STUDY FOR THE EU ECOLABEL CARBON FOOTPRINT

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1 STUDY FOR THE EU ECOLABEL CARBON FOOTPRINT MEASUREMENT TOOLKIT BACKGROUND MANUAL 10 NOVEMBER 2008 CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 1 OF 22

2 Main Contributors Gian Luca Baldo (Studio LCE, Torino, Italy) Massimo Marino (Studio LCE, Torino, Italy) Marco Montani (Studio LCE, Torino, Italy) Sven-Olof Ryding (Swedish Environmental Management Council - SEMC, Stockholm, Sweden) Gian Luca Baldo (LCE Legal Representative) Date 10 November 2008 Produced for the European Commission by Life Cycle Engineering. Owner, Editor: European Commission, DG Environment-G2, B-1049, Brussels. Disclaimer: The European Commission accepts no responsibility or liability whatsoever with regard to the information presented in this document. CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 2 OF 22

3 CONTENTS STUDY FOR THE EU ECOLABEL CARBON FOOTPRINT MEASUREMENT TOOLKIT...1 BACKGROUND MANUAL NOVEMBER CONTENTS...3 INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF THIS DOCUMENT GENERAL RULES DEFINITIONS FUNCTIONAL UNIT DATA SYSTEM BOUNDARIES Raw materials Packaging (primary) Process Use phase End of life HOW TO VERIFY? INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CRITERIA REVISION STAGE PRODUCT SPECIFIC RULES...17 HARD FLOOR COVERINGS FOOTWEAR...18 COPYING PAPER...18 LIGHT BULBS...19 LIST OF OTHER DELIVERABLES...20 Newsletters...20 Presentations distributed during the meetings...20 Other documents...20 REFERENCES...21 CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 3 OF 22

4 INTRODUCTION AND AIM OF THIS DOCUMENT This report is part of a set of project deliverables, developed in the first half of 2008, with the aim of providing the European Commission with a tool suitable for the calculation of the carbon footprint embodied by the EU Ecolabel product groups (an ISO type I environmental label). Deliverables list Activity report (Final Version, 23 October 2008) Desk top research (August 2008) Tool (v 2.4, August 2008) Final poster Background manual (Final Version, 23 October 2008) THIS DOCUMENT All documents are available on The aim of this document is to provide the technical background of the carbon footprint measurement toolkit including all the specific elements and hypotheses that have been defined as follow-up of the many consultations with the stakeholders (see Activity Report for more details). Since the aim of this document is to provide details on certain specific technical aspects of carbon footprint (CF) measurement, it is specifically addressed to experts (producers, the European Commission, the Ecolabel Competent Bodies, criteria developers and reviewers); in order to avoid redundancy, further information about the methodology can be found on the documents that are indicated in the references. It is clear that since many of the product groups (PGs) included in the Flower scheme are very different as far as their life cycles are concerned, it would be quite complicated to define a tool suitable for all of them at the same time. In other words, the application of the life cycle thinking approach by means of the LCA methodology must always be linked to the specific system under investigation. The measurement toolkit that is provided as the main deliverable of this project has the aim of providing a common basis and a reliable tool for making the approach easy for any of the existing product groups. Therefore, during the process of revision/definition of existing/new criteria there will be the possibility of adding those specific characteristics to complete the carbon footprint tool for that specific product. CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 4 OF 22

5 Taking into account these initial considerations, two different phases were defined: 1. the definition of rules in order to provide the most suitable and scientifically correct approach that should be considered in general for the development of carbon footprint criteria in the EU Ecolabel; 2. the personalisation of the rules and a creation of a specific Excel sheet for certain product groups. This phase could be easily implemented during any criteria development or revision process, where and it will be possible to define specific hurdles on carbon footprint. This report is thus organised in two different parts: Chapters 1 to 3 contain the general rules and some preliminary guidelines on how to apply for the verification step; Chapter 4 contains the personalisation of the rules for certain PGs with the aim of providing a fully defined tool as well as a practical example for further improvement of the work. These are called Product Specific Rules. CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 5 OF 22

6 1 GENERAL RULES This Chapter contains the general rules that should be considered in the carbon footprint calculation procedure when the measurement toolkit is used. The rules are organised taking into account the LCA ISO standard framework. 1.1 DEFINITIONS For purposes linked to the calculation tool, the following terms have been defined. Further definitions are available on ISO and on the Ecolabel Regulation 1980/2000 documents. applicant: the producer of the product that have to be eco-labelled carbon footprint (CF): the overall amount GHGs emissions associated with a product, along its supply-chain and sometimes including the use phase and the end-of-life recovery and disposal. It is measured in terms of CO 2 equivalent CO 2 equivalent: measure of the amount of global warming potential (GWP) arising from different GHGs expressed in terms of the amount of carbon dioxide necessary to produce an equivalent global warming potential. GHGs other than CO 2 are converted to their carbon equivalent values on the basis of their contribution to radiative forcing, on the basis of a 100 year global warming potential defined by IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change UN). direct emissions:. GHGs Emissions that are produced by organisation-owned equipment or emissions from organisation-owned premises, such as carbon dioxide from electricity generators, gas boilers and vehicles, or methane from landfill sites. functional unit: quantified performance of a product system for use as a reference unit in the carbon footprint calculation; greenhouse gases (GHGs): six major anthropogenic greenhouse gases identified by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); the are carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 ); indirect emissions; GHGs emissions that are a consequence of the activities of the applicant company but occur from sources owned or controlled by another organisation or individual. They include all outsourced power generation (e.g. electricity, hot water), outsourced services (e.g. waste disposal, business travel, transport of company-owned goods) and outsourced manufacturing processes. Indirect emissions also cover the activities of franchised companies and the emissions associated with downstream and/or upstream manufacture, transport and disposal of products used by the organisation, referred to as product life-cycle emissions. In practice, they are those GHGs emissions generated during the production phase except for direct emission; CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 6 OF 22

7 primary data: data collected by the applicant that relates directly to the production process which generates the product to be eco-labelled; process: set of interrelated or interacting activities that transforms inputs into outputs: among the outputs there is the product to be eco-labelled process emissions: GHG emissions generated by a chemical reaction during a production process (ex. CO 2 emissions generated during cement production); they are included in the direct emissions product: any good or service that has to be eco-labelled; it belongs to the PG that is included by the EU Ecolabel list. raw materials: all the inputs of material to the product production process; secondary data: data used for the footprint calculation collected from databases; system boundary: set of criteria specifying which unit processes are part of a product system. verifier: figure in charge of calculation verification in regard to Ecolabel purposes; usually this is the national Competent Body (CBs) 1.2 FUNCTIONAL UNIT For each PG, the carbon footprint calculation should consider the same functional unit of the existing criteria. In any case, an eventual revision/definition of existing/new criteria can apply for a revised/new functional unit in the carbon footprint toolkit. 1.3 DATA Data used in the calculation tool could either be taken from primary (from the applicant) or secondary (from internal or other databases) sources. The tool is developed in order to permit the introduction of primary data by those applicants who wish to use own information to describe the environmental load of raw materials, semi-products and energy carriers used in their systems. PRIMARY DATA Primary data should cover the main environmental aspects generated by the process such as energy consumption, raw materials use, transportations, primary packaging, etc. They should cover at least one whole year of activity: and it should refer to the production that is intended to be labelled. If allocation procedures are required, recommendations set out in the International Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) Guidance Handbook, currently under development at JRC IES (Ispra) in the context CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 7 OF 22

8 of the European Platform on LCA, must be applied. These recommendations will build upon and further develop the general rules established in the ISO SECONDARY DATA Secondary data is expressed directly in terms of CO 2 equivalents. The carbon footprint measurement toolkit contains in its present version a database with illustrative data sets only. These data are to be used only for demonstration purposes. In a working version of the toolkit they will contain verified data in terms of quality and representativeness. Since the Joint Research Centre is coordinating a project aiming at the implementation of an International Reference Life Cycle Data System (ILCD) with LCA guidance and review requirements, the secondary data should come from sources meeting the ILCD requirements. 1. For working with the toolkit, the applicant can draw from secondary data or input their own primary data, which must be inserted in the specific input database sheet. In the latter case, data should come from reliable and complete sources that are to be documented during verification (CBs are in charge of verification). Since the Joint Research Centre is developing a project with the aim of implement the European Reference Life Cycle Data System (ELCD), the secondary data could be update when this project will be finished SYSTEM BOUNDARIES The calculation of the carbon footprint should be based on the whole product life cycle that, for the purpose of this tool, can be divided into five main phases: raw materials, primary packaging, production process, use phase, end of life RAW MATERIALS As indicated in the definitions, all the inputs of materials that are related to the product are considered raw materials. The carbon footprint calculation should take their production into account (the extraction of materials from the earth,, their transformation and purification, etc) to transportation (from the supplier to the applicant site). PRODUCTION OF RAW MATERIALS All the GHG emissions generated by the raw material production processes have to be accounted for CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 8 OF 22

9 In case of the raw materials are purchased from different suppliers and the applicant would also use specific data instead of the database provided with the tool, the average data based on the annual consumption should be calculated. An example of this procedure is presented in the following table. Supplier Annual quantity Specific footprint A 150 t 10 t of CO 2 eq/t B 300 t 8 t of CO 2 eq/t C 280 t 13 t of CO 2 eq/t data to be inputted in the database: 10,3 t of CO 2 eq/t TRANSPORTATION OF RAW MATERIALS For each raw material included in the calculation procedure, the specific transportation activity should be considered. The applicant shall indicate the distances, further specifying the means of transportation employed: truck, train, airplane or ship. In case of the presence of different suppliers that provide the process with the same raw material, an average distance based on the annual consumption of raw materials should be calculated by using the same averaging procedure than the raw materials production. WOOD BASED PRODUCTS In case the raw material is a wood based product (such as wood pulp for paper production), a CO 2 credit should be taken into consideration due to the wood growing as a carbon sink. The credit should be calculated by considering the Carbon content of the wood and the resulting value inserted into the model must have a negative sign. In the following table an example of the calculation is shown. Raw material Dry wood Carbon content 40% CO 2 credit 0,400 kg * 44/12 = 1,466 kg of CO 2 per kg of dry wood 0,733 kg of CO 2 per kg of natural wood (50% of water) Default data are already included in the database CO 2 generated by biological sources should be reported separately ( Biomass ) CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 9 OF 22

10 USE OF SCRAP / RECYCLABILITY OF PRODUCTS Regarding recycling, the key is the recycling potential of the product s content of raw materials and energy, i.e. a product made from primary steel but that achieves a 90% recycling rate of its steel, is awarded a high credit (as it avoids that valuable resources are lost at its end of life). This is calculated for recycled materials (such as metal scrap, used plastics or paper) and energy (e.g. by incineration, bio digestion etc.) alike. First, the GHG emissions generated by the collection/transformation process (such as transportation and/or electricity for milling towards production of the secondary e.g. steel, plastic, paper etc.) from the waste source to the new production system must be considered. Secondly, in the recycling potential approach, the product gets an end-of-life credit for the amount of effectively recycled materials and energy (i.e. crediting the replaced GHG of the average primary production of these). In case of downgrading (e.g. of plastics) this is considered by giving a lower credit, linearly scaled according to the relative market price of the secondary material compared to the primary material it can replace. If the scraps are wood based, a CO 2 credit should be considered in the calculation by using the same rules shown above. CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 10 OF 22

11 1.4.2 PACKAGING (PRIMARY) For EU flower purposes, the carbon footprint calculation related to the packaging can exclude the materials used for secondary and tertiary packaging. The carbon footprint related to the materials used in primary packaging should be evaluated by following the same rules indicated above for the other raw materials PROCESS The production process should be evaluated using primary data collected by the applicant. GHG emissions generated in the plant could be related either to fuel use or to the process itself; GHG emissions from electricity generation must be reported separately. FUELS AND ELECTRICITY USE Fuels and electricity used for production processes and ancillaries related to the ecolabelled products (such as lighting and heating of factory spaces and offices) must be included in the calculation; Where possible, the GHG emissions deriving from production and services (i.e. lighting, canteen, etc.) should be reported separately; The default database should be fixed on an average EU energy mix for electricity generation; if the applicant were to use specific information; they could add it to the database by using the specific area in the database sheet. If the process is fed by electricity purchased by many producers with different production mixes (such as renewable energy), the applicant could input the average specific data in the database. The average data should be calculated as shown in the following example: Supplier Annual quantity Specific footprint A kwh 500 g of CO 2 eq/kwh B kwh 20 g of CO 2 eq/kwh data to be added to the database: 420 g of CO 2 eq/kwh PROCESS EMISSIONS If the process itself generates GHGs emissions (such as calk burning), they should be calculated and accounted for in the gross carbon footprint. If relevant, the emission of GHG from plants (such as refrigerators) should be considered. CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 11 OF 22

12 1.4.4 USE PHASE During the definition of the product specific rules, a procedure (with a statement) on how to consider the use phase has to be specified (such as years, use behaviour, etc ); If the product consumes electricity during its use phase, an average European energy mix has to be used for the calculation of GHG emissions; The transportation of the products from the producers to the final consumers should be excluded from the calculation END OF LIFE The CF related to the end of life phase is quite difficult to calculate due to the fact that the product might be sold in different countries where the waste management procedures may be very different. In order to give an idea about the relevance of this phase, the following generic rules should be followed during the calculation process. CALCULATION APPROACH The tool should provide the user with the conditions necessary to calculate the carbon footprint of the eco-labelled products for different scenarios, which should be based on three main different possibilities: recycling, landfilling, and energy recovery; the exact scenario shall be introduced by the applicant. In the specific rules relating to the product, some particular additional processes could be considered (such as composting); In case waste management generates either secondary raw materials or energy, the benefits should be evaluated by using the avoided impacts approach. An example of this is shown in the following table (further information on the documents are indicated in the references). Recycling 1 kg of plastic, 0,9 kg of plastic granules are generated Example: plastic recycling Carbon footprint (CF) related to 1 kg of virgin plastic granules is approximately 2 kg of CO 2 equivalent CF of recycling procedures is about 0,2 kg of CO 2 per kg of plastic CF related to the recycling of 1 kg of plastic is approximately -1,6 (-1,8+0,2) kg of CO 2 equivalent BOUNDARIES The carbon footprint related to the end of life should be always calculated for the primary packaging related to the labelled products; During the definition of the specific rules, the end of life of the product could be added to the calculation. CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 12 OF 22

13 2 HOW TO VERIFY? If the CF becomes a hurdle in the EU Ecolabel scheme, a specific procedure for the verification, with particular regard to primary and secondary data, should be defined. It is important to note that the Joint Research Centre (JRC) in Ispra is now running a project entitled Accredited certification scheme for LCA, differentiated for archetype goal and scope situations where a specific procedure is set for the goal Development of LCA-based Type I Ecolabel criteria : it is therefore recommended to integrate this new procedure into the verification process. Some preliminary indications are presented here below. PRIMARY DATA Primary data can be verified by the CB through the same procedures used for the others criteria in the EU flower scheme. An example of the new procedure that will soon be available by the above mentioned JRC project is presented in the following table. SECONDARY DATA The applicants are allowed to use their own secondary data under the conditions that such data be open to the public for consultation and that it be easily ascertainable by the Competent Body. Some examples of public sources are verified environmental product declarations, EMAS declarations, verified Sustainability or Environmental Reports. CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 13 OF 22

14 Goal and scope definition AMBITS (WHAT) METHODS (HOW) ITEMS Specific requirements METHOD category METHOD implementation Function All data should refer to the declared function and all items should be referred to it, too. The function is related to the system group analysed: e.g. Copying paper, paints, tourism accommodation Evidence collection by means of documentation Analysis of the documentation produced during the LCA study Functional unit The functional unit represents the quantification of the function declared and the reference for the calculation of input and output considered Evidence collection by means of documentation Sample tests on calculations Analysis of the documentation produced during the LCA study. Consistency of functional unit with sector standards It's necessary to control the calculations related to the normalization of the input and output data considered. These checks should be performed on random samples or where it's suspected that there is a calculation error Analysis of the documentation produced during the LCA study. System boundary System boundaries should include three important phases: Material inputs Production Use and end of life There will be specific guidelines in the ILCD Handbook Evidence collection by means of documentation It is necessary to analyse the documentation about the lifecycle phases analysed: (a) raw material selection and use; (b) manufacturing; (c) packaging, transport and distribution; (d) installation and maintenance; (e) use; (f) end-of-life and about the following issues: - Does the study include a process flow chart? - Is the definition of the system boundaries consistent with the goals of the study? - Are the assumptions made and any exclusion criteria clearly indicated in the justification of the system boundaries? - Have the input and output flows been considered and described in the main process sequence? - Are the selection of the input and output flows, the modelling and the level of aggregation of the data categories consistent with the goal of the study? - Have any exclusions from the subprocessing system been justified as regards quality and/or quantity? CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 14 OF 22

15 3 INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CRITERIA REVISION STAGE The carbon footprint measurement toolkit is a simplified model that has been designed and developed according to the goal and scopes of the project. Taking into account Figure 1, it is possible to draw a graph to support the error estimation: the relative non-reliability of the toolkit that depends on the internal database precision can be reduced when phase 2 (criteria revision or new criteria development) will be set up for each product group. Figure 1. A proposal how to estimate the error of the carbon footprint measurement toolkit. Always during the revision of the criteria some of the open issue should be managed in order to take the better decision for each specific PGs. In order to help the AHWG for this phase, the following figure summarises the main important decisions that have to be made. CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 15 OF 22

16 1 LCA study LCA should evaluate the significance of the many environmental aspects during the life cycle with particular regards to the CO 2 issue Carbon Footprint should be included as a criterion for the product group? no No CO 2 specific requirement yes 2 Functional Unit Choice of the most appropriate functional unit; it could be different from that already used in the Ecolabel criteria. 3 Improvement of the carbon toolkit Results of LCA and suggestions of AHWG will help the improvement of the tool parameters used in the data input sheet in order to cover as better as possible the whole life cycle of the product. 4 Secondary data Specification of: - the conversion factors used and their sources if different from the default data (primary or secondary data); - where and when the applicant can directly modify the database figures (ad data sources); - the electricity mix reference that has to be used in the calculation (European, National, Sector specific based, other ) 5 End of life Definition of end of life scenario 6 Verification approach A scheme for the verification of the primary data used in the tool must be implemented. 7 Communication strategy The AHWG should decide in which way the information on the carbon footprint have to be communicated on the product CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 16 OF 22

17 4 PRODUCT SPECIFIC RULES HARD FLOOR COVERINGS PROCESSED FIRED PRODUCTS Functional unit Baseline data Raw materials Production processes Use phase End of life 1 kg of final product ready to be sold. All the required data concern the most recent year of production; whole annual production refers to the quantity of final product ready to be sold. The field includes the most common raw materials used for the production of the Fired Hard Coverings comprised in the product group definition. Energy consumption associated to the production processes must be included, with reference to the point 4.1 (Annex A.4) of the Criteria. If the electricity is self-produced, fuels consumption should be added in the right field. The parameter includes the emissions generated by the heat processes at the firing stage and directly produced by the applicant activities. If present, process emissions should be calculated by using the ETS approach No GHG emissions have to be considered. Since the life time of the product is 20 years and over, only the end of life of packaging should be considered. Furthermore, due to most of the processes dealing with the disposal of the Hard Coverings and to the product composition itself, no GHG emissions are generated. PROCESSED HARDENED PRODUCTS Functional unit Baseline data Raw materials Production processes Use phase End of life 1 kg of final product ready to be sold. All the required data concern the most recent year of production; whole annual production refers to the quantity of final product ready to be sold The field includes the most common raw materials used for the production of the Fired Hard Coverings comprised in the product group definition. Energy consumption associated to the production processes must be included, with reference to the point 4.1 (Annex A.4) of the Criteria. If the electricity is self-produced, fuel consumption should be added in the right field. The parameter includes the emissions directly generated by the manufacturing process processes and by the applicant activities. If present, process emissions should be calculated by using the ETS approach No GHG emissions have to be considered. Since the life time of the product is 20 years and over, only the end of life of packaging should be considered. Furthermore, due to most of the processes dealing with the disposal of the Hard Coverings and to the product composition itself, no GHG emissions are generated. CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 17 OF 22

18 FOOTWEAR Functional unit Baseline data Raw materials Production processes Use phase End of life The functional unit used is 1 pair of shoes. All the required data concern the most recent year of production; whole annual production refers to the quantity of final product ready to be sold. The field includes the most common raw materials used for the production of the Fired Hard Coverings comprised in the product group definition. All the energy consumption associated with the production processes must be included. If the electricity is self-produced, fuel consumption should be added in the right field. No GHG emissions have to be considered The calculation of the emissions associated to the end of life of the footwear refers to the packaging, to the plastic parts and to the biomass contained in the product (e.g.: cork, wood, etc..). It is assumed that a shoe can be reused by repairing it, but is never recycled. COPYING PAPER Functional unit Baseline data Primary Packaging Product embodied CO 2 Production processes Use phase End of life The functional unit used is 1 tonne of final product in sheets or reels. All the required data concern the most recent year of production; whole annual production refers to the quantity of final product ready to be sold. Only the material properly used for the packaging of the final product/trade unit has to be considered. For example: if the final product is a reel, the packaging of the reel has be considered; if the plant produces sheets in particular formats ready to be sold, it must be taken into consideration only the packaging of these sheets. This parameter represents a measure of the CO 2 sequestrated in the product, because the materials constituting the paper are mainly based on wood and its derivates. The associated emissions, therefore, are referred only to the biomass and are negative because they denote a sequestration, and not an emission. The default database considers a value of 916 g of CO 2 per kg of wood The emission values refer to the fuels and energy consumption of the manufacturing process. The data input sheet is organised to consider also the cogeneration process; the electric energy consumption takes into account the possibility that a part of the auto-production can be put back into the grid. The emissions associated to electricity sold to the grid are deducted from the total emissions amount. No GHG emissions have to be considered The calculation of the emissions associated to the end of life of the paper products refers to the packaging and to the product disposal itself. All the emissions are considered either as indirect, because they are not manageable by the applicant, or as biomass if relevant to wooden or paper products. It has been considered that the recycle of the paper avoids the use of virgin wood CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 18 OF 22

19 LIGHT BULBS Functional unit Type of light bulb Baseline data Raw materials Production processes Use phase End of life The functional unit used is 1 light bulb. In order to define the average minimum life time of the bulb (as indicated in the Ecolabel Criteria), the applicant should indicate to which type of bulb the calculation is referred. All the required data concern the most recent year of production; whole annual production refers to the whole amount of bulbs ready to be sold. The field includes the most common raw materials used for the production of bulbs. Energy consumption associated to the production processes must be included. If the electricity is self-produced, fuels consumption should be added in the right field. GHGs are generated by the use of electricity that depends on the lifetime and power (W) of the bulb. In the tool, the power of the bulbs should be indicated; it refers to a single light bulb and is expressed in Watt. The life time, in hours, depends by the kind of light bulb and is based on the indication appearing in the Criterion 1 of the Decision 2002/747/EC ( Lifetime ). The value appears automatically. The calculation of the emissions associated to the end of life of the light bulbs refers to the packaging and to the glass or plastic parts contained in the product. CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 19 OF 22

20 LIST OF OTHER DELIVERABLES NEWSLETTERS The following list of newsletters have been sent to the entire mailing list during the dissemination activities. All of them are available at Newsletter 1 (15 th of February 2008); Newsletter 2 (14 th of March 2008); Newsletter 3 (9 th of May 2008); The Newsletter 4 will be sent after the publication of the project on the European Commission web site. PRESENTATIONS DISTRIBUTED DURING THE MEETINGS Kick off meeting Internal meeting Coordination meeting (with state members) Workshop (ISPRA) Ad hoc working group OTHER DOCUMENTS Status report (sent to the EC the 29 th of February 2008; PDF file); Final Report (23 rd October 2008). CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 20 OF 22

21 REFERENCES APME 2005, Association of Plastics Manufacturers Europe, Boustead I., (2003); An introduction to Life Cycle Assessment ; Boustead Co. Ltd, England. Boustead I., Hancock G. (1979); Handbook of Industrial Energy Analysis ; The Open University, West Sussex, England. BRITISH STANDARDS; PAS 2050 Specification for the measurement of the embodied greenhouse gas emissions in products and services ; Draft for consultation October 2007 Carbon Trust Carbon Footprint Measurement Methodology (Draft) DEFRA; Methods review to support the PAS for the embodied greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services ; February 2008 ECCM 2006 Forestry Commission Scotland Greenhouse Gas Emissions Comparison: Carbon benefits of Timber in Construction. The Edinburgh Centre for Carbon Management. Enterprise Europe Industry: Using Wood to Tackle Climate Change. Europe/issue11/articles/en/enterprise07_en.htm EPD rules; EUROPEAN COMMISSION ; Commission Decision of 12 May 2005 amending Decisions 2000/45/EC, 2001/405/EC, 2001/688/EC, 2002/255/EC and 2002/747/EC in order to prolong the validity of the ecological criteria for the award of the Community eco-label to certain products EUROPEAN COMMISSION; Commission Decision of 18 March 2002 establishing revised ecological criteria for the award of the Community eco-label to footwear and amending Decision 1999/179/EC EUROPEAN COMMISSION; Commission Decision of 25 March 2002 establishing the ecological criteria for the award of the Community eco-label to hard floor-coverings EUROPEAN COMMISSION; Commission Decision of 4 September 2002 establishing revised ecological criteria for the award of the Community eco-label to copying and graphic paper and amending Decision 1999/554/EC EUROPEAN COMMISSION; Commission Decision of 9 September 2002 establishing revised ecological criteria for the award of the Community eco-label to light bulbs and amending Decision 1999/568/EC EUROPEAN COMMISSION; Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 2003 establishing a scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 21 OF 22

22 trading within the Community and amending Council Directive 96/61/EC and specific following rules ( EUROPEAN COMMISSION; Regulation (EC) No 1980/2000 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE of 17 July 2000 revised Community eco-label award scheme IIED & ECCM Using Wood Products to Mitigate Climate Change: A review of evidence and key issues for Sustainable Development. International Institute for Environment and Development, London. IPCC Revised 2007 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reverence Manual. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. IPCC The Physical Science Basis, Fourth Assessment Report, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. ISA A Definition of Carbon Footprint. Centre for Integrated Sustainability Analysis UK, ISA Research and Consulting. ISO ISO14064 Greenhouse gases Part 1: Specification with Guidance at the Organisation level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions and removals. International Organisation for Standardisation, Geneva. ISO; ISO 14040; Environmental management - Life cycle assessment Principles and framework ; July 2006 ISO; ISO Environmental management - Life cycle assessment -Requirements and guidelines ; July 2006 Micales & Skog The Decomposition of Forest Products in Landfills. International Biodeterioration &Biodegredation. Vol.39 pp Elsevier Science Ltd. WBCSD/WRI The Greenhouse Gas Protocol, A Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard, Revised Edition. World Business Council for Sustainable Development and World Resources Institute. CONTRACT N /220/486031/SER/G2 PAGE 22 OF 22