Contents. Introduction: Types of Energy

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1 Faculty of International Relations & Diplomatic Studies Academic Year: ( ) Batch No: (1) Course Title: International politics of energy Course code: IR-421 Lecture Title: Global Demand for Energy Instructor: Prof. Bakri M. Abdul Karim 29 December 2018 Contents Introduction: Types of energy What is Energy Demand? Why is there an increase in the demand for energy? Global variations in energy use Impacts of increased energy use from fossil fuels Conclusions Review Questions Further Readings Introduction: Types of Energy Energy is the power we use for transportation, for cooking and light in our homes and for the manufacture of all kinds of products. There are 10 main different sources of energy that are used in the world to generate power. While there are other sources being discovered all the time, none of them has reached the stage where they can be used to provide the power to help modern life go. All of these different sources of energy are used primarily to produce electricity. The world runs on a series of electrical reactions whether you are talking about the car you are driving or the light you are turning on. All of these different sources of energy add to the store of electrical power that is then sent out to different locations via high-powered lines. Basically, there are two sources of energy: (a) Renewable and nonrenewable energy. Nonrenewable Sources of Energy Most of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas and petroleum. Uranium is another nonrenewable source, but it is not a fossil fuel.

2 Uranium is converted to a fuel and used in nuclear power plants. Once these natural resources are used up, they are gone forever. It isn t easy to determine which of these different sources of energy is best to use. All of them have their good and bad points. While advocates of each power type tout theirs as the best, the truth is that they are all flawed. What needs to happen is a concerted effort to change how we consume energy and to create a balance between which of these sources we draw from. The process of gathering these fuels can be harmful to the biomes from which they come. Fossil fuels are put through a process called combustion in order to produce energy. Combustion releases pollution, such as carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide, which may contribute to acid rain and global warming. Renewable Sources of Energy Renewable sources of energy can be used over and over again. Renewable resources include solar energy, wind, geothermal energy, biomass and hydropower. They generate much less pollution, both in gathering and production, than nonrenewable sources. Solar energy comes from the sun. Some people use solar panels on their homes to convert sunlight into electricity. Wind turbines, which look like giant windmills, generate electricity. Geothermal energy comes from the Earth's crust. Engineers extract steam or very hot water from the Earth's crust and use the steam to generate electricity. Biomass includes natural products such as wood, manure and corn. These materials are burned and used for heat. Dams and rivers generate hydropower. When water flows through a dam it activates a turbine, which runs an electric generator. Since the end of World War II demand for energy has been growing by nearly 5.3% each year. The growth in world energy demand in the coming decades will be very large. The graph below shows the historical increase of global energy consumption between 1800 and 2000.

3 What is Energy Demand? World energy demand is the total energy needed by the people of the world, and it involves energy from all sources such as oil, gas, coal, nuclear power, electricity and renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy. Energy consumption has deep socio-economic, political, health and environmental effects on the entire people of the world. Therefore, while all people of the world should have access to the energy that they need for different purposes, they must produce and use energy in a rational way so as not to cause harmful effects that will damage the environment for current as well as the future generations. Various international organizations such as the International Energy Agency (IEA) and the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) record and publish World Energy Consumption data. Improved data and understanding of energy consumption help policy makers around the world in addressing energy issues and making global plans for energy development. According to the data collected by these organizations, that world energy consumption will grow by 28% between 2015 and Oil, coal and gas account for the majority of global primary energy consumption.

4 Energy consumption is a reliable indicator of a country s level of economic development. Energy consumption is highest at the moment in developed countries and countries with high populations. At the start of the 21st century, developed countries represented two-thirds of total oil demand. This is due to a high concentration of industry, high levels of car ownership and high domestic usage from homes filled with appliances. Well-developed manufacturing and service sectors, good provision of transport and movements of goods and people for work and leisure have high energy demands. Currently, the global energy use is around 220 million barrels of oil per day. In North America Canada consumption per head is double that of Europe and more than 800 times that of developing countries. The graph shows the current global energy consumption as well as expected consumption until 2040 broken down by the main five energy sources (nuclear, renewable, gas, and petroleum). The same data can be represented in the following chart:

5 Global variations in energy use Global variations in energy use means that different regions of the world use different amounts and different sources of energy. Most of the growth in the demand for energy comes from countries that are having strong economic growth in Asia particularly China and India. These countries are responsible for more than 60% of the world's total increase in energy consumption from 2015 through China already consumes more total energy than the United States. The same will be true of oil perhaps by the end of the decade, as China becomes more motorized. This year, 20 million new cars will be sold in China, compared to about 15 million in the United States. Some think that this number could grow to 30 million. However, developing countries face a huge energy challenge in the 21st Century: meeting the needs of billions of people who still lack access to basic, modern energy services while also required by the developed countries to participating in a global transition to clean, low-carbon energy systems. For example, over 600 million people in Africa still not have access to modern energy. Energy shortages in developing countries can have major impacts on the economic and social development of these countries. The following graph shows the global energy consumption from 1990 to 2040.

6 The chart below shows the consumption of energy by six geographical region in the world (Asia, North America, Europe, the Middle East, South America and central South America). Why is there an increase in the demand for energy? World population is still increasing. The world population in 2016 of 7.4 billion is projected to increase by 1 billion over the next 10 years and reach 9.6 billion by 2050, according to UN reports. Population and energy consumption are related. Experts believe that if we continue to grow at this pace, we ll need 50 percent more energy to sustain humanity by And that s not all; more people means we'll need more food, water and shelter, putting a strain on our renewable resources, as well. Growing populations and increasing standards of living for many people in developing countries will place even more demand on energy resources. As countries develop, their populations will require more energy. As wealth increases so does the demand for energy. Advances in technology increase the availability of products, which require energy. As wealth is generated, populations desire more consumer goods.

7 Consumer goods consume energy in their manufacture as well as their usage. As the world s population is getting wealthier, and the middle classes are growing people tend to consume more products that need energy for the production. The global population is not only growing, its composition is also changing in some very important ways. Over the next few decades, the number of people considered to be in the global middle class is projected to increase more from 430 million in 2000 to 1.2 billion in 2030 (or from 7.6% of the world s population to over 16%). The more money people have the more consumer goods they can afford to buy. Growing populations and increasing standards of living for many people in developing countries will place even more demand on energy resources. As people have got more money they purchase things to make their lives more comfortable or desire to own goods. Advances in technology increase availability of products which needs energy such as light bulbs and washing machines.

8 The map below outlines the predicted population change between 2003 and Energy Consumption and Economic Development In addition to the intuitively obvious dependence of energy consumption on population, there exists a strong relation between energy consumption and the economic well-being of a nation. Therefore, energy shortages in developing countries can have major impacts including: Prevention or slow down of achieving sustained dynamic growth Difficulty of building inclusive societies in the sense that some people will be deprived from basic energy needs Difficulty in achieving progress towards eradicating poverty Lack of adequate health services providing preventative and curative services Inability of providing education services for millions of children and young people

9 What Are the Effects of increased energy consumption? Social impacts: More power plants will have to be built to increase energy production. In order to meet the growing demand for energy, more power plants are large and unsightly people may have to move out of an area Waste or leaks from nuclear power stations may cause death or illness Increasing energy production creates jobs build, run and maintaining them Economic impact: A natural economic consequence of overusing energy is increased costs for all people. This can come in the form of fuel and energy bills; we will be paying more without an appreciable return on our investment. We may also risk lowering the expected lifespan of appliances and other electronics. When we have to replace spent devices, we further impact the environment by generating waste and purchasing replacement equipment. The wise use of electricity, therefore, can translate into long-term savings in energy bills and also reduce the need for other purchases Environmental impacts: Conserving energy is not just about saving on your electricity costs. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

10 (OECD) warns that, given the current trends, energy-related emissions will increase by 70 percent by This can accelerate the negative consequences of climate change, including higher temperatures and a rise in the frequency of extreme weather events. In areas with heavy population densities, the price you pay for home electricity is determined by supply and demand. Some power plants charge consumers more during peak hours. Your overuse will contribute to a scarcity in this energy supply and thus an increase in overall electricity costs. Over the long term, the rise in demand may place additional burdens on threatened environmental areas -- such as coastal areas or wildlife refuges -- to ensure adequate resources. Drilling for natural gas or mining for coal to meet excessive energy demands will negatively impact the environment. Further more, transporting oil either by pipeline or tanker can lead to leaks, Oils spills kills birds and fish and damages the marine ecosystem Conclusions Energy has both positive and negative impacts on societies. Access to abundant, affordable, secure, safe, and clean energy is beneficial for humans. But energy extraction, transportation, and use can have negative consequences to the health, environment, and economics of a society. Moreover, relying on imported energy can create vulnerabilities to a nation's security. The impacts of energy decisions are not equal for all people. Poor or marginalized societies are more likely to suffer negative consequences of energy decisions because they have a reduced capacity for adaptation and they may lack negotiating power compared to wealthier societies. Therefore, vulnerable populations can benefit greatly from improvements in energy accessibility, safety, or affordability.

11 Review Questions 1. What the top three most demanded energy sources? 2. Why is there an increase in the demand for energy? 3. What are the environmental impacts of increased energy consumption? 4. Which countries of the world have the highest demand for energy? 5. What is the economic impact of energy shortages in developing countries? 6. Is energy consumption equitable in all parts of the world? Further Readings: Students are advised to refer to the following online resources to gain further insights on the global demand for energy. World energy consumption - Wikipediahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_ Global demand for fossil fuels will peak in 2023, says think-tank... Global Energy Demand Could Grow 124% by 2100: Even Fossil Fuels BP Energy Outlook