Storage a Pathway to a 100% Renewable Future Energy. Malcolm T. Jacques, New Energy Options, Melbourne, Australia

Transcription

1 Storage a Pathway to a 100% Renewable Future Energy Malcolm T. Jacques, New Energy Options, Melbourne, Australia

2 The Impact of Intermittent RE More Back-Up Power. More Balancing Reserves More Transmission Capacity

3 Back-Up Power Requirements

4 Balancing Reserves

5 Transmission Capacity Wind farms located in the sparsely populated North. WE can exceed local area demand. On windy days WE must be exported South. Additional transmission capacity needed as more WE installed.

6 Limitations of Existing Grids Grids designed for dispatchable power RE is intermittent and non-dispatchable. Intermittency is normal for Gas, Water, Grain, Information, etc. Intermittency is not a fundamental problem. More a consequence of history.

7 Is RE Limited to 20%? 20% RE accepted maximum. Government Policies Targeting >20% RE. RE Industry needs to demonstrate that 20% RE is NOT a limit. Storage needed for >20% RE.

8 The Solution Storage Electrical energy cannot be stored a myth. Proven storage technology is available. Business-as-usual attitude - more balancing reserves and transmission capacity will be needed.

9 Electrical Energy Storage Cost effective energy storage will be a key enabling technology for the stable operation of a liberalized energy market, for competitive energy pricing, and for the introduction of RE sources. European Commission Report 2002.

10 Advanced Storage Systems Pumped Hydro Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) Advanced Chemical Storage.

11 Pumped Hydro- Dinorwig, Wales Situated on edge of Snowdonia National Park Commissioned in x 288 MW generators Shutdown to full load 90s Standby to full load 16s Reservoir capacity 9 GWh 5 hours gen full-load Average head 520m Loading rate 50 MW/s - Coal 10MW/min

12 Pumped-Hydro Recent Developments Vatenfall, Goldisthal 1060 MW plant used to supply last-minute power and make up for fluctuations in supply from wind farms across Germany Variable speed synchronous generators Mini-Pumped Hydro (Water towers)

13 Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

14 Mini - CAES

15 Chemical Storage Systems Conventional Batteries - Pb/Acid, Ni/Cd, NAS, Li/Ion Flow Batteries/Rechargeable Fuel Cells - Polysulphide Bromide (Regenesys, UK) - Vanadium Redox (VRB, Japan/Canada) - Zinc Bromine (ZBB, USA) Fuel Cells (Hydrogen Storage)

16 Conventional Batteries Ni/Cd 40MW, Golden Valley, Alaska provides balancing reserves to grid.etc.

17 Flow Batteries - 30MW Wind/Storage (VRB) Project - Hokkaido.

18 Single Cell VRB Flow Battery System The installed cell stack consists of 108 Single Cells stacked as shown on left. Installed cell stacks and electrolyte tanks as shown below. Electrolyte Tank Cell Stack Cell Stack

19 J-Power 30MW Wind/Storage Project

20 J-Power Wind/Storage System 30 MW installed wind capacity. VRB Flow battery storage. 4 MW for 1.5 hrs, or 6 MW for 20 mins. Storage capacity ~ 20% of installed wind capacity. Discharge/charge time of 1.5 hrs. Reduces intermittency & smooths output.

21 Fuel Cells- Hydrogen Storage Norsk-Hydro, Utsira, Small Norwegian Island. 1.2 MW Enercon Wind Turbines Prince Edward Island, Canada.

22 Wind/Hydrogen H 2 as transportation fuel for Germany? H 2 needed to replace oil ~ 23 Mt. Electricity needed to produce H 2 ~ 1100 TWh. Electricity consumption 2005 ~ 600TWh. Installed wind capacity needed ~ 418 GW. Wind capacity 2005 ~ 17 GW. Massive infrastructure changes needed.

23 Status of Storage Technology Pumped Hydro adopted by utilities. Other storage technologies not adopted. Other storage technologies at same stage as wind power 10 years ago. Need similar programs to encourage and accelerate adoption of storage of RE. RE/H 2 expensive replacement for oil.

24 A Realistic Target for Storage Eliminate intermittency. Make RE dispatchable. Reduce RE back-up and regulation reserves. Realistic target is total elimination of RE regulation reserve requirements by Will also reduce back-up requirements. How much storage needed?

25 RE Regulation Reserve Requirements Dena grid study projections Max negative reserve MW. Provide by feeding RE to storage. Max positive reserve 7000 MW. Provide by feeding RE from storage MW of storage needed by Equivalent to ~ 3% of installed capacity.

26 Conclusions RE is intermittent and non-dispatchable. RE increases back-up and regulation reserve requirements. Storage can make RE dispatchable MW of storage needed to eliminate RE regulation reserve ~ 3.5% of 2015 capacity. Without storage RE will be limited to 20%. Government policy/programs needed to encourage development of dispatchable RE systems.