Typical 150 Acre Golf Course Uses About 200 Million Gallons per Year

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3 Typical 150 Acre Golf Course Uses About 200 Million Gallons per Year

4 Each Course Uses the Equivalent Water Annually as 1,800 Residential Units at 300 gpd

5 50 Championship Golf Courses in Orange County, CA Use About 10 BG or 30,000 AF/yr 200 MG/yr * 50 Courses = 10,000,000,000 gal/yr Equivalent to 10% of Nevada s water allotment from the Colorado River

6 60% or 30 of 50 Orange County, CA Courses Use Recycled or Non-Potable Groundwater Why? 1. It is mandated, especially during drought condition 2. It costs less, 50-90% of potable cost 3. It is the right thing to do environmentally

7 Three Benefits to Using Recycled Water for Golf Course Irrigation: 1. It feels like the right thing to do (and accepted by public as completely safe in OC) 2. More reliable supply 3. Reduces/eliminates fertilizers

8 Two Problems with Using Recycled Water for Golf Course Irrigation: Problem 1 of 2: Impoundment storage can increase adjusted SAR and dissolved manganese due to excess algae

9 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) is Indicator of Soil Damage from Sodium 1. SAR is common ratio presented which compares equivalents of sodium versus calcium/magnesium 2. Adjusted SAR takes into account availability of calcium dependent on ph and alkalinity 3. Lower ph makes calcium more available (free in solution) and frees up nutrients in solution for the plant to obtain

10 Recycled Water Has High Nutrients, Causing High Algae, ph Increases, Which Hurts SAR 1) 2 H 2 O + LIGHT -> 2H 2 + O 2 2) 2 H 2 + CO 2 -> [CH 2 O] + H 2 O 3) 2 HCO - 3 -> CO 2 + CO H 2 O 4) CO H 2 O -> CO 2 + 2OH - Alkalinity does not change but ph increases & CaCO3 precipitates

11 Periodic Low Oxygen Can Cause Manganese >0.2 mg/l, and Iron Deficiency Could Occur Manganese Concentrations Rattle Mn UOR Top Mn UOR Bottom Mn 0.4 Mang (mg/l) /3/2009 1/22/2010 3/13/2010 5/2/2010 6/21/2010 8/10/2010 9/29/ /18/2010 1/7/2011 2/26/2011 Date

12 Two Problems with Using Recycled Water for Golf Course Irrigation: Problem 2 of 2: High salt including sodium and chloride, and impurities boron and ammonia can harm turf/soil

13 Higher Salt and Impurities Leads to the Following: 1. Higher leaching fraction needed to flush concentrated salts, causing higher water cost and wet playing conditions Turf Grass Species Salt Tolerance soil extract EC limit soil extract [TDS] limit Poa Annua sensitive < 3 ms/cm < 2,000 mg/l Bentgrass sensitive < 3 ms/cm < 2,000 mg/l Perennial Ryegrass moderately tolerant 6-10 ms/cm 3,800-6,400 mg/l Kikuyu moderately tolerant 6-10 ms/cm 3,800-6,400 mg/l Bermuda tolerant > 10 ms/cm > 6,400 mg/l

14 Higher Salt and Impurities Leads to the Following: 1. Higher leaching fraction needed to flush concentrated salts, causing higher water cost and wet playing conditions Turf Grass Species Salt Tolerance soil extract EC limit soil extract [TDS] limit Poa Annua sensitive < 3 ms/cm < 2,000 mg/l Bentgrass sensitive < 3 ms/cm < 2,000 mg/l Perennial Ryegrass moderately tolerant 6-10 ms/cm 3,800-6,400 mg/l Kikuyu moderately tolerant 6-10 ms/cm 3,800-6,400 mg/l Bermuda tolerant > 10 ms/cm > 6,400 mg/l 2. Higher quantities of soil amendments such as gypsum and herbicides needed to maintain healthy turf 3. Increased aerification and sand top-dressing needed to maintain soil permeability

15 Golfers Desire Firm and Fast Conditions, Which is Impossible with Heavy Leaching

16 To Avoid Heavy Leaching and Soil Destruction from High Sodium, Golf Courses Using RO Desalination

17 USA Golf Courses Using RO Desalination on Recycled/Non-Potable Golf Irrigation Water 1. California s Monterey Peninsula courses including Pebble Beach, Spyglass, Spanish Bay 2. Florida Country Club Courses Seminole, Everglades, Osceola 3. Arizona s Scottsdale Water Campus feeds partially desalinated water to 23 golf courses

18 Study Looks at Three Golf Courses in Orange County, CA for Economics of Irrigation Desalination 1. Course maintenance is challenged from high salts and impurities Course Water Type Average [TDS] Average [Na+] Average [Cl-] A Non-Potable Groundwater B Recycled Water 1, C Recycled Water Brine disposal is available through direct or indirect ocean outfall 3. Land, power, and membership desire is present

19 Course C Existing Water Use: ET + Leaching Fraction to Reduce Salt Concentration in Soils 0 1a Adjusted Leaching Water Total Irrigation Water Course Location Area Irrigation Vol Per Year Leaching Quantity Leaching Quantity # of Leaches per Year Leaching Water % Leaching (ft^2) (gallons) (in/leach) (gallons) (gallons) (gallons) (gallons) Greens 110,000 2,700, , ,100,000 11,900,000 14,600, Fairways, 6,424,000 80,100, ,500, ,000,000 45,700, ,800, Tees, Roughs, Non-Green 60,100, ,500, ,000,000 54,200, ,300, Total 143,000, ,800, ,800,

20 Course C: Analysis of Salt Concentration with 0.42 Leaching (Existing Conditions No Desal) [TDS] [TDS] [TDS] [TDS] Applied Water Applied Water Bottom Root Zone Bottom Root Zone (meq/l) (mg/l) (meq/l) (mg/l) [Ca] [Mg] [Na] [K] [Cl] [CO3] [HCO3] [SO4] ,126 EC = 3,300

21 Existing Average Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost of Courses A, B, and C

22 Course C: With DesalLeaching Fraction Decreases from 0.42 to 0.14 (28% water reduction) 1. Same soil salt concentrations achieved with lower leaching fraction, course firm/fast with higher value (not included in analysis) 2. RO will have about 15% waste reject, for net water savings of 13% (28% - 15%). Irrigation pumping power savings will be 28% Soil enhancement gypsum reduced from 4,000 lb/day to 500 lb/day 4. $30K/yr savings in herbicides and $8K/yr savings in top-dressing 5. Labor savings not included at this time

23 Proposed Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost of Courses A, B, and C with Desalination

24 Proposed Average Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost of RO System

25 Proposed Average Annual Operation and Maintenance Cost of RO System ASSUMPTIONS Pre-treatment antiscalant (2 ppm) & acid (20 ppm) Post-treatment gypsum (100 ppm) and base (20 ppm) 13 week cartridge filter replacement 3 year UF and RO membrane replacement 225 psig total pumping not including irrigation pumps 1 man-hour per day at $35/hour $0.0015/gallon waste brine disposal fee $12,000/yr misc repair/replacement

26 Proposed On-Site Capital Cost including Installation for Typical Recycled Water RO System 400 gpm RO Desalination System Capital Cost RO Skid System $ 375,000 Pretreatment Skid System $ 320,000 Mechanical Equip & Install $ 199,250 Civil Works* $ 148,750 Electrical Equip & Install $ 218,000 Engineering $ 70,000 Contractor Overhead $ 189,150 Contingency $ 126,100 $ 1,650,000 * - does not include building or fencing NOTE: 20 year capital repayment on $1.65M equals $135K/yr at 5% discount, equal to about 10% extra O&M cost per year

27 RO Desalination May Be Used to Reduce High Boron and Ammonia to Protect Cool Season Turf Grass

28 Conclusions 1. If brine disposal is feasible, operating costs for RO are offset 2. Repayment of capital cost increases the annual O&M 10% 3. This assumes no savings in labor, 20% reduced labor would offset the capital 4. Extra foursome/day at $100/round

29 Systems Described Under Construction Additional data will be collected over the next two years for future presentation, including one full scale and one pilot system operated on one green

30 For more information, or questions/ comments, please contact Andy Komor, MS, PE