Management, reuse of waste composites. recycling and. Edited by Vannessa Goodship WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED

Transcription

1 Management, recycling and reuse of waste composites Edited by Vannessa Goodship CRC Press Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED Oxford Cambridge New Delhi

2 Contributor contact details Preface xiii xvii Part I Management of waste composites 1 An introduction to composites recycling 3 N. REYNOLDS and M. PHARAOH, University of Warwick, UK 1.1 Introduction Compositc material types Physical properties Current composite market What is 'suitability for recycling'? Recycling methods Conclusions References 19 2 Legislation for recycling waste composites 20 R. STEWART, c/o University of Warwick, UK 2.1 Legislation Brief history of the European Union Environment Action Programme 6 and the shape of future legislation Next steps for waste management Tbe Waste Framework Directive Environmental Permitting Regulations Tbe Landfill Directive Integrated product policy United Kingdom legislation: Tbe Climate Change Act End-of-Life Vehicle Directive 33 v

3 VI 2.11 Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment Regulations Conclusions Referenees 36 3 Waste management 39 R. STEWART, e/o University of Warwick, UK 3.1 Introduction The Waste Framework Directive Environmental Permitting Regulations End-of-Life Vehicle Directive Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment Regulations Classification and labelling of waste Conclusions References 60 Part 11 Thermal technologies for recycling waste composites 63 4 Thermal methods for recycling waste composites 65 S.1. PrCKERING, University of Nottingham, UK 4.1 Introduction The fluidised bed recycling process Properties of the recycled fibre Applications for reuse of the fibre recycled from the fluidised bed process Prospects for commercial operation Current research, future trends and sources of further information and advice References Pyrolysis for recycling waste composites 102 M. BLAzs6, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Hungary 5.1 Introduction Pyrolysis reactions and products of thermoplastics Pyrolysis reactions and products of thermosets Pyrolyser reactors for polymer recycling Pyrolysis of polymer composites Pyrolysis conditions for polymer composites recycling Environmental concern about pyrolysis products of composites Summarizing comments on recycling polymer composites by pyrolysis 116

4 VII 5.9 Acknowledgements References Catalytic processing of waste polymer composites 122 M. A. KEANE, Heriot-Watt University, UK 6.1 Introduction Waste polymer recyc1e: motivation Thermal decomposition of waste plastics Catalytic approach to polymer recycling Catalytic treatment of non-halogen containing polymer waste Catalytic treatment of halogenated polymers: focus on polyvinyl chloride Future trends and conclusions Sources of further information and advice References Advanced thermal treatment of composite wastes for energy recovery 152 P. LEITIERI, L. YASSIN and S. 1. R. SIMONS, University College London, UK 7.1 Introduction Introduction to waste management Techno-economic analysis of energy from waste advanced thermal processes Sampie calculations Conclusions Notation References Fluidized bed pyrolysis of waste polymer composites for oil and gas recovery 192 W. KAMINSKY, University of Hamburg, Germany 8.1 Introduction Pyrolysis Fluidized bed pyrolysis Polymer composite materials Gas and oil recovery Possibilities and limits: future trends References 212

5 viii Part 111 Mechanical technologies tor recycling waste composites Mechanical methods tor recycling waste composites 217 K. MAKENJI, University of Warwick, UK 9.1 Introduction and background Identification of waste plastic materials and fibers Waste preparation, sorting and readiness for end application use Conclusions References Additives to upgrade mechanically recycled plastic composites R. PFAENDNER, Ciba Lampertheim GmbH, Germany Introduction Properties of recycled plastics and recycled composites Additives to upgrade recycled plastics Specific examples of additives for recycled plastic composites Conclusions and future trends List of additives mentioned in Sections 10.3 and 10.4 References Improving the mechanical recycling and reuse of mixed plastics and polymer composites K. TARVERDI, Bmnel University, UK Introduction Thermoplastic and thermosetting polymers Polymer composites Materials recycling Consumer proteetion The powder impression moulding process Future technologies for converting mixed waste plastic (composites) into products Case studies: recycling archives Sources of further information and advice References

6 IX 12 Quality and durability of recycled composite materials 303 K. L. PICKERING, University of Waikato, New Zealand, and M. D. H. BEG, University of Malaysia Pahang, Malaysia 12.1 Introduction Recycling thermoset matrix composites Recycling thermoplastic matrix composites Conclusions References 324 Part IV Improving sustainable manufacture of composites Clean and environmentally friendly wet-filament winding 331 N. SHOITON-GALE, D. HARRIS, S. D. PANDITA, M. A. PAGET, 1. A. ALLEN and G. F. FERNANDO, U niversity of Birmingham, UK 13.1 Introduction Resin impregnation modelling The application of selected impregnation models to clean filament winding Clean filament winding: resin impregnation unit Experimental Results and discussion Conclusions Acknowledgements Notation References Process monitoring and damage detection using optical fibre sensors 369 D. HARRIS, V. R. MACHAVARAM and G. F. FERNANDO, University of Birmingham, UK 14.1 Introduction to optical fibres Introduction to chemical process monitoring Hybrid fibre sensors (small-diameter optical fibres) Damage detection using self-sensing composites Conventional optical fibre sensors Sensing strategies using conventional optical fibres Sensors for monitoring strain and temperature 407

7 x 14.8 Applications of fibre Bragg grating and extrinsic fibre Fabry-Perot interferometric sensors in composites Multi-measurand sensor design Conclusions Acknowledgements References New developments in producing more functional and sustainable composites 425 G. F. SMITH, University of Warwiek, UK 15.1 Introduction Glass fibre composites Carbon fibre composites Natural fibres Multi-Iayer, multi-functional composites Sustainability Biomimetics Self-reinforced composites Nanoparticulate composites Hybrid structures Conclusions References 438 Part V Case studies Designing composite wind turbine blades for disposal, recycling or reuse 443 N. PAPADAKIS, Technological Educational Institution (TEl) of Crete, Greece, C. RAMfREZ, Centro de Ingenierfa Avanzada en Turbomaquinas S.de R.L. de c.v., Mexico and N. REYNOLDS, University of Warwiek, UK 16.1 Current wind energy market and trends Turbine design and manufacture Usage End of life Conclusions References In-process composite recycling in the aerospace industry 458 K. POTIER and C. WARD, University of Bristol, UK 17.1 Introduction Composite consumption in the aerospace industry 459

8 xi 17.3 Scrap in the aerospace composites industry Composite design and manufacture and their influence on scrap generation Composite design choices and their effect on manufacture Further composite design effects Uncured scrap material and reuse potential Future trends in composites manufacture; impacts on waste generation Conclusions Sources of further information and advice References Disposal of composite boats and other marine composites 495 M. M. SINGH, 1. SUMMERSCALES, University of Plymouth, UK and K. WrITAMORE, Triskel Consultants Limited, UK 18.1 Introduction Market size The design phase The manufacture and marketing phase The use phase End of life Vive la dijjerence? Conclusions Acknowledgements References Sustainable fibre-reinforced polymer composites in construction 520 M. FAN, Brunel University, UK 19.1 Basic concept and history Polymer composites in building construction Composites in bridge construction Composites in other constructions Performance in use Construction wastes, reclaim and recycling New development and challenge of construction composites Acknowledgements References 561

9 xii 20 Recycling of concrete 569 P. PURNELL, University of Leeds, UK and A. DUNSTER, BRE, UK 20.1 Introduction Concrete as a composite Sustainability: incentives for recycling Future trends and drivers Recycling of concrete Recycling of concrete from pre-cast operations End uses (recycled concrete aggregate in readymixed concrete) End uses of recycled concrete aggregate in other construction applications Overall view Sources of further information and advice References 589 Index 593