What is Green Infrastructure?

Transcription

1 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE Distributed Energy Colin Beattie Curtin University Sustainability Policy (CUSP) Institute What is Green Infrastructure? the substructure or underlying foundation especially the basic installations and facilities on which the continuance and growth of a community depends. Ref: Webster s New World Dictionary In Australia GI means precinct scale closed loop renewable systems The following could be considered green or sustainable urban infrastructure :- Public transport networks Energy efficient buildings Distributed generation and integrated energy demand management initiatives and programs Localised water and waste management systems Connected green spaces and wildlife corridors Water sensitive urban design 1

2 What is Green Infrastructure? the substructure or underlying foundation especially the basic installations and facilities on which the continuance and growth of a community depends. Ref: Webster s New World Dictionary In Australia GI means precinct scale closed loop renewable systems The following could be considered green or sustainable urban infrastructure :- Public transport networks Energy efficient buildings Distributed generation and integrated energy demand management initiatives and programs Localised water and waste management systems Connected green spaces and wildlife corridors Water sensitive urban design Distributed Energy Distributed energy systems are small-scale power generation technologies (typically in the range of 3 kw to 10,000 kw) used to provide an alternative to or an enhancement of the traditional electric power system. Cogeneration; an obvious choice... or combined heat and power (CHP) is a plant that simultaneously generates both electricity and useful heat. Embedded renewables; have a role to play Electrical Energy Eg. Photovoltaic's, wind turbines Thermal Energy Eg. Solar thermal, Geothermal 2

3 Power to 1800 Buildings in Manhatten 50% of steam from cogeneration plants provides heating & cooling Offsets 350MW e of power from grid 3

4 Battersea Power Station Cogeneration scheme introduced benefitted some 10,000 people. hot water and central heating to Pimlico on the North side of the river 4

5 What Happened? Climate Change Contribution to total net CO 2 -e emissions by sector Stationary Energy is the big ticket item... 5

6 Improve System Efficiencies GHG/Energy Relationship Emissions depend on:- The amount of energy used The source of the energy kgs of GHGe emitted per unit of heat produced * LPG is approximately 0.4 Renewable Natural gas* Grid electricity electricity** ** National average. For electricity generated in Victoria this figure is 1.4. In Tasmania it is very low due to use of hydro. In the NT it is about 0.75 due to use of gas for electricity generation. Fossil fuel fired power stations Thermal efficiency around 33% Further 10 to 15% lost to transmission and distribution inefficiencies Water Combined cycle gas fired plants Thermal efficiency close to 50% Cogeneration/Trigeneration Heat recovery can push efficiency up to about 80% Locate where the recovered energy can be put to good use... The Return of Energy Generation (th + e) to the City At a small scale Anything from building to precinct scale to suit the local environment Extremely efficient 6

7 Cogeneration 1 Gas Turbines CCGT Micro A modular system Can provide efficient power and heat for anything from a single building to a complete neighbourhood Flexible fuels Cogeneration 2 Reciprocating Engines industrial cogeneration applications: To produce hot water To produce low temperature steam To produce heat at higher temperatures, e.g. for drying processes 7

8 Cogeneration 3 Stirling Engines Limited power generation (max 25kW) Fuel Cells A fuel cell converts the chemical energy from a fuel directly into electricity and heat. When operated on hydrogen, the fuel cell produces energy with the only by-product being H 2 O. Internal fuel reforming allows the extraction of hydrogen from alternative fuels such as natural gas or any other hydrogen containing fuel. When utilising a hydrogen powered fuel cell, no carbon is emitted at site 1.2 MWe 47% Elec. Energy Efficiency High Grade Heat Can we afford it? Understanding the economics of electricity... 8

9 The Grid in WA South West Integrated System (SWIS) Largest islanded network in the world 6,000km TX; 85,000km DX; serving 5,047MW installed generation capacity and 860,000 customers 10% of system capacity is used for less than 48 hours / year 20% of system capacity is used for less than 10 days / year SWIS Energy Profile What are the different roles for generators? Reserve generators and Demand Management supplying only extreme peak demands and backup for generator failure Peaking generators Operating < 30% of the time Mid-merit generators meeting the bulk of daytime demand Operating 30%-70% of the time Base load generators supplying the underlying demand Operating near continuously Midnight Noon Midnight Government of Western Australia; Office of Energy 9

10 Efficient Generation What What are are the the different preferred plant roles types for for generators? minimum electricity cost? Reserve generators Demand Management and Demand & Management supplying only extreme Distillate peak Fired demands Gas Turbines and backup for Reserve generator failure Peaking generators Peak Operating < 30% of the time Gas-fired Gas Turbines Mid-merit generators meeting the bulk of daytime Mid demand Operating 30%-70% of the time Renewable Combined Cycle Gas Turbines Generators Base Coal-fired loadsteam generators Turbines supplying the Base underlying demand Cogeneration Operating near continuously Midnight Noon Midnight Government of Western Australia; Office of Energy Demand Management Smart Grids and Meters User behaviour Thermal Energy Storage 10

11 - Reducing Peak Demand Moving high peak costs to night time low loads Summer Peak Load. Source: W. A. utility Western Power Corporation (WPC) Wind... Outputs from 2 15kW Inconsistent wind patterns 11

12 Solar... Photovoltaic Crystalline, thin film From 1.5 kw... Thermal Hot Water Service Space Heating Geothermal... Ground Source Direct Geoexhange Heat Pumps (DGHPs) can provide chilling, heating and hot water via refrigerant-carrying copper loops buried in the ground. These act as a condenser to achieve higher efficiency than equivalent air source heat pumps because of the ground s constant heat capacity 12

13 What do you need? More efficient buildings Pixel Building CH2 Combination of cogen, solar, wind to meet demand in various combinations Smart grids and metering Demand-side Management Thermal Energy Storage User behaviour...provides an assortment of tools that can make a development net zero or carbon +ve Summary Holistic solution required; Potential to make a significant impact in the short term... requires new governance;...provides a foundation for rolling out secure, small and large scale, clean energy into the future 13