Jahangirabad Institute of Technology Mr.NAPHIS AHAMAD Applied Thermodynamics Semester IV, MASTER SCHEDULE

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1 Jahangirabad Institute of Technology Mr.NAPHIS AHAMAD Applied Thermodynamics Semester IV, MASTER SCHEDULE (Unit-1) Class 1 Monday, 18Jan Introduction Class 3 Wednesday, 20 January,2016 Clapeyron equation, Joule-Thompson coefficient and Inversion curve Class 5 Friday, 22 January,2016 Adiabatic and Isothermal compressibility Class 7 Monday, 25 January,2016 Air/Fuel ratio Class 9 Thursday, 28 January,2016 standard heat of reaction and effect of temperature on standard heat of reaction Class 2 Tuesday, 19 Jan Conditions for exact differentials. Maxwell relations Class 4 Thursday, 21 January,2016 Coefficient of volume expansion Class 6 Saturday, 23 January,2016 analysis, heating values, air requirement Class 8 Wednesday, 27January,2016 standard heat of reaction and effect of temperature on standard heat of reaction Class 10 Friday, 29 January,2016 standard heat of reaction and effect of temperature on standard heat of reaction Class 11 Saturday, 30 January,2016 heat of formation. Adiabatic flame temperature (TEST)Class 12,Monday, February 01,2016 Assingnment-1 (Unit-2) Class 13 Tuesday, February 02,2016 Classifications and working of boilers, boiler mountings and accessories Class 15 Thursday, February 04,2016 Draught and its calculations Class 17 Saturday, February 06,2016 Boiler efficiency, Equivalent evaporation Class 19Tuesday, February09,2016 Classification of condenser, air leakage (Unit-3) Class 22 Friday, February 12,2016 Carnot vapour power cycle Class 24 Monday, February 15,2016 Reheat cycle, Regenerative cycle Class 26 Wednesday, February17,2016 Binary vapour cycle Class 28 Friday, February 19,2016 Cogeneration. Class 30 Saturday, February 27,2016 working and classification of steam engines Class 32 Friday, March 04,2016 Saturation curve Class 14 Wednesday, February03 boiler mountings and accessories Class 16 Friday, February 05,2016 air pre heater, feed water heater, super heater Class 18 Monday, February 08,2016 Boiler trial and heat balance Class 20 Wednesday, February 10,2016 condenser performance parameters (TEST ) Class 21 Thursday, February 11,2016 Assignment 2 Class 23 Saturday, February 13,2016 Rankine cycle, effect of pressure and temperature on Rankine cycle Class 25 Tuesday, February 16,2016 Feed water heaters. Class 27 Thursday, February 18,2016 Combined cycles Class 29 Friday, February 26,2016 Modified Rankine cycles Class 31 Monday, February 29,2016 Indicator diagram Class 33 Saturday, March 05,2016 Missing quantity

2 Class 34 Tuesday, March 08,2016 Heat balance (Unit-4) Class 36 Thursday, March 10,2016 Flow through Convergent and convergentdivergent nozzles Class 38 Saturday, March 12,2016 Choked flow, throat area, Nozzle efficiency Class 40 Wednesday, March 16,2016 Effect of friction on nozzle, Super saturated flow Class 42 Friday, March 18,2016 Staging, Stage and Overall efficiency Class 44 Monday, March 21,2016 Velocity diagram of simple and compound multistage impulse and reaction turbines and related calculations, work done, efficiencies of reaction, Impulse reaction turbines (TEST ) Class 35 Wednesday,March09,2016 Assingment-3 Class 37 Friday, March 11,2016 variation of velocity, area and specific volume Class 39 Monday, March 14,2016 Off design operation of nozzle Class 41 Thursday, March 17,2016 Classification of steam turbine, Impulse and Reaction turbines Class 43 Saturday, March 19,2016 Reheat factor, Bleeding Class 45 Tuesday, March 22,2016 Velocity diagram of simple and compound multistage impulse and reaction turbines and related calculations, work done, efficiencies of reaction, Impulse reaction turbines Class 46 Monday, March 28,2016 Class 47 Tuesday, March 29,2016 Velocity diagram of simple and compound state point locus, Losses in steam turbines, multistage impulse and reaction turbines and Governing of turbines, Comparison with related calculations, work done, efficiencies steam engine. of reaction, Impulse reaction turbines (TEST ) Class 48 Wednesday, March 30,2016 Assingment-4 (Unit-5) Class 49 Thursday, March 31,2016 Gas turbine classification Class 51 Saturday, April 02,2016 Brayton cycle, Principles of gas turbine Class 53 Tuesday, April 05,2016 Reheat and regeneration and their combinations Class 55 Monday, April 11,2016 Power House layout and important structures of a powerhouse. Class 57 Wednesday, April 13,2016 Introduction to the principles of jet propulsion, Turbojet and turboprop engines and Class their 59 processes Monday, April 18,2016 Numerical Problems on ATD Class 50 Friday, April 01,2016 Spillway gates Class 52 Monday, April 04,2016 Gas turbine cycles with intercooling Class 54 Wednesday, April 06,2016 Stage efficiency, Polytropic efficiency Class 56 Tuesday, April 12,2016 Deviation of actual cycles from ideal cycles. Class 58 Saturday, April 16,2016 Principle of rocket propulsion,introduction to Rocket Engine Class 60 Tuesday, April 19,2016 Numerical Problems on ATD Class 61 Wednesday, April 20,2016 Numerical Problems on ATD Class 62 Saturday, April 23,2016 Numerical Problems on ATD

3 Details are found in the following sections: General Information, Class Schedule, and Project Schedule. GENERAL INFORMATION Teaching Staff: Assistant Prof. Naphis Ahamad JIT ME, Course Web Site: Class Meetings: JIT Room 202 Course Objectives: The course of Applied Thermodynamics is designed to provide the basic knowledge of Thermal Power plant units works and its functioning, Syllabus also involve the different mythology to design the units of power plant. The course has the following objective for the students. Designing steps for Boiler & chimney. Functioning of various Power plant structure Type of Boiler, Turbines and Nozzels. Combustion fuels and its quality. Thermal Power Plants Expectations: This is a 5-unit graduate course. Accordingly, the course has been designed to demand approximately 5 hours per week of your time. It is expected that each student will prepare for and attend all of the class sessions assignment work will be given which you have to complete with the given time and class test will be also there, which you have to attend regularly. If a student fails to do so he will be given zero for that task which is going to reflect a draw down in your Sessional marks. Students have to maintain Minimum 75% attendance in class to appear in the end Sessional exam. Reading Materials: The primary reading material is class notes and assignment provided to students and different Text books available in our college library as well as book stores. Students can refer Text book written by Applied Thermodynamic by Onkar Singh,NewAge Publishers. Grading: Your course grade will be determined as follows: Class Test=5 (Each Test of 1hour having 10Marks) Assignment=5(Each Assignment 10Marks) Sessional Exam=3 (Two Sessional Marks of 2 hour having 30 Marks each and One Sessional Exam of 100 Marks i.e. PUT) Class Preparation and Participation: Assignments are given in the Class after completion of every Unit. You are expected to come to class prepared for upcoming topic to understand better and clear your doubts by discussion and suggested questions. Your individual class participation grade will be based upon your in-class remarks during Sessional marks. Classes and Topics

4 Class 1 Introduction Monday, 18Jan We will discuss the introduction part of all 5 units what the topics are and how to learn them and interconnect them to practical session. We will also discuss the number of live example. Read the Journals given in library which will give you new ideas to your subject to link and new projects. This semester this subject is very important as is linked with other competitive exams and will be very beneficial for upcoming exams. Class 2 Conditions for exact differentials. Maxwell relations Tuesday, 19 Jan Conditions for exact differentials. Maxwellrelations:,,, Class 3 Wednesday, 20 January,2016 Clapeyron equation Joule-Thompson coefficient and Inversion curve.

5 Class 4 Thursday, 21 January,2016 Coefficient of volume expansion Class 5 Friday, 22 January,2016 Adiabatic and Isothermal compressibility Compressibility of gasse and liquid will be discussed and relation will be derieved. Class 6 Saturday, 23 January,2016 Combustion analysis, heating values, air requirement Combustion analysis is part of a process intended to improve fuel economy, reduce undesirable exhaust emissions and improve the safety of fuel burning equipment. Combustion analysis begins with the measurement of flue gas concentrations and gas temperature, and may include the measurement of draftpressure and soot level Class 7 Monday, 25 January,2016 Air/Fuel ratio The air fuel ratio is the most common reference term used for mixtures in internal combustion engines. The term is also used to define mixtures used for industrial furnace heated by combustion Class 8-10 Wednesday-Friday, January27-29,2016 Standard heat of reaction and effect of temperature on standard heat of reaction: It is defined as the amount of heat absorbed or evolved in the transformation of the reactants at a given temperature and pressure into the products at the same temperature and pressure. Enthalpy of a reaction at constant pressure and at a constant volume: Enthalpy of a reaction depends upon the conditions under which the reaction is carried out. There are two general conditions under which Thermochemical measurements are made. (a) Constant volume (b) Constant pressur Class 11 Saturday, 30 January,2016 Heat of formation. Adiabatic flame temperature For a combustion process that takes place adiabatically with no shaft work, the temperature of the products is referred to as the adiabatic flame temperature. This is the maximum temperature that can be achieved for given reactants. Class 13 Tuesday, February 02,2016 (Unit-2) Classifications and working of boilers A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The fluid does not necessarily boil. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications, including central heating, boiler-based power generation, cooking, and sanitation. Class 14 Wednesday, February03 Boiler mountings and accessories Boiler mountings are the machine components that are mounted over the body of the boiler itself for the safety of the boiler and for complete control of the process of steam generation. Class 15 Thursday, February 04,2016

6 Draught and its calculations: A fuel-heated boiler must provide air to oxidize its fuel. Early boilers provided this stream of air, or draught, through the natural action of convection in a chimney connected to the exhaust of the combustion chamber. Since the heated flue gas is less dense than the ambient air surrounding the boiler, the flue gas rises in the chimney, pulling denser, fresh air into the combustion chamber. Class 16 Friday, February 05,2016 air pre heater: An air preheater (APH) is a general term used to describe any device designed to heat air before another process (for example, combustion in a boiler) with the primary objective of increasing the thermal efficiency of the process. They may be used alone or to replace a recuperative heat system or to replace a steam coil. feed water heater: A feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler. Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system. super heater: A superheater is a device used to convert saturated steam or wet steam into dry steam used in steam engines or in processes, such as steam reforming. There are three types of superheaters namely: radiant, convection, and separately fired. Class 17 Saturday, February 06,2016 Boiler efficiency: Definition of Boiler Efficiency is The percentage of the total absorption heating value of outlet steam in the total supply heating value. In other word, it is a rate how the boiler runs efficiently. The actual calculation for the boiler efficiency is the followings; Steam value per hour :kg h2-h1 100 Boiler Efficiency=...% Fuel consumption per hour :kg Fuel low calorific heating value : kcal/kg Equivalent evaporation: The amount of water, usually in pounds per hour, evaporated from a temperature of 212 F (100 C) to saturated steam at the same temperature. Class 18 Monday, February 08,2016 Boiler trial: A test where exact amounts of fuel and feed-water are used in a boiler in order asses specific sources of loss. Heat balance: A means of accounting for the thermal energy entering a steam-generating system in terms of its ultimate useful heat absorption or thermal loss. Class 19 Tuesday, February09,2016 Classification of condenser, air leakage: The primary purpose of the condenser is to condense the exhaust steam from the turbine and thus recover the high-quality feedwater for reuse in the cycle. In order for a steam power station to operate an efficient-closed cycle, the condensing plant, cooling water (CW) system, and associated pumps must extract the maximum quantity of heat from the exhaust steam of the LP turbines. Class 20 Wednesday, February 10,2016 condenser performance parameters: The thermal performance can be best evaluated by regular monitoring of various parameters such as condensate temperature, CW inlet/ outlet temperature, CW flowetc., and analyzing heat transfer coefficient,terminal temperature difference,sub coolingetc. The thermal performance evaluation can be further supplemented through various parameters such as :

7 Air leakage determination Cooling water side hydraulic loss Assessment of tube cleaning arrangement Class 22-24, Friday-Monday, February12-15,2016 Carnot vapour power cycle:rankine cycle,effect of pressure and temperature on Rankine cycle Reheat cycle, Regenerative cycle: Class 25 Tuesday, February 16,2016 Feed water heaters. A feedwater heater is a power plant component used to pre-heat water delivered to a steam generating boiler.[1][2][3] Preheating the feedwater reduces the irreversibilities involved in steam generation and therefore improves the thermodynamic efficiency of the system.[4] This reduces plant operating costs and also helps to avoid thermal shock to the boiler metal when the feedwater is introduced back into the steam cycle. Class 26 Wednesday, February17,2016 Binary vapour cycle: A binary vapor cycle is defined in thermodynamics as a power cycle that is a combination of two cycles, one in a high temperature region and the other in a lower temperature region. Class 27 Thursday, February 18,2016

8 Combined cycles: In electric power generation a combined cycle is an assembly of heat engines that work in tandem from the same source of heat, converting it into mechanical energy, which in turn usually drives electrical generators. Class 28 Friday, February 19,2016 Cogeneration.: Cogeneration is a thermodynamically efficient use of fuel. In separate production of electricity, some energy must be discarded as waste heat, but in cogeneration this thermal energy is put to use Class 29 Friday, February 26,2016 Modified Rankine cycles: modified rankine cycle basically same as rankine cycle but main difference is in isentropic expansion process. we are not expanding the steam completely. Steam is expanded up to certain level and after that it dumped in condenser due to high vacuum in condenser. The work losses by restricting the expansion of steam is very less which can be neglected.so that the stroke length of cylinder is reduced and the capital cost of engine also reduced. engine performance is also good Class 30 Saturday, February 27,2016 working and classification of steam engines: A steam engine is a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid. Class 31 Monday, February 29,2016 Indicator diagram: a graphical or other representation of the cyclic variations of pressure and volume within the cylinder of a reciprocating engine obtained by using an indicator Class 32 Friday, March 04,2016 Saturation curve: The saturation vapor curve is the curve separating the two-phase state and the superheated vapor state in the T-s diagram. The saturated liquid curve is the curve separating the subcooled liquid state and the two-phase state in the T-s diagram. Class 33 Saturday, March 05,2016 Missing quantity: Heat balance:we will discuss from text book about missing quantity and its calculations. Class 34 Tuesday, March 08,2016 Heat balance In this class we will discuss about the heat balance which will find by calculations Class 36 Thursday, March 10,2016 (Unit-4) Flow through Convergent and convergent-divergent nozzles Assingment-3 Concept of Convergent and convergent-divergent nozzles and related calculation with diagram Class 37 Friday, March 11,2016 variation of velocity, area and specific volume: Compounding of steam turbines is the method in which energy from the steam is extracted in a number of stages rather than a single stage in a turbine. A compounded steam turbine has multiple stages i.e. it has more than one set of nozzles and rotors, in series, keyed to the shaft or fixed to the casing, so that either the steam pressure or the jet velocity is absorbed by the turbine in number of stages. Class Saturday-Monday, March 12-14,2016 Choked flow, throat area, Nozzle efficiency: Choked flow is a compressible flow effect. The parameter that becomes "choked" or "limited" is the fluid velocity.

9 Choked flow is a fluid dynamic condition associated with the Venturi effect. When a flowing fluid at a given pressure and temperature passes through a restriction (such as the throat of a convergentdivergent nozzle or a valve in a pipe) into a lower pressure environment the fluid velocity increases Class 40 Wednesday, March 16,2016 Effect of friction on nozzle, Super saturated flow: When dry and saturated steam is caused to expand in a nozzle,the actual measured steam flow is found to be greater than the theoretical calculated flow.this is due to the time lag in the condensation of steam & the steam remains in dry state instead of wet. Such a steam is called supersaturated steam.this time lag is cause due to the the face that, the converging part of the nozzle is to short and the steam velocity is too high that the molecules of steam have insufficient time to form droplets Class 41 Thursday, March 17,2016 Classification of steam turbine, Impulse and Reaction turbines: Impulse turbines change the direction of flow of a high velocity fluid or gas jet. The resulting impulse spins the turbine and leaves the fluid flow with diminished kinetic energy. There is no pressure change of the fluid or gas in the turbine blades (the moving blades), as in the case of a steam or gas turbine, all the pressure drop takes place in the stationary blades (the nozzles). Reaction turbines develop torque by reacting to the gas or fluid's pressure or mass. The pressure of the gas or fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades. A pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it acts on the turbine stage(s) or the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid flow (such as with wind turbines) Class Friday-Saturday, March 18-19,2016 Staging, Stage and Overall efficiency:reheat factor, Bleeding: The Thermodynamic effect on the turbine efficiency can be best understood by considering a number of stages between two stages 1 and 2 as shown in Figure The total expansion is divided into four stages of the same efficiency ( s ) and pressure ratio. P1 Px Px Py Py P2 Pz P2 The overall efficiency of expansion is ( o ). The actual work during the expansion from 1 to 2 is Wa o W or o Wa W actual heat drop (1 2) isentropic heat drop (1 2') Reheat factor (R.F.)= Cumulative heat drop ( isentropic ) Isentropic heat drop ( overall) Or, h1 A hxb _ hyc R. F h12 hzd

10 R.F is 1.03 to 1.04 If s remains same for all the stages or s is the mean stage efficiency. s h1 x h1 A hxy hxb hyz hyc hz2 hzd or s h1 x hxy hyz hz2 h1 A hxb hyc hzd actual heat drop Cumulative heat drop (isentropic) We can see: 0 s R. F [B] This makes the overall efficiency of the turbine greater than the individual stage efficiency. Class 44-46, Monday-Monday, March 21-28,2016 Velocity diagram of simple and compound multistage impulse and reaction turbines and related calculations, work done, efficiencies of reaction, Impulse reaction turbines: Class 47 Tuesday, March 29,2016

11 state point locus, Losses in steam turbines, Governing of turbines, Comparison with steam engine: Admission losses Leakage losses Friction losses Exhaust loss Class 49 Thursday, March 31,2016 (unit-5) Gas turbine classification: Explanation of Turbojet,Turboprop, Turbofan in details. Class 51 Saturday, April 02,2016 Brayton cycle, Principles of gas turbine: Class 52 Monday, April 04,2016 Gas turbine cycles with intercooling: Class 53 Tuesday, April 05,2016

12 Reheat and regeneration and their combinations: Class 54 Wednesday, April 06,2016 Stage efficiency, Polytropic efficiency: The isentropic efficiency has one significant drawback in that there is no way to separate the fluid dynamic losses from the total (fluid dynamic + thermodynamic) losses. This means that devices having different pressure ratios will have different isentropic efficiencies even though they may both be of similar fluid dynamic quality Class 56 Tuesday, April 12,2016 Deviation of actual cycles from ideal cycles: Class 57 Wednesday, April 13,2016 Introduction to the principles of jet propulsion, Turbojet and turboprop engines and their processes: Jet propulsion is thrust produced by passing a jet of matter (typically air or water) in the opposite direction to the direction of motion. By Newton's third law, the moving body is propelled in the opposite direction to the jet. It is most commonly used in the jet engine, but is also the means of propulsion utilized by NASA to power various space craft. Class 58 Saturday, April 16,2016

13 Principle of rocket propulsion,introduction to Rocket Engine Thrust is the force which moves any aircraft through the air. Thrust is generated by the propulsion system of the aircraft. Different propulsion systems develop thrust in different ways, but all thrust is generated through some application of Newton's third law of motion. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. In any propulsion system, a working fluid is accelerated by the system and the reaction to this acceleration produces a force on the system. A general derivation of the thrust equation shows that the amount of thrust generated depends on the mass flow through the engine and the exit velocity of the gas. Text Books 1. Applied Thermodynamics by R Yadav, CPH 2. Applied Thermodynamic. By R.K. Rajput,S Chand Publication 3. Applied Thermodynamics, by Onkar Singh, New Age Publication