CITY OF KINGSTON: COMMUNITY EMISSIONS INVENTORY. Prepared for: City of Kingston Ms Beth Sills

Transcription

1 I C L E I ENERGY SER VICES CITY OF KINGSTON: COMMUNITY EMISSIONS INVENTORY Prepared for: City of Kingston Ms Beth Sills Prepared by: ICLEI Energy Services City Hall, West Tower, 16 th Floor 100 Queen Street West Toronto, ON M5H 2N2 September 11, 2003

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This paper is a report on the City of Kingston s energy-based greenhouse gas emissions. It was prepared to quantify the historic energy consumption and resulting emissions of the whole City of Kingston. This is referred to as the community emissions inventory. The report s highlights include: In recent years the City of Kingston s population has grown at a steady rate. From 112,605 in 1996 to 114, , Kingston s population increased by 1.4% 1,2. In 2000 Kingston s total community equivalent carbon dioxide (eco 2 ) emissions (from energy and fuel use of the community at large) were 1,384,982 Mg. While eco 2 emissions are reported in absolute terms, community efficiency improvements contemplated or underway should result in a stabilization or decrease in eco 2 emissions. In 2000 the transportation sector was responsible for 45% of total community eco 2 emissions, followed by the commercial sector at 23% and residential sector at 22%. The industrial sector contributed 8%, and community waste 2%. Local Action Planning requires a long-term commitment and the involvement of a wide variety of stakeholders in order for the City of Kingston to successfully set and achieve its greenhouse gas emission reduction commitments. The City of Kingston is a natural leader and facilitator for this community consultation process, based on its significant progress in implementing emission reduction measures within its own facilities and operations and in the community. 1 Statistics Canada, 2001 Community Profiles 2 this falls into the identified growth rate in the City of Kingston City Facts November 2000, page 28. Source: GKA 2041 Population Projection Model, Paterson Planning and Associates,

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction... 4 What is Climate Change?... 4 Scientific Research... 4 Climate Change Impacts... 4 Why Should the City of Kingston Take Action?... 4 Action Undertaken by Various Levels of Government... 5 Federal Government... 6 Province of Ontario... 6 Municipalities... 6 Kingston s Involvement in Climate Protection... 6 The Development of Kingston s Local Action Plan... 7 Local Action Plans in Other Municipalities... 7 The Community Emissions Analysis and Methodology... 9 Information Needs... 9 Community Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventories Background Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory (Milestone One) Breakdown of Energy Consumption (GJ) Breakdown of City s eco2 Emissions Sector Analysis Residential Sector Commercial Sector Industrial Sector Transportation Sector Waste Sector Business as Usual (BAU) and Emission Reduction Target Setting An Emission Reduction Target How Kingston compares Appendix A - Data collection Forms... Appendix B - Sources of Information and Data Gathering Methodology... Electricity... Natural Gas... 2

4 Fuel Oil... Propane... Transportation... Waste... Appendix C Community Emissions... Appendix D: Potential Community Greenhouse Gas Reduction Measures... Commercial Sector... Industrial Sector... Transportation Sector... Residential Sector... Waste Sector... Zoning & By-Laws... Miscellaneous... 3

5 INTRODUCTION WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE? At its most basic level, climate change is a change in the long-term average weather (temperature, precipitation, wind patterns) that a given region experiences. On a global scale, climate change refers to changes in the Earth s climate as a whole. The Earth s temperature is regulated by a natural system known as the greenhouse effect where a delicate balance of naturally-occurring gases trap some of the sun s heat near the earth s surface. Over time human activities and lifestyles have resulted in an increase in the amount of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere, thereby enhancing the warming capability of the natural greenhouse effect. It is the human-induced enhanced greenhouse effect that causes environmental concern and has the potential to warm the planet at a rate that has never been experienced in human history. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH An international scientific consensus has emerged that our world is getting warmer. Climate data gathered during the past 150 years has shown that while the earth has gone through a series of warming and cooling cycles, the global average temperature has increased overall. Most experts agree that average global temperatures could rise by 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius over the period from 1990 to Temperature increases will not be uniform around the globe. In Canada, this could result in an increase in annual mean temperatures in some regions of between five and ten degrees. 4 CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS Scientists have also predicted that climate change may have significant effects in a variety of areas. Environmental impacts in Canada could include flooding and erosion in coastal regions, increased risk to forests from pests and drought, changes in agriculture yields, a decrease in the quality and quantity of drinking water as water sources are threatened by drought, more frequent and more severe weather conditions, and negative impacts on fisheries and wildlife. Climate change will also affect human health. Higher air temperatures could result in increased heat stress that can lead to illness or death, particularly in the very young, the ill, and the elderly. There are also some indirect health impacts. Respiratory disorders or allergies could worsen as a result of increased heat and humidity and declining air quality in some areas, as could the spread of vector-borne infectious diseases (such as the West Nile Virus) normally not found in Canada. Extreme weather events could result in increased deaths and injuries. WHY SHOULD THE CITY OF KINGSTON TAKE ACTION? As the population centres of the world, urban and suburban areas will experience most of the negative impacts of climate change. Apart from the City s responsibility to do its part to reduce Canada s total contribution to the climate change problem, there are numerous co-benefits for the City of Kingston. Improved Service Delivery Through the implementation of energy efficiency initiatives in its corporate facilities and operations and throughout the community, the City will be able to offer its services more efficiently and economically. Reduced Costs 3 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group I, Third Assessment Report, Government of Canada Climate Change Web site. last updated May 15,

6 By reducing its energy consumption, the City and its citizens will save money on their energy bills. While energy efficiency initiatives may require an initial capital investment, in many cases paybacks of between four and seven years can be expected, savings will continue well beyond the payback period. Also, by reducing the amount paid for energy the City and its citizens will be less vulnerable to fluctuations in the market price of energy. Improved Air Quality and Public Health The combustion of fossil fuels used to produce electricity, heat our buildings, and power our vehicles, emits a variety of pollutants into the atmosphere that are known to have negative health impacts and reduce local air quality. Reduced energy consumption will result in a reduction in local air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), volatile organic compounds (VOC), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), particulate matter (PM 10 ), and carbon monoxide (CO). In the long term, taking steps to reduce greenhouse gas emissions reduces the likelihood of climate-related health problems, such as the spread of vectorborne diseases. Asset Management Proper asset management reduces emissions and also makes good business sense. It involves developing a plan to systematically review the state of facility operations and equipment and implementing a logical repair or upgrade schedule that focuses on a proactive approach to facility improvements. Preventative maintenance improves the value of the City s assets by reducing facilities operating costs, modernizing equipment, and decreasing deferred maintenance. As well, increasing the efficiency of facilities and operations leads to better-run operations, greater client satisfaction, along with increased energy efficiency and the resulting cost savings. Leadership The City of Kingston has a history of taking the lead on a variety of issues. By taking concrete steps to address climate change and reducing the emission of greenhouse gases from its own facilities and operations, the City is able to practice what it preaches and provide a solid example to the community. The steps that the City of Kingston has taken to address climate change include: o On April 17, 2001 council passed a resolution to support the City of Kingston s participation in the Partners in Climate Protection Program. o o o o On May 21, 2002 council passed a resolution to support the ratification of Kyoto. The Strategic Plan for the City of Kingston which was endorsed by council and supported by public consultation, identifies Air Quality and Climate Change (green house gas reduction) as Environmental priorities. The City of Kingston has initiated a pilot biodiesel program. The City s partnership with the FCM, Hearthmakers, GIAI Power, and the municipality of Frontenac and the Islands through the Trade Winds project and its vision to develop a wind farm on Wolfe Island clearly indicate the City of Kingston s commitment to climate change. Quality of Life for Citizens/ Healthy Cities By reducing expenditures on energy and fuel the City of Kingston can apply the savings towards improving its community services. These may include an increase in number of bike paths, improved public transit and greener public areas. Cutting greenhouse gas emissions with measures that make Kingston residents less dependent on automobiles can reduce traffic congestion, clean the air, and contribute to more efficient homes, offices, and land use patterns. Together, these types of measures can help build healthier, more sustainable communities. ACTION UNDERTAKEN BY VARIOUS LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT On a global scale, many national governments have been involved in the development of the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement that commits its signatories to varying reductions in their greenhouse gas emissions by , based on 1990 levels. 5

7 Federal Government In October 2000 the federal government announced its Action Plan 2000 on Climate Change. This plan aims to reduce Canada's greenhouse gas emissions by 65 megatonnes per year by the period , taking Canada one-third of the way to its Kyoto target. The federal government has also taken steps to address climate change by earmarking $250 million for the Green Municipal Funds, which stimulate investment in innovative and environmentally advanced projects for Canadian municipal governments and their public and private-sector partners. As well, in its regulatory capacity, the federal government has set stringent emission standards for fuels and vehicles, as well as efficiency standards for vehicles. Province of Ontario Through its Energy Efficiency Act, the Province sets standards for the energy efficiency of 51 different energy-using products, including vending machines, commercial refrigerators, and incandescent reflector lamps. The Act allows the government to write regulations stipulating that appliances and products must meet set minimum efficiency standards by a specified compliance date before they are sold or leased in Ontario. The Province is also participating in the federal government s national consultation process regarding the signing of the Kyoto Protocol and working on the development of an emissions trading program. Municipalities Communities can make a significant contribution to climate protection. Up to half of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions (350 million tonnes) are under the direct or indirect control or influence of municipal governments, and by the year 2008, it is estimated that municipal governments could reduce that total by 20 to 50 megatonnes. 5 The 92 Canadian municipal members of the Partners for Climate Protection program have made commitments to implement concrete actions to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Collectively, over 550 local governments participating in the international Cities for Climate Protection campaign represent 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. To date, 152 Green Fund projects (through both the Green Municipal Enabling Fund and the Green Municipal Investment Fund) have been approved for funding of more than $10 million, leveraging $46 million in total municipal spending to act on cleaner air, water, soil and climate change across Canada. 6 As well, municipalities have developed air quality plans, established inter-municipal air quality working groups (such as the Greater Toronto Area Clean Air Council), implemented building retrofit projects, promoted transportation alternatives, and investigated renewable energy options, such as district heating and wind power. KINGSTON S INVOLVEMENT IN CLIMATE PROTECTION The City of Kingston is a member of the Partners for Climate Protection Program (PCP). The Campaign calls for member municipalities to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to help mitigate the effects of climate change by following a five-milestone process. In 1998, ICLEI and the 5 Federation of Canadian Municipalities Web site. 6 Federation of Canadian Municipalities Web site. 6

8 Federation of Canadian Municipalities (FCM) created the Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) program, a Canadian version of ICLEI s CCP Campaign. Participants in the PCP program follow a five-milestone process to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, which is summarized below. The milestones are usually completed sequentially, but municipalities have the flexibility to complete them in the order they choose. Milestone One Completion of a greenhouse gas inventory (profile of energy use and emissions) using PCP software for both municipal (ie. corporate) operations and the community for the base year (Kingston has chosen 2000); forecast energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for corporate operations and the community. Milestone Two Establish a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target. Preferred targets are a 20% reduction in emissions from municipal operations and a minimum 6% reduction in the community, both within 10 years of joining the PCP program. Milestone Three Develop and finalize a Local Action Plan that aims to reduce emissions and energy use in corporate operations and the community. Milestone Four Implement the Local Action Plan. Milestone Five Monitor, verify, and report greenhouse gas reductions. The City has long been involved in energy conservation, pollution prevention, and emission reduction initiatives as part of its environmental management program. On April 17, 2001 Kingston City Council approved plans to address greenhouse gases and smogproducing emissions by joining the PCP. One action, the Emissions Inventory, addressed Milestone One of the PCP Community program: the preparation of an emissions inventory of the community at large. The community inventory was lead by IES staff with support from city staff, and Queen s TEAM members. After the completion of Milestone 1, the City of Kingston will then focus on maintaining its momentum by working towards completing Milestones Two and Three. The City has started the preparation of a Local Action Plan (Milestone Three) before setting a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target (Milestone Two). THE DEVELOPMENT OF KINGSTON S LOCAL ACTION PLAN A Community Local Action Plan is a living strategy document that outlines how a community will achieve its greenhouse gas reduction target. The City of Kingston will work with the community to develop this plan. This Plan will document the greenhouse gas emission reduction measures that the community has already implemented and will proposes new actions that would be necessary to close the gap between the projected growth in emissions and the reduction target. LOCAL ACTION PLANS IN OTHER MUNICIPALITIES An increasing number of municipalities around the world understand the many benefits of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and are taking action in their own corporate operations and in their community. Kingston is one of over 550 international municipal participants in ICLEI s Cities for Climate Protection Campaign, and one of over 100 Canadian participants in the Canadian Partners for Climate Protection (PCP) program. 7

9 While PCP participants are at various stages of progress in their greenhouse gas reduction efforts, four Canadian municipalities that have made great strides in their Local Action Plans include Edmonton, Regina, Perth, and Sudbury. Because each municipality is unique, so too has been the development and implementation of these cities Local Action Plans. 8

10 THE COMMUNITY EMISSIONS ANALYSIS AND METHODOLOGY The Community emissions analysis is a profile of the greenhouse gas emissions from the community first for a base year and then for a target year -- the target year is the year chosen for achieving your emissions reduction goal or target. The emissions analysis for these two years will give the information needed to design an effective emissions reduction strategy. They will be the references against which you will measure the reductions achieved by the plan. The Community emissions analysis is one of the basic building blocks of developing a local action plan for greenhouse gas emission reductions in your community. It is organized in six sectors -- residential, commercial, industry, transportation, waste, and "Other". The Community Emissions Analysis will first develop an analysis of the emissions for the base year selected for the local action plan (Kingston has selected 2000), and then develop a business as usual (BAU) emissions forecast for a future year in your local action plan. In this case the BAU was selected to be 2010 for each sector and 2012 to help in the selection of a target year and emission reduction target. INFORMATION NEEDS Because the PCP protocol calculates community GHG emissions primarily by carbon emissions resulting from the consumption of fossil fuels the PCP GHG emissions calculation is based on an energy consumption model. The key data needed to calculate the GHG baseline were the total community fuel and electrical energy consumption by sector (residential, commercial, industry, and transportation). The two exceptions are the Waste and Other sectors. For the residential, commercial and industrial sectors, local fuel and electricity providers were approached for this information in the form of total sales by different customer classes. Appendix B lists the methodology used to estimate the energy consumption for the various sectors of the community inventory. The Waste sector emissions are the ghg emissions associated with the organic waste that are landfilled by a community. For the Waste sector, the total amount of waste hauled to landfill has obtained from the City, the waste transfer stations and waste haulers. With a breakdown of the composition of the waste and an estimate of the percent of methane recovered at the local landfills in the base year ghg emissions associated with community waste in landfills was calculated. For the Other sector, you can input emissions of greenhouse gases directly which are not covered by the previous sectors. Emissions input data is to be in tonnes for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide and in kilograms for the PFC's, HFC's and SF6 if the Other sector is used. For the transportation sector, estimates of the vehicle kilometres traveled were obtained from transportation planning and traffic reports. This data was used in the VKT Calculator to make an estimate of VKT in the community. The information above is needed to quantify greenhouse gas emissions for any particular year. In addition, the software prompts for a number of indicator inputs. These include: population, total number of households, total commercial sector employment, total commercial building floor area, total industrial sector employment, and total industrial sector building floor area. These indicator inputs are optional and do not affect the calculation of greenhouse gas emissions and emission reductions but were recorded whenever possible.

11 All the required information needs are covered in data collection sheets for doing community inventories which were provided to the Queen s University TEAM to collect. Also, the CCP GHG software, which was supplied to Queen s University, also lists the information required for completion of the baseline inventory and BAU inventories. Information for the community inventory was gathered by the Queen s University TEAM members using standard PCP data collection forms and under the guidance of ICLEI. ICLEI used the gathered energy and fuel use estimates to calculate the community emissions inventory. COMMUNITY GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSION INVENTORIES BACKGROUND A greenhouse gas emissions inventory involves collecting data on fuel, energy, and waste from all the sectors that make up a community. In a community emissions inventory, energy consumption data in the residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation sectors are gathered, along with community waste generation and disposal information. Once energy consumption and waste generation data were collected, appropriate emission coefficients for each year were applied to calculate the resulting greenhouse gas emissions. Annual emissions are expressed in absolute terms and are not corrected for weather or community growth, in the same way that reduction targets are based on absolute amounts, or expressed as per capita figures. Calculations were performed using the ICLEI CCP GHG software. Although electricity does not emit any GHG such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or methane (CH4) when it is used, there are significant emissions of CO 2 at fossil fuel (coal, oil, natural gas) power plants where electricity is generated. These emissions are incorporated in the inventory through the quantity of electricity used. Electricity has an equivalent CO 2 emission coefficient (eco 2 ) for each unit of electricity used. This coefficient is an annual provincial average coefficient and it depends on how much fossil fuel generation is used in the electricity generation mix of all electricity power plants in Ontario and the power that is imported into the Province. Besides coal, oil and natural gas generated electricity in Ontario electricity is also supplied by hydropower, nuclear and renewable generation that do not produce eco 2 emissions. Because Ontario s electrical generation mix changes from year to year so does its eco 2 electricity emission coefficient. This means that in some cases, even when a municipality reduces its energy consumption, its greenhouse gas emissions may remain constant or even increase because the amount of fossil fuel electricity generation in the province s electricity generation mix has increased, or it may decrease quicker than expected because the generation of electricity is cleaner than it was before. For the baseline year of 2000 chosen by the city of Kingston the electricity emissions coefficient was kg of eco2 per kwh of electricity consumed. The ghg emissions associated with fuel use, principally natural gas, fuel oil and propane, do not change significantly with time. The emission coefficients for fuel used in Kingston were: tonnes per cubic metre for natural gas, tonnes per litre of fuel oil and tonnes per litre of propane. COMMUNITY GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS INVENTORY (MILESTONE ONE) Data on the five sectors in the community profile (residential, commercial, industrial, transportation, and waste) for the year 2000 were gathered at the direction of IES staff by City staff and the Queen s student teams and were analyzed by IES staff. Standard PCP data acquisition were undertaken by Queen s TEAM students hired by the City. Their role was to

12 gather data required to complete the PCP data acquisition forms for ghg inventories supplied by ICLEI. Copies of these forms can be found in Appendix A. Appendix B lists the people and companies/organizations that supplied the information. When the required data was not complete best estimates were calculated based on the data obtained and representative information about the community. These too are described in Appendix B. In recent years the City of Kingston has grown at a steady rate. From 1996 to 2001, Kingston s population increased by 1.4%. Consequently, the number of new homes, industrial and commercial establishments, new services, and the amount of traffic have increased, resulting in a rise in greenhouse gas emissions in the City. While the City and Queen TEAM gathered inventory data for 2000, greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption for 2010 were estimated. The estimates were based on population growth from 1996 to 2000 to 2010, used year 2000 electricity coefficients, and assumed that no new emission reduction measures were implemented from This estimate is referred to as Business As Usual (BAU) scenario. Table 2 below lists total energy consumption in gigajoules (GJ) and Table 4 lists the eco 2 emissions in Mg, commonly referred to as tonnes (t), in the Kingston community. Table Energy Consumption (GJ) Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Gasoline Diesel Total Percent Residential 2,074,000 2,027, ,463 51,060 4,461,360 23% Commercial 2,181,744 2,003, , ,300 4,664,810 24% Industrial 692, , ,650 1,584,839 8% Transportation 78,538 6,264,177 2,754,379 9,097,094 46% Total 4,949,088 4,795, , ,548 6,264,177 2,754,379 19,808, % Percent 25% 24% 3% 3% 32% 14% 100% (Per Capita 19,808,103/114,195=173 GJ) Table Fuel/Energy Consumption Sector Electricity (kwh) Natural Gas (cu m) Fuel Oil (Litres) Propane (Litres) Residential 576,222,222 53,280,005 7,974,741 2,000,000 Commercial 606,040,000 52,639,989 5,798,552 10,000,000 Industrial 192,484,444 20,080,005 5,000,000 Gasoline (Litres) Diesel (Litres) Transportation 3,076, ,732,170 71,209,385 Total 1,374,746, ,999,990 13,773,293 20,076, ,732,170 71,209,385 Cost $103,106,000 $37,800,000 $6,198,000 $8,030,520 $137,356,440 $47,710,287 (Cost were estimated using energy costs of 7.5 cents/kwh, fuel costs of 30 cents/cu m for natural gas, 45 cents/litre for fuel oil, 40 cents/litre for propane, 76 cents/litre for gasoline and 67 cents/litre for diesel)

13 BREAKDOWN OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION (GJ) The following Table and Figure shows a breakdown of the City s 2000 energy consumption by sector and energy type. In total, 20 million GJ of energy were consumed. Energy use in Kingston broken down into fuel/energy categories can be seen in Figure 1. Figure 1 Energy Consumption The greatest source of energy used Diesel 14% Electricity 25% by the City of Kingston was gasoline with nearly 32% of the total energy Gasoline 31% Propane 3% Fuel Oil 3% Natural Gas 24% used being electrical. Electricity was next at 25% followed by natural gas at 24%, diesel at 14%, fuel oil and propane at 3% of the total energy used. Figure Energy by Sector Forty-five percent of the total energy consumed in the City was Transportati on 45% Industrial 8% Residential 23% Commercial 24% used by the transportation sector, twenty-four percent by the commercial sector, twentythree percent by the residential sector, and eight percent by the industrial sector. BREAKDOWN OF CITY S ECO2 EMISSIONS The following Table and Figures show a breakdown of the City s eco2 emissions by sector and energy type for In total, the City produced over 1,384,982 tonnes of eco2.

14 Table eco2 Emissions (t) Sector Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Gasoline Diesel Waste Total Percent Residential 180, ,170 22,569 3, ,993 22% Commercial 189,692 98,966 16,410 15, ,330 23% Industrial 60,248 37,752 7, ,929 8% Transportation 4, , , ,874 45% Waste 24,856 24,856 2% Total 430, ,889 38,979 30, , ,298 24,856 1,384, % Percent 31% 17% 3% 2% 31% 14% 2% 100% Per Capita = 1,141,136/114,195=10.0 t/capita Figure eco2 Emissions by Sector Transportati on 45% Waste 2% Industrial 8% Residential 22% Commercial 23% Forty-five percent of the eco2 emissions were a result of energy use in the transportation sector, while twenty-three and twenty-two percent were each from the commercial and residential sectors, eight percent from the industrial sector, and two percent from the waste sector.

15 Figure eco2 Emissions by Source Thirty-one percent of the eco2 Diesel 14% Waste 2% Electricity 31% emissions were from electricity use and thirty-one percent were from gasoline consumption. Gasoline 31% Propane 2% Fuel Oil 3% Natural Gas 17% Natural gas accounted for seventeen percent of emissions and diesel was fourteen percent. Waste, propane and fuel oil accounted for the remaining emissions. SECTOR ANALYSIS The sector analysis focuses on how the energy consumption and eco2 emissions break down within their own sector. RESIDENTIAL SECTOR The following displays the energy use and eco2 emissions from each type of energy used in the residential sector for the year Table 4 - Residential Energy and eco 2 Emissions Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Total Energy (GJ) 2,074,000 2,027, ,463 51,060 4,461,360 Percent 47% 45% 7% 1% eco2 Emissions (t) 180, ,170 22,569 3, ,513 Percent 59% 33% 7% 1% Figure 5 - Residential Energy by Energy Type Fuel Oil 7% Propane 1% Electricity 47% The dominant energy type in the residential sector is electricity at 47% of total energy in this sector. This is followed closely by natural gas at 45%, then fuel oil at 7% and propane at 1%. Natural Gas 45%

16 Figure 6 - Residential eco2 Emissions by Energy Natural Gas 33% Fuel Oil 7% Propane 1% Electricity 59% Emissions associated with electricity make up 59% of the total residential GHG emissions. Natural gas is responsible for 33% of the residential emissions while fuel oil and propane makeup seven and one percent respectively. COMMERCIAL SECTOR Table 4 and subsequent Figures display the commercial energy use and eco 2 emissions according to energy type for the year Table 5 - Commercial Energy and eco 2 Emissions Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Total Energy (GJ) 2,181,744 2,003, , ,300 4,664,810 Percent 47% 43% 5% 5% eco2 Emissions (t) 189,692 98,967 16,410 15, ,369 Percent 59% 31% 5% 5% Figure 7 - Commercial Energy by Energy Type Natural Gas 43% Fuel Oil 5% Propane 5% Electricity 47% In the commercial sector the dominant energy source is electricity which makes up 47% of energy used in the sector. Natural gas use is also strong accounting for 43% of the energy used while fuel oil and propane each account for 5%.

17 Figure 8 - Commercial eco2 Emissions by Energy Type Natural Gas 31% Fuel Oil 5% Propane 5% Electricity 59% The emissions in the electricity sector are dominated by the emissions associated with the use of electricity. Electrical use is responsible for 59% of the GHG emissions in the commercial sector. Natural gas accounts for 31% of emissions, propane 5% and fuel oil 5%. INDUSTRIAL SECTOR The following Table and Figures displays the industrial energy use and eco2 emissions by energy type for the year Table 9 - Industrial and eco2 Emissions Electricity Natural Gas Propane Total Energy (GJ) 692, , ,650 1,584,839 Percent 44% 48% 8% eco2 Emissions (t) 60,248 37,752 7, ,650 Percent 57% 36% 7% Figure 9 - Industrial Energy by Energy Type Propane 8% Electricity 44% Proportionately, natural gas is the most used fuel at 48% of total energy used in the industrial sector. Electricity use makes up 44% of total energy use and propane, at 8%, makes up the rest. Natural Gas 48%

18 Figure 10 - Industrial eco2 Emissions by Energy Type Natural Gas 36% Propane 7% Electricity 57% Electricity use makes up 57% of the emissions of GHG in the industrial sector. Natural gas contributes another 36% while propane accounts for the last 7%. TRANSPORTATION SECTOR The following Table and Figures displays the transportation energy use and eco2 emissions by energy type for the year This was based on 1669 million VKT (derived from The City of Kingston Transportation Model) and a PCP default mix of vehicle type. Table 7 - Transportation and eco2 Emissions Propane Gasoline Diesel Total Energy (GJ) 78,538 6,264,177 2,754,379 9,097,094 Percent <1% 69% 30% eco2 Emissions (t) 4, , , ,020 Percent <1% 68% 31%

19 Figure 11 - Transportation Fuel by Energy Type Diesel 30% Propane 1% Gasoline 69% The predominant fuel used in transportation sector is gasoline. Gasoline makes up about 69% of the transportation fuel used in Kingston. Diesel makes up 30% with propane accounting for less than 1%. Figure 12 - Transportation eco2 Emissions by Energy Type Diesel 31% Propane 1% Gasoline 68% The transportation emissions are primarily due to the combustion of gasoline with 68% of emissions. Diesel contribute some 31% of emissions of GHG in the transportation sector and propane less than 1%. WASTE SECTOR Table 8 shows the community waste tonnage and the eco2 emissions for Approximately 51,600 t of waste went to landfill in 2000 that is responsible for the production of 24,856 t of eco2 emissions under the assumption that there is no landfill methane capture and flaring. Overall eco2 emissions accounted for 0.22 t/capita. This analysis is based on population estimates derived from Statistics Canada s census data. The City s population is estimated at 114,195. Table 8 - Waste Tonnage and eco2 Emissions Year Waste (t) eco2 Emissions (t) eco2 Emissions (t/capita) ,600 24, waste emissions would be 8,906 tonnes if the landfill had methane capture and flaring procedures in operation.

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21 BUSINESS AS USUAL (BAU) AND EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET The City of Kingston is projected to continue to grow at 1.4%/year. At this rate the emissions and energy use will increase proportionately to the population growth. The business as usual projection does not take into account any measures that have been put in place since the baseline year, This means that the projection of emissions does not reflect the measures implemented since 2000 and models the uncontrolled and unchanging increase in emissions that would take place in Kingston if no steps were undertaken to reduce emissions. Only under a rare combination of circumstances, such as larger than expected population growth and no emission or energy efficiency measures, would the BAU not be higher than the actual future emissions. Projections of the BAU are used to indicate the progress that communities are making to reducing their emissions and energy use. For Kingston the BAU scenarios are presented in tables 9 and 10. Table eco2 Emissions (t) Sector Electricity Natural Gas Fuel Oil Propane Gasoline Diesel Waste Total Residential 207, ,196 25,954 3, ,042 Commercial 218, ,811 18,872 17, ,530 Industrial 69,285 43,415 8, ,818 Transportation 5, , , ,924 Waste 28,584 28,584 Total 494, ,422 44,826 35, , ,443 28,584 1,592,729 Table Fuel/Energy Consumption Sector Electricity (kwh) Natural Gas (cu m) Fuel Oil (Litres) Propane (Litres) Gasoline (Litres) Diesel (Litres) Residential 662,655,555 61,272,006 9,170,952 2,300, Commercial 696,946,000 60,535,987 6,668,335 11,500, Industrial 221,357,111 23,092,006-5,750, Transportation ,537, ,841,996 81,890,793 Total 1,580,958, ,899,989 15,839,287 23,087, ,841,996 81,890,793

22 SETTING AN EMISSION REDUCTION TARGET With the completion of the baseline and an estimate of a 10 year BAU projection the next milestone in the PCP protocol is to set an emission reduction target. The Federation of Canadian Municipalities PCP guidelines for an emission reduction target for community emissions is a 6% reduction below baseline year GHG emissions within 10 years of joining the PCP. Since the City of Kingston has chosen the year 2000 for its baseline but only joined the PCP in 2001 the BAU estimates were extended to 2012 to estimate the scale of the reduction that a 6% emission reduction would require. Figure 13 illustrates the existing corporate emissions in 2000 (1,384,982 tonnes), the BAU until 2012 (1,637,638 tonnes) and the corporate emissions target that a 20% reduction commitment would entail (1,301,883 tonnes). Figure 13 Emission Reduction Target 1,800,000 1,637,638 1,600,000 1,384,982 1,400,000 1,200,000 1,177,235 1,301,883 1,000, , , , , The BAU scenario is used to provide an indication of the scope of the Community emission reduction that the community local action plan would have to meet. For example, in Figure 13 the baseline (year 2000) (Milestone one) community emissions are plotted and extended to 2012 (BAU ten years after joining the PCP) as if no measures were undertaken to reduce them. If the City of Kingston were to commit to a six percent community reduction below year 2000 (Milestone two) then the target that the community local action plan (Milestone three) would have to meet is an emission target of 1,301,883 tonnes eco2 by 2012.

23 eco2 tonnes/capita The BAU scenario indicates that the target reduction of emissions that the City has to plan for is in the range of 335,755 tonnes of eco2 (1,637,638 1,301,883). This is just an indicator of the range of reduction needed. The actual reduction progress from the implementation of the local action plan (Milestone four) will be measured and compared to the baseline year emissions (Milestone five). In this case the baseline year emissions are 1,384,982 and the target is a 6% reduction below this number. Again, a 6% reduction from baseline would mean reducing emissions to 1,301,883 tonnes by 2012 rather than relying on reducing emissions and measuring from the BAU prediction. Some measures that a community may incorporate in its community local action plan to achieve its community emission reduction target can be found in Appendix D. HOW KINGSTON COMPARES To compare how the carbon emission compare to other Ontario municipalities the results of the Kingston community inventory are presented in comparison to similar PCP member Ontario municipalities. Figure 14 illustrates that the City of Kingston emits 10 Mg/capita in eco2 emissions. This is in keeping for an older Ontario municipality. This confirms that the data collected for Kingston, because it is so close to that of other communities, is correct representation of the energy and fuel used in a town of this size. However, caution should be taken when comparing between municipalities because each municipality has a unique blend of residential/commercial/industrial sectors. Also the emission coefficient for electricity changes year to year and can have a strong influence on the total municipal emissions from year to year. Figure 14-Comparison Between Communities Per Capita Community Emissions Kingston Guelph 1994 Perth 1998 Perth 1992 London1990 Collingwood 1995

24 APPENDIX A - DATA COLLECTION FORMS

25 APPENDIX B - SOURCES OF INFORMATION AND DATA GATHERING METHODOLOGY This appendix 8 describes the methodology that the University of Queen s TEAM used to derive the energy and fuel use in the community sector. This data were gathered using the PCP community baseline data forms and was assisted with guidance from Queen s University TEAM supervisors and ICLEI staff support. The methodology used in this inventory is used by all members of the PCP Program. It is also the international standard used by municipalities around the world participating in ICLEI s CCP Campaign. The protocol was developed to assist members in quantifying greenhouse gas emissions and emission reductions. By developing common conventions and a standardized approach, comparisons between local governments can be made with the assurance that like elements are being compared. The creation of the protocol allowed ICLEI to develop and support software for greenhouse gas emissions planning by local governments. The City of Kingston s inventory was completed using ICLEI s software and a copy of the data files accompanies this report. The following section explains the methodology used in collecting and analyzing the energy consumption, and eco2 emissions data. The methodology for completing the report will not be presented in the same fashion as the macro data. Early in the process of gathering data and in consultation with peripheral support groups, the TEAM members chose to divide data collection into source groups instead of consumer groups. Therefore, presentation of the methodology will be of that form. Finally, in all cases methodology will refer to the collection of consumption figures as in all cases consumption figures were converted to emissions and energy use through a computer software program provided by ICLEI. ELECTRICITY Electricity consumption for the year 2000 was conducted using estimates from the providers on their sales for that year. The electricity market in Kingston functions as a dual regional monopoly, therefore estimates from this sector are believed to be a reasonably accurate depiction. Utilities Kingston is responsible for service provision within the city limits to all residential, commercial and industrial customers. In conducting market research, no instance of a private contract could be found. Hydro One is responsible for the outlying townships surrounding the city limits. Estimates from both of these companies were used in the analysis. Electricity Information Sources: Utilities Kingston Mr. McConnachie Hydro One Mike Della Rossa, dellarom@hydroone.com 8 taken from the reports City of Kingston Community Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory and Contact List prepared for the City of Kingston, prepared by Queen s University Laura Archer, Neal Boudreau, Jeff Flieler and Mark Trudell.

26 NATURAL GAS The natural gas market in Kingston functions in a similar fashion to electricity, with Utilities Kingston servicing customers within the city limits and Union Gas servicing the outlying area. As estimates from Union Gas could not be obtained, estimation techniques were needed which made use of electricity consumption numbers and the natural gas sales numbers provided by Utilities Kingston. Analysis of the numbers showed that consumption followed the relative pattern (in percentage terms) as electricity. Further, analysis of an earlier report provided by ICLEI showed that Kingston followed similar consumption patterns within the city limits as another similar municipality. Combining these two facts, electricity and natural gas consumption were assumed to follow the same consumer and regional consumption pattern. Therefore, aggregate township numbers were estimated using Hydro One s electricity market share and consumer consumption was estimated using the relative consumption numbers provided by Hydro One. Natural Gas Information Contacts Utilities Kingston Mr. McConnachie see above Union Gas Mike Deschesne ext. 255 FUEL OIL The determination of fuel oil emissions was calculated using estimation techniques due to corporate complexities. The first and most important piece of information was a sales figure in consumption of fuel oil obtained from a major oil producer. From here industry experts supplied an accurate estimate of market share in the oil industry. The resulting multiplication yielded the initial estimate for fuel oil consumption. As a check of this method, StatCan estimates of the percentage of homes using oil furnaces as a heating source were multiplied by industry average per household consumption estimates to infer the accuracy of the data. This check showed that accurate results were obtained, and the initial fuel oil estimate was retained. The breakdown by sector used in the heating oil section is an estimate obtained from a previous report conducted by ICLEI. As our group saw no reason why Kingston would have grossly different fuel oil consumption patterns than the city in the report and given the marginal nature of fuel oil on the total inventory number, the estimates were accepted. Fuel Oil Information Contacts Shell Canada Peter Penstone, District Manager PROPANE For propane consumption in the city of Kingston, Superior Propane is the major player servicing the city. After corresponding with employees at Superior who are responsible for tracking supply to the City of Kingston, we were able to find the majority of Propane consumption. The contact at Superior supplied a breakdown into sectors for commercial, industrial, and residential usage. To obtain the remaining propane usage in the City of Kingston our contact at Superior provided us with estimates for propane supplied by the remainder of companies that supply propane to

27 Kingston. After evaluating this data we used the ICLEI software to obtain the percentage of total usage into their respective sectors. Propane Sector Information Contacts Superior Propane Steve Barber Supplied all information regarding propane sector TRANSPORTATION The transportation sector was calculated using a report contracted by the City for the purpose of estimating the total vehicle kilometres traveled. The method of analysis is detailed below. The City of Kingston Transportation Model being developed as part of the City of Kingston Transportation Master Plan is a P.M. peak hour model. The model utilized population and employment data for the City and surrounding area to project the number of trips likely to be generated in the City. The model then applies trip distribution, and trip assignment procedures to allocate the estimated trips to specific routes in the City s road network. The number of total vehicle kilometers for the City is the sum of the assigned traffic volume on links in the network model, multiplied by the link length. The total number of vehicle kilometers driven during the P.M. peak hour is 405,000. The P.M. peak hour estimate provided by the model was used to determine the all-day total kilometers driven in the City. In determining this all-day number, data recorded in the transportation survey trip database was utilized. The number, and average length (straight line distance between origins and destinations) of auto-drivertrips recorded to have occurred during the P.M. peak hour, as well as the entire day, were used to convert the modeled output to represent the all-day condition. Transportation Sector Information Contact The City of Kingston All information on VKT provided by an independent researcher contracted by The City of Kingston WASTE It was not possible to obtain a breakdown of waste tonnages for the various sectors (residential, commercial, industrial). Therefore, tonnages of waste collected from various waste collection agencies in Kingston were used to estimate the resultant eco2 emissions. The following estimation was used to determine the composition of the waste: 30% paper, 13% food, 10% plant, 4% wood, and 35% other. This is a standard estimation for the breakdown of waste as determined by ICLEI. The software was subsequently used to determine the eco2 emissions produced. Please note: The emissions data also includes the resulting eco2 emissions from municipal facilities. Only waste sent to landfill was considered in the analysis. Further, waste collection from industrial facilities was not included in the analysis as this waste does not have a significant organic component and is deemed not to contribute to eco2 emissions.

28 Waste Sector The following displays a list of companies which were used in the determination of eco2 emissions for the City of Kingston. Included in the analysis are tonnages of waste which went to landfill. The total tonnage used for analysis was 49,000T T T ~ 51,000 T for the year This produced approximately 25,000 T of eco2. Canadian Waste 49,000 m.t. to landfill (for the year 2000) A transfer station located at 62 St. Remy Place, Kingston Includes waste from all sectors (municipal, residential, commercial, industrial) Includes waste collected from smaller companies within the Kingston Area The major waste collection company in Kingston Contracted by the City of Kingston for residential waste collection Dispose of waste at Richmond Landfill Site in Napanee Contact: Rose Giugovaz ext 245 Waste Services, Inc. Approximately 1 T wet waste/day = 365 T/year All other waste collected by the company includes industrial waste (plaster, scrap metal, etc) Dispose of waste at LaFlesh-Moosecreek Located at 1266 Macadoo Lane, Kingston Contact: Kevin Tannahill Kingston East Landfill 1330 T/yr (2000) Collects waste from former Pittsburgh Township Landfill with composting facilities on site In 2000, the Landfill collected the following: Municipal Collection 889 T Residential 85 T Large Article Disposal 313 T Industry 41 T Compost 396 T Compost not included in analysis Contact: John Rhodes The City of Kingston Other prominent companies that collect waste from the City of Kingston, which were not included in the inventory due to the fact that the PCP Waste Inventory is an organic waste inventory and does not include industrial and commercial waste are: BFI Canada Industrial disposal only Kimco Steel Sales Ltd Industrial disposal only CorCan Contact Gary Sly A special operating agency of Correctional Services Canada.