Risk assessments you may need to understand or conduct

Transcription

1 Risk assessments you may need to understand or conduct Exotic Species Introductions GMO Aquaculture Toxic Chemicals Thermal Regimes Risk Assessment for Alien Fishes in N. America C. Kolar and D Lodge, Science 298: Trade and tourism globalization has provided mechanisms Need for Overview of Critical Elements Great Lakes Empirical Data Life history characteristics Aspects of Invasion history and human use

2 Methods Discriminant Analysis and Decision Tree Approach of Life history successful fishes grew faster, tolerated wider ranges of temperature and salinity. Rapid spreading fish had slower relative growth rates, tolerated wider temperature range, had smaller eggs. Establishment Success Fail Spread Impact Fast Slow Nuisance Non Nuisance

3 Aquatic Nuisance Species Risks of Introduction Aquatic vertebrates, invertebrates, terrestrial and plant species using aquatic habitats that can have harmful effects on the ecosystems. Task Force Policy and Resources Arm An intergovernmental organization dedicated to preventing and controlling aquatic nuisance species, and implementing the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act 0f 1990, and National Invasive Species Act of Co chaired FWS and NOAA Coast Guard Army Engineers EPA APHIS Dept State USGS Other members

4 Western Region The Western Regional Panel is comprised of 49 representing state, federal, tribal, local/regional, academic, industry, conservation organizations, and freshwater and marine interests. The breakdown of the membership is as follows: States members (19) Western Province members (4) Tribal (3) Guam (1) Representatives from Federal Agencies (6): Groups involved in Western Region USCOE NOAA Dept Interior USDA APHIS (Animal Plant Health Inspection Service) Coast Guard EPA Other Interests including, CALFED, SF Estuary Project, The Prince William Sound Citizens Advisory Council, Puget Sound Georgia Basin International Task Force others HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points In the 1960s, the Pillsbury Corporation developed the HACCP control system with NASA to ensure food safety for the first manned space missions. The HACCP system and guidelines for its application were defined by the Codex Alimentarius Commission in the Codex Alimentarius Code of Practice. This Commission implements the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and World Health Organization (WHO) Food Standards Program.

5 HACCP Hazard Analysis first step - Define Terms of Reference - Select the HACCP team - Describe the product - Identify intended use - Construct a flow diagram - On-site verification of flow diagram - List all hazards and control measures Determine Critical Control Points and Critical Limits steps 2 and 3 Determine the Critical Control Points (CCPs) using a decision tree. These are the points where hazards must be eliminated or minimized. Establish Critical Limits which must be met to ensure the CCP is under control. Section 6: Critical Control Points Question 1: Does a control measure(s) exist at this step or subsequent steps for the identified hazard? Question 2. Does this step eliminate or reduce the likely occurrence of a significant hazard to an acceptable level? Question 3: Could contamination with an identified hazard or hazards occur, or increase at this step? Question 4: Will a subsequent step eliminate the identified hazard or hazards or reduce the likely occurrence to an acceptable level?

6 Do control measure(s) exist at this step or subsequent steps for the identified hazard? yes Does this step eliminate or reduce the likely occurrence of a significant hazard to an acceptable level? NO yes Could contamination with an identified hazard or hazards occur, or increase at this step? yes Will a subsequent step eliminate the identified hazard or hazards or reduce the likely occurrence to an acceptable level? Monitoring System at Critical Control Points steps 4 and 5 Establish a system for monitoring the control at CCPs. Establish the corrective actions to be taken when monitoring indicates that a particular CCP is not under control. Definitions: Control: To manage the conditions of an operation to maintain compliance with established criteria. Control Limit: A criterion that must be met for each control measure associated with a critical control point. Operating Limit: Criteria that are more stringent than critical limits and that are used by an operator to reduce the risk of AIS contamination. For example, if a certain chemical concentration is required to control an AIS hazard, the operating limit is generally set above the minimum concentration needed to ensure effective treatment.

7 Establish Control Limits A control limit represents the boundaries that are used to ensure AIS are removed or destroyed When the process deviates from a control limit, a corrective action must be taken Control limits may be difficult to develop Selection of the best control limit should be driven by practicality and experience Example Temperature. Eurasian watermilfoil will be killed if frozen. A control limit could be freezing nets for 48 hours at 0 degrees F. Water flow rate. Plants and invertebrates cannot swim against a current, so an appropriate flow rate and time should separate fish from these AIS. Documentation steps 6 and 7 Establish procedures for verification to confirm that the HACCP system is working correctly. Establish documentation for all procedures and records.

8 FWS Risk Assessment HNFH releases SHT for mitigation at remote sites Potential transport of snails in truck water or GI tract of fish South Fork Clearwater River Upper Salmon River Little Salmon River Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point Plan (HACCP) Department of Interior Policy (Executive Order #13112, Invasive Species) Requires programs not carry out actions that cause introduction or spread of invasive species Only support such actions if benefits outweigh potential harm caused by invasive species

9 Hatchery Operations Springs Open Spring Ponds The HACCP APPROACH Seven Principles of HACCP: 1. Conduct a hazard analysis and prepare a list of steps in the process where significant hazards occur 2. Identify critical control points 3. Establish controls for each control point 4. Establish monitoring requirements 5. Establish corrective actions 6. Verify results 7. Keep records Step 1 Step 2 Steps in Hatchery Process Receive Eggs from IDF&G Hatcheries. (Sawtooth FH provides Pahsimeroi and Sawtooth A-run stocks, Clearwater FH provides Clearwater B-run stock.) Eggs disinfected, loaded into incubator jars, and incubated. Eggs are kept separate by stock. Step 5 Step 10 Clearwater and Pahsimeroi stocks are transferred by tank to outside raceways on the middle deck (late July). Sawtooth stocks are transferred by tank to raceways on the upper deck (early August). (Fish are split at roughly 2 hatchery tanks per one outside raceway). Fish are loaded onto transport tankers, hauled to release sites, and released. (April and May).

10 (1) Harvest or Aquaculture Step (from flow diagram) Fish are loaded onto transport tankers, hauled to release sites, and released. (April and May). Identify Critical Control Points (2) Identify potential ANS hazards introduced or controlled at this step (1) Invertebrates (3) Are any potential ANS hazards significant? (Yes/No) Yes (4) Justify your decisions for column 3. In spring water (5) What control measures can be applied to prevent the significant hazards? Visual inspection and removal. Use NZMS free water from spring 13. Hold fish off feed 48 hours prior to transport. Pond scrub raceway floors prior to distribution. Raceway floors swept clean 24 to 48 hours prior to transport. Utilize large mesh screens on dewatering tower of fish pump. (6) Is this step a critical control point? (Yes/No) Yes Control Measures Use snail-free water from Spring 13 and hold fish off feed 48 hours prior to transport. Snail-free Spring 13 Truck Fill Station Control Measures Raceway floors and walls swept clean 24 to 48 hours prior to transport. Before After Spring pond scrubbing to assist with brushing prior to distribution

11 Control Measures Utilize large mesh screens on dewatering tower of fish pump De-water tower Screening Fish pump for loading 2. Critical Control Point: Step 10 - Fish are loaded on to transport tankers, hauled, and released This is the last chance in the Hatchery process where NZMS can be controlled 3. Limits for Control Measure : All non-targets will be removed or be prevented from being loaded on trucks before the trucks depart hatchery. Infected Spring water

12 4. Monitoring - What Presence of New Zealand Mud Snails 4. Monitoring - How Visual check of transport trucks and fish pump water. Visual check of representative sample of fish stomach contents. 4. Monitoring - Frequency Visual check of transport water each time trucks leave the hatchery transporting fish or water. Inspection of stomach contents during fish health exams and pre-release sampling.

13 4. Monitoring - Who Biologist and/or fish culturists 5. Corrective Actions Screening of truck water supply, hold fish off feed until ANS is not present. Raceway floors and walls swept clean 24 to 48 hours prior to transport. 6. Verification Records check

14 7. Records Record monitoring results, and confirmation of corrective actions taken on distribution form and file with Brood Year records. Mortality sheets. Verification and Records : Verified during fish checks and recorded. Stomach analysis of steelhead Spring 13 verified by Dave Hopper, ES office Billings Gazette HACCP - ANS HACCP is not a zero risk system. - Size of snail makes visual inspection and removal difficult. - Still no true controls. - Having open water source(s) makes it difficult to prevent exposure. - Bliss Rapids snail on site (threatened species).

15 Process Used Identify risks Identify procedures to minimize those risks Examine fish stomach contents Use clean water source to fill distribution truck Take fish off feed 48 hours prior to transport Sweep raceway walls/floors hours prior to transport Utilize mesh screens on dewatering tower of fish pump Outcome of Process as of today Concluded still no guarantee NZMS not transported off hatchery Risk Management Release into upper Salmon River Release into Little Salmon River No release into South Fork Clearwater River