IAEA. International Atomic Energy Agency. Topic: Meeting challenges to ensure the future nuclear workforce capability. MUNSP 2018

Transcription

1 International Atomic Energy Agency Topic: Meeting challenges to ensure the future nuclear workforce capability. President: Jaime Guerrero Otero Moderator: Daniela Pérez Mora Secretary: Carolina González Xochicali

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3 MODEL UNITED NATIONS SAN PEDRO October 18 th & 19 th, 2018 E: T: W: munsp.org Dear delegates; October 2018 Valeria Farrera Secretary-General Alexa Bretón Victoria Graf Von Westarp Finance and Management Miriam Rodríguez Diego Salamanca Mariana Valdez Academic Affairs Welcome to, we are honored to have you be part of the eighth edition of this model. As a member of the organ of Security Council, we hope you follow the protocol correctly to achieve the best resolutions for your committee and have an outstanding performance doing so. We recommend that you read the background of your committee, as well as the Delegate s Protocol to have a complete understanding of the procedure in this Model. Remember that you, and only you are responsible for your participation, and that your voice is the tool to help us reach our goal as a model. Cindy Alavez Daniel Escobedo Image and Communication Alejandra Sandoval Cynthia Barrera Logistics Paulina Sobero Secretary of Hospitality Do not be afraid to speak up. Without any further notice, feel free to contact us and we will be pleased to guide you during this process. We hope that you enjoy as much as we will. Everything is happening here and now. Are you? Sincerely, The High Command and the Secretariat. Alma Borges Natalia Brito Alexia Barroeta Sponsors

4 TOPIC: Meeting challenges to ensure the future nuclear workforce capability Introduction Over the years, nuclear energy has been used for different purposes: in the industry, for sterilizing materials; in the army, for weaponry manufacture; in medicine, for drug manufacturing; in agriculture, for food maintenance; in the environment, to find contaminants; and in mining, in hydrology and in the space industry. However, it can also harm the environment; causes radiation when there is no control over this energy, or its use for nuclear weapons, as well as for pollution provoked from nuclear waste, which takes a long time to disintegrate. Main problem The main issue the nuclear energy that the world is facing nowadays, is the incorrect use of it; there are countries that use this kind of energy to manufacture weapons of mass destruction in order to cause trouble between territories; there is also a contamination problem, because countries receive radiation due to the poor organization and management of nuclear reactors that are used to obtain energy using controlled chain reactions instead of fossil fuels like most nations. For a long time, Russia and the United States have had nuclear weapons because they are one of the most powerful countries and essential members of the Security Council of the United Nations. They are also part of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, which establishes three principles: 1. The nuclear-weapon countries commit themselves not to transfer nuclear weapons to anyone or to help any State to manufacture or acquire them. 2. The non-nuclear-weapon countries commit themselves not to receive nuclear weapons from anyone, nor to manufacture them, nor to ask anyone for help. They also undertake not to provide basic materials (uranium and thorium) or special nuclear materials (enriched uranium and plutonium) to any non-

5 nuclear weapon countries without such materials being subject to safeguards c(provide information and accept inspections) 3. Each non-nuclear-weapon country undertakes to accept the Safeguards, stipulated in bilaterallyformalized agreements. Within this treaty there are five countries that have the freedom to possess nuclear weapons: Russia, United States, France, China and the United Kingdom. In addition, these countries are the five permanent members of the Security Council of the United Nations, the Council that deals with the problems that threaten the global security. Background One of the accidents that marked history was Chernobyl, where, on April 26, 1986 at 1:24 in the morning, there was an overheat in the fuel which caused one of the generators to explode and, consequently, when the reagents were mixed with the air, a second explosion occurred but this was a chemical type; the researchers suggested that one of the problems was having an outdated security system, and that there was an error in the experiment that the Soviets were carrying out at that time. Another accident was on March 11, 2011 in Fukushima, where an 8.9 earthquake caused a tsunami, affected a nuclear power plant provoking several problems in the reactors of the nuclear power plant, in the following hours, some of the reactors had explosions, and radiation spread near Japanese territory. Statistics On the following charts, some of the important situations to take into consideration are going to be described, such as the countries with the highest number of operational nuclear power reactors, the countries with more nuclear weapons, nuclear alliances, countries hosting nuclear weapons, and countries with the highest use of nuclear energy through the nuclear electricity.

6 The country with the highest number of operational nuclear 1) power reactors is U.S.A., with almost 100 reactors, then France with 58 reactors, and on the third place is Japan with 43 reactors. Something important about the chart number 1 is that the number of reagents includes the ones that are not working currently, but are as functional as possible, so these are taken into consideration too. On chart number 2, the countries with the biggest 2) nuclear arsenal are shown; in the first place is the Russian Federation with 7,500 units, then is the United States of America with 7,200 units, and on the third place is France with 300 units; also in chart number 2, the nuclear alliances are shown, as well as the nations hosting nuclear weapons. On chart number 3, countries are ranked by the percentage of nuclear electricity they produce; in the first place is France with the 75%, in the second place is Ukraine with the 57%, and in the third place is Slovakia with the 65%. 3)

7 UN actions 1. The creation of the Treaty of the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) 2. The establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones. 3. Treaty of Tlatelolco Treaty for the prohibition of nuclear weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean. 4. Treaty of Rarotonga South Pacific nuclear free zone treaty. 5. Treaty of Bangkok Treaty on the Southeast Asia nuclear weapon-free zone. 6. Treaty of Pelindaba African nuclear-weapon-free zone treaty 7. Treaty on a nuclear-weapon-free zone in central Asia. (Un.org, 2018) Points to debate 1. Possible improvements for the treaties regarding the use of nuclear weapons. 2. Possible ways to face the radiation that some parts of the world suffer or have suffered. 3. Possible solutions for the irresponsible use of nuclear weapons.

8 References Chernobylwel.com. (2018). Chernobyl s history and current risk of radiation CHERNOBYLwel.come chernobylwel.com. [online] Available at: [Accessed 1 May 2018]. Energia-nuclear.net. (2018). Aplicaciones de la energía nuclear. [online] Available at: [Accessed 1 May 2018]. McCarthy, N. (2018). Infographic: The Countries With The Biggest Nuclear Arsenals. [online] Statista Infographics. Available at: [Accessed 3 May 2018]. Sherkhane (2018). Nuclear waste management. [online] Slideshare.net. Available at: [Accessed 3 May 2018]. Un.org. (2018). Atomic Energy. [online] Available at: [Accessed 3 May 2018]. World Economic Forum. (2018). These countries have the most nuclear power reactors. [online] Available at: [Accessed 3 May 2018].