Energy Storage: Enabling Grid-Ready Solutions for Renewables Integration. Research Advisory Committee 31 March 2010

Transcription

1 Energy Storage: Enabling Grid-Ready Solutions for Renewables Integration Research Advisory Committee 31 March 2010

2 Variability & Uncertainty in Renewables: Potential Operating Challenges High Levels of Wind and Solar PV Will Present an Operating Challenge! 2

3 A Portfolio of Balancing Solutions for Renewables Traditional Low VG System Assumed Values for Illustration Only Same System + High VG Available Transmission Liquid Markets Energy Storage Demand Response Planning Margin Storage is a Vital Component of the Balancing Portfolio! 3

4 Energy Storage at EPRI EPRI Storage Blueprint Near Term: Enable Grid-Ready Storage Solutions by by

5 Near-term Focus: Grid-Ready Storage Solutions EPRI goal: Reliable, cost- effective storage solutions in three areas: Large-scale bulk storage as a balancing resource for renewables (> 50 MW for several hours) Substation storage for transmission and distribution asset upgrade deferral (1 10 MW for 2 6 hours) Distributed energy storage systems at neighborhood level (15 25 kw for 2 4 hours) 5

6 Energy Storage: Technology Directions Capital Cost ($/kw) Lithium Ion: Most cost-effective for short durations Lithium Ion: Most cost-effective for short durations CAES: Most cost-effective for long durations CAES: Most cost-effective for long durations NaS Batteries Lead-Acid Batteries Aboveground CAES In the near term, EPRI technology demonstrations will focus on Lithium Ion and CAES Lithium Ion (Projected, 2020) Pumped Hydro Underground CAES 0 All costs in 2010 Dollars Costs are installed costs and include all necessary power electronics and balance of plant Discharge Duration (hours) Data from Electric Energy Storage: Technology Options (EPRI White Paper to be released 2010) 6

7 Near-term Initiatives in Storage EPRI EPRI Board Board Demonstration: Demonstration: EPRI Storage CAES CAES Blueprint Grid Grid Storage Storage EPRI Storage Blueprint 2010 Near Term: Enable Grid-Ready Storage Solutions by by 2015 EPRI EPRI Board Board Demonstration: Demonstration: Lithium Lithium Ion Ion Grid Grid Storage Storage 7

8 Energy Storage at EPRI Near Term: Enable Grid-Ready Storage Solutions by by 2015 Long Term: Creating Technologies and Strategic Tools to to Improve the Value of of Storage 8

9 Energy Storage at EPRI Long Term: 2010 Creating Technologies and Strategic Tools to to Improve Near Term: the Value Enable of of Storage Grid-Ready Storage Solutions by by 2015 Advanced Technologies - Adiabatic CAES Advanced Lithium Ion - Metal 2020 Halide Batteries - Fuel Cells Strategic Tools Tools - REGEN Analyses - Tools development Business Cases Cases - Secondary Use of Vehicle Lithium Ion 9

10 EPRI as Observer: How will EPRI Innovation make a difference? Silicon Anodes for Lithium Ion OBSERVER (In the room) PARTICIPANT (Seat at the table) DEVELOPER/ PARTNER (Get dirty) DEVELOPER/ LEADER (Lead the Development) Silicon Nanowires for Advanced Lithium Ion Sodium Beta Batteries Zinc Air Adiabatic CAES 10

11 EPRI as Observer: Silicon Anodes for Lithium Ion OBSERVER (In the room) Source: (1) Angewandte Chemie International Edition, doi: /anie Silicon anodes offer substantial energy density advantages over today s graphite anodes 4200 mah/g But a big problem: 400% volume expansion during cycling 372 mah/g Carbon Silicon 11

12 EPRI as Observer: Silicon Anodes for Lithium Ion OBSERVER (In the room) Images Courtesy Amprius, Inc. Silicon Particles Silicon Nanowires Nanowires allow volume expansion without pulverization Source: Nexeon, Inc. Pulverized Silicon 12

13 EPRI as Observer: Silicon Anodes for Lithium Ion OBSERVER (In the room) Images Courtesy Amprius, Inc. Nanowire anode with existing cathode allows 40% increase in energy capacity 275 Wh/kg 400 Wh/kg 40 mile range 56 mile range Yang, et. al New Nanostructured Li2S/Silicon Rechargeable Battery with High Specific Energy, Nano Letters, Feb 25, 2010 Advanced cathodes will allow 6 times present energy capacity 250 Wh/kg 1500 Wh/kg 40 mile range 240 mile range EPRI monitoring progress, working with developers where opportunities exist 13

14 EPRI as Participant: Sodium Beta Batteries PARTICIPANT OBSERVER (Seat at (In the room) the table) High-temperature sodium batteries popular in utility applications More than 300 MW installed Over 250 MW on order Almost all from one vendor Other vendors now investing in production capacity for similar technologies GE for locomotives FIAMM for electric vehicles EPRI working with developers to influence how technologies are used for grid storage $600M $420M $250M * * projected Estimated worldwide investment in high-temperature sodium battery production capacity 14

15 EPRI as Developer/Partner: Zinc-Air Batteries PARTICIPANT DEVELOPER/ PARTNER (Seat at (Get the table) dirty) Images Courtesy ReVolt Technology. EPRI funding developers to develop fundamental technologies Zinc-air batteries are a next-generation battery technology Higher energy density than lithium ion Potentially lower cost than lithium ion Technology still faces major technical hurdles Air cathode life Rechargeability Obstacle: Lack of research funding EPRI can help with seed funding and cost share 15

16 EPRI as Technology Leader: Adiabatic CAES DEVELOPER/ PARTICIPANT LEADER (Seat at (Lead the the table) Development) Conventional compressed air energy storage (CAES) requires a fuel input to Conventional operate, and so compressed is not air carbon energy neutral. storage (CAES) requires Adiabatic a CAES fuel input stores to operate, the heat of and compression so is not carbon in thermal neutral. energy storage Inlet Air Off-peak Electricity Heat Heat Compressor Thermal Storage Clutches Motor Generator Fuel Expander Exhaust Air Electricity Output Air Store (Below Ground or Above Ground EPRI is developing Adiabatic CAES technology in-house, with the goal of proof of concept within five years Thermal Oils Molten Salt Pebble Beds 16

17 Storage Technologies: Risk and Reward for the Utility Enterprise Zinc Air Fuel Cells Risk / Potential Reward Lithium Ion CAES Metal Halide Advanced Lithium Ion Adiabatic CAES EPRI is researching a balanced portfolio of technologies to maximize future options

18 Summary The future of utility storage Storage is likely to be dominated by technologies that can achieve scale Cost, life, and efficiency are the key performance metrics for technology options Common functional requirements and standard test protocols will speed this process EPRI pursuing a balanced research portfolio to ensure storage options are available Enable grid-ready storage options by 2015 Demonstration of system-integrated CAES and lithium ion battery storage systems Advanced technology development that maximizes EPRI impact 18

19 Together Shaping the Future of Electricity 19

20 A concrete look at EPRI Maria Guimaraes My work for Technology Innovation

21 Why is R&D in concrete needed? Brief introduction on concrete degradation A concrete look at each sector in EPRI Concrete structures Challenges Solutions A roadmap for concrete research? 13

22 Concrete = $$$??? (some examples) Concrete pipe Concrete containment Foundations transmission line The licensee identified leakage of contaminated water from cracks in the spent fuel pool (SFP). Spent fuel pool 14

23 How reinforced concrete degrades? REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE TENSILE STRENGTH PROTECTS REINFORCEMENT ph COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH 15

24 What causes concrete degradation? POOR CONSTRUCTION POOR DESIGN 4 x 6 wood in containment wall Broken wires in concrete pipes UNEXPECTED STRESSES POOR MAINTENANCE Blocked drainage channel in spent fuel pool 16

25 Nuclear Generation PDU Renewables Environment STRUCTURES CHALLENGES SOLUTIONS Containments Spent fuel pools Concrete pipes (PCCP) RPV pedestals Torus suppression pool Dry casks LTO concrete structures Remaining life Efficient inspection Data processing!!! Design for inspection! Address each item on slide

26 Nuclear Generation PDU Renewables Environment STRUCTURES CHALLENGES SOLUTIONS Cooling towers Many structures are similar to nuclear Chimney stacks LTO concrete structures Concrete pipes (PCCP) Concrete dams Inspection and maintenance not as strict as nuclear Lacks an industry wide support Remaining life Guidelines on inspection and data management 18

27 Nuclear Generation PDU Renewables Environment STRUCTURES CHALLENGES SOLUTIONS Foundations of transmission towers Concrete poles ~157,000 miles of transmission lines Inspection and maintenance A risk-management program? High risk lines Foundations and pedestals in substations Underground vaults Can we inspect them remotely? 19

28 Nuclear Generation Environment Renewables PDU Last year presentation on sensors for PDU Andrew Phillips Sensors? 20

29 Nuclear Generation PDU Renewables Environment WIND POWER Post-tensioned concrete Foundations SOLAR FIRED POWER PLANTS Energy storage!! BIOMASS Same structures as a coal plant GEOTHERMAL (dry rock) SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC HYDRO- tides and waves Still looking 21 Laing et al., 2008

30 Nuclear Generation PDU Renewables Environment CONCRETE CHALLENGES (related to concrete) Concrete as high volume use of CCP Beneficial uses of fly ash in concrete Crushed concrete as a potential sink for CO 2? Coal ash a hazardous material?? (new EPA proposal) Increase the use of CCP in concrete innovation! 22

31 An ideal roadmap for concrete research? R&D AREAS MEDIUM TERM GOALS LONG TERM GOALS Concrete inspection New construction opportunities Data processing and use Outreach utilities and Colleges Real-time monitoring of vibration during placement of concrete Outreach - designers and builders Non contact NDE Embedded sensors NDE for in depth inspections Inspection programs Life management program Existing construction opportunities LTO in concrete Life management program Concrete ageing relevant to years 23

32 Questions? A concrete look at EPRI 24