"Secondary Fiber and Deinking" Edited by Lothar Göttsching And Heikki Pakarinen

Transcription

1 Item Number: 0202FIN07 ISBN: pages Chapter 1 - General aspects and basic statistics 1 General aspects Basic statistics Utilization rate of recovered paper Recovery rate of used paper and paper products Deinked pulp (DIP) capacities Future development of recovered paper utilization...21 References...23 Chapter 2 - Legislation for use of recycled fibers 1 Europe Germany Other European countries Austria Belgium Finland France Sweden The Netherlands United Kingdom United States Japan...42 References...45 Chapter 3 - Collection systems, sources, and sorting of recovered paper 1 Collection systems and equipment Pre-consumer recovered paper Post-consumer recovered paper Pick-up systems Drop-off systems Efficiency of different collection systems Municipal solid waste Sources of recovered paper Germany Western Europe Sorting, handling, and storage of recovered paper Sorting Handling Loose recovered paper Baled recovered paper Shredding of files Storage...57 References...59 Page 1 of 10

2 Chapter 4 - Recovered paper grades, quality control, and recyclability 1 Recovered paper grades Europe United States and Japan United States Japan Recovered paper grades in different countries Quality control of recovered paper Equipment for sampling Sampling of baled recovered paper Sampling of loose recovered paper Quality characteristics Moisture content Composition and other characteristics Recyclability of paper products Determination of nonpaper components PTS test method on recyclability FINAT test method on recyclability INGEDE test method on recyclability Effect on process water...85 References...86 Chapter 5 - Unit operations and equipment in recycled fiber processing 1 General overview Slushing and pulping Objectives and system integration Principles Machinery and effects Pulpers Drum pulpers Deflaking Objectives and system integration Principles Machinery Deflakers Disk screens for deflaking Screening and fractionation Objectives and system integration Principles Separation probability Influence of inflow conditions on cleanliness efficiency Particle deformability and shear forces in the screen Flow through screen openings Uniform flow through cylindrical screens Assessment of separation processes Difference between screening and fractionation Machinery and design versions Coarse screening Fine screening Fractionation Page 2 of 10

3 4.4 Screening results Individual machines Screening systems Thickening Deflaking Centrifugal cleaning Objectives and system integration Principles Hydrodynamic flow principles Hydrocyclone theory Assessment of cleaning results Separation efficiency and cleaner operation Machinery and cleaning effect HC cleaners MC cleaners LC cleaners Cleaner systems Final stage cleaners Centrifugal cleaners with rotating housing Abrasion Flotation Objectives and system integration Principles Prerequisites for good flotation results Flotation process Flotation cells and their operating principles Characteristics of different flotation cells Flotation cells on the market Foam deaeration Assessment of flotation results Main quality criteria of deinked pulp Laboratory cells Dewatering Objectives and system integration Principles Machinery and effects Belt and drum filters Disk filters Screw press Other kinds of dewatering machinery Washing Objectives and system integration Principles Machinery Belt filter type machines Disk thickeners Spray filters Pressure screen type washers Dispersion and kneading Objectives and system integration Principles Particle shear strength Page 3 of 10

4 9.2.2 Dispersion mechanisms Machinery design Dispersion subsystem Dispersion results Applications of disk and kneading dispergers Refining Objectives and system integration Principles LC refining HC refining Machinery and design versions LC refining HC refining Refining results Refining of recycled fiber pulp for packaging papers Refining of recycled fiber pulp for writing and printing papers Mixing and storing Objectives Principles Mixing Storing and prevention of demixing Machine technology Mixing Storing and prevention of demixing Prevention of winding of components Storing suspensions with high stock consistency Acknowledgement References Chapter 6 - Design of recycled fiber processes for different paper and board grades 1 Introduction White paper grades Standard newsprint and improved paper grades Production level Total plant concept Rejects and sludge treatment Water management Process water clarification High-quality writing and printing paper grades Market pulp Tissue Packaging paper and board grades Test liner Fractionation systems Boxboard References Chapter 7 - Deinking chemistry 1 Introduction Pulping Page 4 of 10

5 3 Ink redeposition on fibers Flotation Fatty acid collectors Fats and fatty acids Soap Handling fatty acid and soap Dosing point and dosage Mechanism of function Fatty acid composition Soap collectors Biodegradability Synthetic collectors Semi-synthetic collectors (emulsions) Combination of soap and emulsion Choice of collector Carryover of fatty acids and wood resins Case study Influence of ph Enzymes in the treatment of recycled fibers Deinking by washing Treatment of process water References Chapter 8 - Deinkability of printing inks 1 Definition of deinkability Composition of inks Inks for conventional printing processes Carriers and binders Colorants (pigments and dyes) Additives Inks for nonimpact printing processes Toner printing Ink-jet printing Thermographic printing Electrosensitive processes Deinkability of printed products Newspapers Vegetable oil vs. mineral oil inks Water-based flexographic inks for newsprint Magazines Coated and uncoated magazine paper Toluene- vs. water-based rotogravure inks Nonimpact inks Effect of aging Evaluation of deinking results Yield of deinking processes Optical parameters of deinked pulp Particle analysis by image analysis References Chapter 9 - Bleaching of deinked pulps Page 5 of 10

6 1 Importance of DIP bleaching Wood-containing DIP Wood-free DIP Special aspects of DIP bleaching Chemical fibers Mechanical fibers Impurities Conclusion Lignin-preserving bleaching Peroxide bleaching (P) Chemistry Peroxide stabilization Process parameters Point of application Experiences from technical applications Dithionite bleaching (Y) Chemistry Process parameters FAS bleaching (FAS) Chemistry Process parameters Combined bleaching stages Two-stage bleaching Multistage bleaching Lignin-degrading bleaching Bleaching with chlorine-containing chemicals Hypochlorite bleaching (H) Chlorine-Containing bleaching sequences Chlorine dioxide bleaching (D) Bleaching with oxygen chemicals Oxygen bleaching (O) Ozone bleaching (Z) Alternative bleaching process References Chapter 10 - Papermaking potential of recycled fiber 1 Differences between virgin and recycled fibers Introduction Effects of recycling on chemistry and morphology of fibers Hornification of fibers during drying and recycling Changes in fiber morphology and flexibility Effects of chemical conditions on fiber flexibility Changes in surface chemistry of fibers Effects of recycling on pulp sheet properties Effects on strength properties in recycling Effect on other properties Validity of experimental simulations of actual paper recycling Design of recycling experiments Chemical conditions in recycling experiments RCF quality related to remaining contaminants and inks Page 6 of 10

7 2.1 Classification of contaminants Removal techniques for contaminants Effects on RCF quality Effects of residual ink particles Effects of colored fibers Effects of stickies Effects of other detrimental substances Modeling of age distribution of RCF One-parameter model Two parameter model Multiparameter model... 4 Recycled fiber in papermaking General aspects Downgrading and upgrading of of recovered paper Downgrading Upgrading Effects of deinking process yield on pulp characteristics Losses of fines and mineral pigments in deinking process Fiber yield in deinking flotation Effect of flotation on strength properties Improving papermaking potential of RCF by mechanical treatment Effects of refining on mechanical fibers Effects of refining on deinked pulp Effect of refining on hornified chemical fibers Effect of chemical conditions on refining results Effect of elevated temperature on RCF during dispersing or refining Effect of high-consistency treatment on curl of RCF Effects of recycled pulp on wet end chemistry of paper machine Carryover of deinking chemicals Return of used wet end chemicals back to papermaking Reduction of water consumption in RCF process Characteristics of anionic trash derived from recycled pulps Chemical oxygen demand (COD) derived from recycled pulps Effects of dissolved inorganics in recycled pulps Removal of dissolved and colloidal material from recycled fiber circuits Characteristics of deinked pulp fibers for runnability Effect of DIP on dewatering in manufacture in printing grades Performance of recycled chemical pulp as reinforcement fibers Effects of growing RCF use on quality of printing paper grades Effects of increasing recycling rate on quality of printing paper grades Deinked pulp in magazine paper grades Quality potential of RCF derived from office paper Challenges for manufacturing of packaging grades from RCF furnish Trends today and tomorrow Optimization of refining for OCC pulps Challenges for strength properties of packaging grades References Chapter 11 - Stickies in recycled fiber pulp 1 What are stickies? Classification of stickies Page 7 of 10

8 1.1.1 Size of stickies Type of stickies Behavior of stickies Problems caused by stickies Cost of impact stickies Origins of stickies Adhesives Hot melt adhesives Dispersion adhesives Solvent adhesives Pressure sensitive adhesives Printing inks Coating binders Wood derivatives Papermaking adhesives Chemical substances in potential stickies Adsorption of stickies Characterization of stickies Deposit analyses Handsheet inspection methods Screening methods Adsorption methods Extraction methods Precipitation methods Other methods Conclusions Control of stickies Alteration methods Avoidance methods Removal methods Screening Cleaning Flotation Washing Other techniques Dispersion methods Passivation methods Minerals Synthetic fibers Zirconium chemicals Other chemicals Prevention methods Coating of wires, felts, and rolls Machine clothing cleaning References Chapter 12 - Final fate of waste from recovered paper processing and non-recycled paper products 1 Categories of paper mill waste Use and final disposal of solid waste from recovered paper processing Solid waste composition and characteristics Page 8 of 10

9 2.1.1 Rejects Deinking sludges In-mill pre-handling Dewatering Drying Energy recovery in internal and external combustion facilities Grate combustion Fluidized bed combustion Multiple hearth combustion Which combustion technology for which type of waste? Emissions Ash composition and ash use Co-firing of sludges and rejects Composting and agricultural use Composting conditions Compsting processes Compost applications Composting of rejects and sludges Agricultural use Use in other industries Cement production Brick production Landfilling Types of landfills Landfill gas generation Leakage generation Landfill sealing systems Landfilling of waste from recovered paper processing mills New developments Wet oxidation processes Filler recovery from combustion ashes Fermentation processes Hydrolysis processes Pyrolysis processes Production of cat litter and absirber materials Use and final disposal of nonrecycled paper products Landfilling of nonrecycled paper as a component of MSW Composting of nonrecycled paper as a component of biowaste fro households Incineration of nonrecovered paper s a component of MSW Incineration of nonrecycled paper Nonrecycled paper as a biofuel Pre-treatment of recovered paper as a biofuel Emissions Wastewater from recovered paper processing and wastewater treatment Characterization of untreated wastewater Wastewater treatment Suspended solids removal Biological treatment Characterization of treated wastewater Closed water circuits References Page 9 of 10

10 Chapter 13 - Environmental aspects 1 Paper recycling and ecological labeling The German Blue Angel The Nordic Swan EU ecological labeling Paper recycling and CO 2 balance Causes and consequences of the greenhouse effect Future strategies for counteracting with the greenhouse effect CO 2 balance of the pulp and paper industry Heavy metal content of recovered paper Origin of heavy metals Sinks of heavy metals in processing of recovered paper Content of chloro-organics in recovered paper Origin of chloro-organic compounds AOX compounds Dioxins and furans Pentachlorophenol Polychlorinated biphenyls Sinks of chloro-organic compounds in processing recovered paper OX balance Dioxin and furan balance References Page 10 of 10