power consumption Absorption Renewable generation curves (today and tomorrow) 35% Renewable energies Installed capacity Storage Conventional load curve In the case that there are more than 35 % of renewables within the total energy mix, the installed capacity has to be higher than the sum of maximum consumption, storage and export Storage Supplement Time Energy absorption Additional loads (electrolysis, thermal storage, export) Energy supplement Additional generation (gas turbine, import) Energy storage Reversible storage, shifting loads and generation (P2G, batteries, pumped hydro storage) Import / export 6

7 From a technology point of view the German Energiewende will be implemented in three steps 1 Penetration of renewable energy 35 % by 2020 by 2030 by Connection to the network - Extension and increase of flexibilty of the network - Optimization and increase of flexibility of thermal power plants Energy supply and supplement 45 % 80 % - Load shifts (DSM) - Increase of conventional electricity storage - New efficient applications for electrical energy (e.g. heat pumps, electric vehicles) Energy absorption - Reversible storage of electricity - New types of power sources - Alternative use of CO 2 - Dynamic stability of the system New reversible storages Mainova has the know-how and the ability to make Energiewende a reality

8 Existing devices can be used in order to increase the flexibility of the system 2 Technologies for increasing flexibility in the electrical system 1 2 CCGT power plants (Irsching, block 4, η = 60%) 1 Flexible CHPs 2 (Frankfurt, thermal connection of steam and gas turbines as well as boilers decouples electicity generation from heat production) Virtual power plants (Frankfurt) Controlled electrolytic processes (Frankfurt, 70 MW, production of Cl 2 ) 4 5 Controlled cold-storage depots (Frankfurt) 5 (Concept) (Concept)

9 Chemical and thermal energies are indispensable in order to store a sufficient amount of energy Heat 2 Density of Mechanical energy (1 m³ water, m high) H 2 O Electricity Compressor (Frankfurt) Electricity Thermal energy (1 m³ water, 10 K warmer) Chemical energy (1 m³ gas, 0.8 kg) Batteries (100 kg Li-Ion batteries) Electrolytic reactor (Frankfurt) H 2 O 2 Storage+ Sto- rage- Hydrogen should be able to fix the storage challenge. Extended production of CH 4 (energy content three times higer) might be not necessary * All numbers mentioned are corresponding with an energy volume of about 40 MJ (ca. 11 kwh) Power to gas (H 2 ) to gas grid Power to gas (H 2 ) to gas tank Power to gas (H 2 ) to others (industry) (Concept) Electrical cooling device (compression) with storage Power to thermal storage / to thermal grid

10 Batteries could become the decentralized supplement of power-to-gas storages 2 Energy autonomous households Volatility reduction of loadflow Privat consumption (GER): kwh/a, 11 kwh/day Photovoltaic system: kwh/a, (0,1 kw/m², 40 m²) Battery storage system: 11 kwh/day Battery capacity: 100 Wh/piece Number of laptop batteries: 110 pieces (possibly used cells from the automotive industry) x 110 (Concept) 10

11 A mix from different storage concepts will be used in the future 2 Storage concepts and their application Middle till long time periods (days, weeks, months) x 100 MW, high voltage Short time periods (minutes, hours) x 1 MW, middle and low voltage Import and export Pumped hydro storage Air pressure storage Power to gas (electrolytic process, sabatier) Compensation of days without wind or cloudy days Import and export Domestic thermal inertia Domestic demand (DSM, DR) Batteries (immobile, mobile) Thermal storages Compensation of cloud fields or nighttime All storage concepts can contribute to stabilize the grid! 11

12 Smart Meter might be used for three purposes 3 Individual System BG System AA Transparency Supplier switching Energy savings Cost reduction Power balance Energy consumption / generation of the customer Price signals Local autonomous agents Use of infrastructure Ex-post analysis (Real time analysis) Quality and efficiency Physical measures? Inpact: individual Reaction: pending Data: individual, fast Impact: global Reaction: delayed Data collection: individual, slow Impact: local Reaction: delayed / (fast) Data collection: technical position, slow / (fast)

13 Today the data hub model is used in most of the European countries 3 Data Hub Model Used in most of the European Countries Request for data Wholesaler Retailer Data transfer and communication management Smart meter Meter operator Hub (Data service provider) One combined role as an option: TSO DSO DSO as a data hub and market facilitator (Eurelectric) In Germany there is a seperate role called Meter operator / Data service provider (MSB / MDL) 13

14 In Germany a new gateway model is being designed at moment 3 Gateway Model The future German (BSI) model Offer of data Wholesaler Retailer TSO Data transfer Communication management Smart meter Meter operator Gateway Gateway operator Gateway administrator DSO Remark: the data service provider (MDL) role most probabely will disappear One combined role as an option 14

15 Distribution Grids have to be adjusted substantially and in a smart way to their new tasks 4 Load monitoring and load control allow the maximum use of assets Feed-in Voltage Today s grid feed-in capacity Voltage Load Time 110 % U N 100 % U N Low load + high feed-in Low loard + basic feed-in Today s grid take-off capacity Voltage Load 90 % U N Partial load + no feed-in High load + no feed-in Take-off To control means to take grid-related measures (load flow, reactive power) or to influence loads, generation or decentralized storage (active power) Length

16 Integration of renewables is supported by Smart Grids The pilot project ines 4 16

17 Prinziples of grid automation within the project ines Grid interventions first Customer impacts last 4 2 Active element (customer) + - Operating principle The active grid elements (1) are adressed first and the active elements on the customer side (2) last ines Sensor U n +10% Sensor Sensor Active element (grid) U n -10% 1. # Knoten/Leitungslänge 1 - voltage control transformer 2 - reactive power control grid 3 - active power control customer side 1 Active element (grid) The sensor is independent of any Smart Meter system Quality and network extension The intervention frequency of the active element on the customer side is registered. This parameter can be used as an indicator for the necessary grid reinforcement or extension The more interventions on the customer side the DSO is allowed to execute within one year, the smaller and later the network reinforcement or externsion will be. However, a higher amount of renewable energy will be deleted through these interventions 17

18 Principles of grid automation within the project ines Extension to the medium voltage level 4 Active element (grid) ines ines HV MV Sensor LV Active element (grid) ines Sensor LV Active element (grid) ines MV Active element (grid) Sensor LV The ines devices situated in the local transformer stations are used as sensors for the medium voltage grid. Additional sensors can be installed by the use of voltage transformers directly in the medium voltage grid. The ines device in the HV/MV substation works as a control center. It analyzes the data of the sensors and activates the active elements. E.g., this can be a medium voltage switch or a tap changer of a HV/MV transformer. Furthermore, the ines devices in the local transformer stations can be used as active elements too. They are able to send control signals into the low voltage network and thus to its ines components 18

19 ines The Smart Grid project of Mainova Field tests in Frankfurt 4 Implementation Two characteristic test sites in the Frankfurt area with a high density of PV have been choosen: Rural radial LV-grid Bergen- Enkheim Relocated farms with large PV systems, 1 MV/LV transformer station Urban interconnected LV-grid Bornheim Properties from the ABG between Dortelweiler Straße and Preungesheimer Straße with large PV systems, 3 MV/LV transformer stations The smart grid project is carried out in two characteristic areas. As a consequence the results are meaningful

20 Smart markets and smart grids Basic functionalities 5 Smart market: Influencing the customer by price signals Power balance Smart grid: Influencing the customer by phsical signals Maximum use of network Supplier Market Price Price Monitoring Grid 1 DSO Intervention of DSO Reaction Impact Intervention 2 Maximum Load Customer Time Intervention of DSO means: priority over marke, however, minimum impact 20

21 Smart markets and smart grids Impact on system costs 5 Increasing costs through additional requirements on the electricity system As it is Smart Grid 1 Smart Grid 2 Smart Market Time Smart Grid 1 Grid bound measures Consumption controlled only in emergency situations Operation to the grid limit Extensive use of monitoring, grid automation, reactive power and load flow management Smart Grid 2 Customer bound measures Controlled or flexible consumption Reduced grid reinforcement Effect of flexible consumption is taken into consideration in the grid design Smart Market Customer bound measures Management of consumption through price signals Contributing to the power balance of the system 1 2 Smart grid is positioned in between an expensive fit for all and a low quality only operation approach. Sufficient quality at a reasonable price 21

22 The current Energy-only-Market rewards neither flexibility nor storage 6 Flexible and efficient CCGTs are facing a systematic pressure on prices and produced amount of energy Previous price Previous volume? Due to low spreads between peak an base storages are under pressure?

23 In Europe investments into electrical grids are not sufficiently rewarded 6 The financial situation of European DSOs A Study of Eurelectric In many European countries the regulated return on capital employed is not sufficient in order to meet the expectations of the capital market Value creation and value destruction in European grids 1 DSOs who are not investing are creating value 3 DSOs who are investing are destructing value The change from efficieny icrease towards smart grids is requested? Growing number in the last couple of years

24 The operational framework has to be adjusted 6 In order to develop the existing electricity system to a sustainable, green and carbondioxid neutral electricity system the following issues have to be addressed: more clear and more harmonized definition of roles, processes and responsibilities more integrated planning (gas grid, generation, electrical grid), however, consequent unbundling in operation complementing the energy-only-market by awarding flexibility adjusting the regulatory focus from pure efficiency increase to increase of smartness in the grid defining rights and obligations of the customer as an active player within the energy system defining rights and obligations of the DSO with respect to smart grids 24

25 Dr.-Ing. Peter Birkner, Executive Member of the Board, Mainova AG Frankfurt am Main, October, 2012 Analyses Conclusion Action Thank you for your attention!