Energy efficient buildings and cities in the U.S.

Transcription

1 Energy efficient buildings and cities in the U.S. International Building Research Prof. Arch. Thomas Spiegelhalter R.A. ACE, LEED AP Florida International University Miami Stuttgart, Sept. 19, 2010

2 U.S. Urban Land, and Building Energy Use Statistics Between 1982 and 2003 the rate of urbanization in the U.S increased by 48% Developed land accounts for ,40 thousand km2, or 5.6% of total land area in the U.S. while urban land is projected to increase from 3.1% in 2000 to 8.1% in 2050 SCALES The average population density of the U.S. is 31 (E.U. 134) people per km2, the average population density of metropolitan areas is 124 people per km2 while the population density in New York is 3150 people per km2. Source: Science.NASA

3 Population of the Largest U.S. Cities and Percent Change in Population from 2000 to 2007

4 Remember: Population density in New York is 3150 people per km2 SCALES Hong Kong 6339 people per km2

5 Energy Plan Overview Create Millions of New Green Jobs Ensure 10 percent of Our Electricity Comes from Renewable Sources by 2012, and 25 percent by Deploy the Cheapest, Cleanest, Fastest Energy Source Energy Efficiency. Weatherize One Million Homes Annually. Reduce our Greenhouse Gas Emissions 80 Percent by 2050 Implement an economy-wide cap-and-trade program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions 80 percent by Make the U.S. a Leader on Climate Change.

6 EXECUTIVE ACTIONS 2. Direct the DOE to work with ASHRAE, the U.S. Green Building Council, the American Institute of Architects and other stakeholder organizations to develop zero carbon model national building codes. All new and substantially remodeled commercial buildings should attain this goal by 2025 and all new/remodeled residential buildings by The codes should require that starting in 2010, all new construction (residential and commercial) must use 50 percent less energy than regional averages. These targets should adjust downward to achieve net zero by 2025/2030.

7 Invest in a clean energy economy and create 5 million new green jobs: Invest $150 billion over 10 years to advance the next generation of biofuels and fuel infrastructure, accelerate the commercialization of plug-in hybrids, promote development of commercial scale renewable energy, invest in low emissions coal plants, and begin transition to a new digital electricity grid.

8 "In 2009, all signs point to an infrastructure that is poorly maintained, unable to meet current and future demands, and in some cases, unsafe," the report said.

9 GHG data from UNFCCC Source:

10 GHG data from UNFCCC The GHG data reported by Parties contain estimates for direct greenhouse gases, such as: CO 2 - Carbon dioxide CH 4 - Methane N 2 O - Nitrous oxide PFCs - Perfluorocarbons HFCs - Hydrofluorocarbons SF 6 - Sulphur hexafluoride as well as for the indrect greenhouse gases such as SO 2, NOx, CO and NMVOC.

11 No nationwide mandatory Energy Code!

12 No nationwide mandatory Energy Code!

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15 aims to be a "20 Minute City" SustainLane 2008 US City Rankings (2009) <

16 SustainLane 2008 US City Rankings (2009) <

17 SustainLane 2008 US City Rankings (2009) <

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20 What's Your Building EQ? ASHRAE Pilot Program

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22 LEED Energy Performance NEW CONSTRUCTION, Source nbi, Final Report 04/08 E.U.-Low-Energy Building 60 (metered, boundary) KWh/m2 *a / kbtu/ft2*a E.U.-Passive House 4.75 kbtu/ft2*a (13 kbtu/ft2*a)

23 LEED Energy Performance NEW CONSTRUCTION, Source nbi, Final Report 04/08 Shows the portion of these buildings for which the various data types were available

24 At the extreme, several LEED certified buildings use more energy than the predicted code baseline modeling, as shown in the comparison of measured vs. proposed savings percentages below.

25 CA first statewide mandatory green building code in the U.S. The California Green Building Standards Code (or CALGreen) will go into effect January CALGreen (Commercial) with LEED BD+C, CALGreen (residential) with Build it Green and LEED for Homes.

26 CalGreen & LEED Living Documents

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29 CBECS National Average Source and Site Energy Use and Performance Comparisons by Building Type German Low-Energy Educational Building? 120 KWh/m *a / kbtu/ft2*a

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31 POE s

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33 Current European Passive Energy Building Standard 4.75 kbtu/ft2*a (13 kbtu/ft2*a)

34 Conclusion US legislative efforts must be nationwide based on actual, yearly, measured building energy performance rather than on modelled assumptions or samples from exceptional national demo buildings. If this approach were to be used, it should be compared against systematic global best practices, rather than only US peer groups of buildings. Image Source: Solar Decathlon. org Since years

35 There is an urgent need in the US (like for other countries as well) for 1. new, globally comparable, benchmarked building energy performance policies and indicators based on comparable life cycle scenarios. 2. disclosure laws for improved energy performance for new and existing buildings to meet short, medium, and long term goals of the 2030 carbon neutral challenge of the AIA are also warranted. Image Source: Solar Decathlon. org Since years

36 3. Actual building energy use and GHG rating displays should be nationwide emulated in the United States. Without clear nationwide standards for new buildings and major upgrade requirements for existing buildings, the US will never be able to reduce significantly GHG emissions. 4. GHGs emissions measuring against resource and GHGs reduction targets annually on an objective global benchmarking scale should be tied to nationwide energy use of the UNFCCC carbon emissions counting and ranking. Image Source: Solar Decathlon. org Since years

37 This is already partly practice in the United States with the Energy Star Portfolio program, but it is so far only a relative national ranking (the top 25%), as opposed to an absolute global benchmarking scale. If the US wants to get serious about reducing energy use in cities and buildings and inducing energysaving remodels, refurbishments, and renovations, it has to focus radically on comparing energy use per unit area per year by reliably linking local practice to global UNFCCC aims. Image Source: Solar Decathlon. org Since years

38 R E F E R E N C E S 1,UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, 2009, World Urbanization Prospects 2,U.S. Census, 2009, Population Estimates. Cities and Towns, Places over 100,000: ,UNEP-SBCI, 2009, The United Nations Environmental Program and Sustainable Buildings and Climate Initiative, COP15, Copenhagen. 4,National Research Council (2008) Urban Stormwater Management. 5,NRCS (2007) Natural Resources Inventory 2003 Annual NRI. 6,Nowak, D.J., Walton, J.T. (2005) Projected Urban Growth ( ) and Its Estimated Impact on theu.s. Forest Resource. Journal of Forestry ,U.S. Census Bureau (2009) U.S. Census, GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: ,Norman J., et al. (2006) Comparing High and Low Residential Density: Life-Cycle Analysis of Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Journal of Urban Planning and Development. 132(1) , EIA (2009) Annual Energy Review ,U.S. Department of Energy, 2009, Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. Solar America Cities. 11,U.S. Conference of Mayors, 2005, U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement. 11,U.S. Conference of Mayors, 2005, U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement. 12, Sustain Lane 2008, US City Rankings 13,Living Cities Report (2009) Green Cities: How Urban Sustainability Efforts Can and Must Drive America sclimate Change Policies 14,Thomas Spiegelhalter, 2010 Global benchmarking? Taking A critical look at eco-architectures resource usage, Intl. Conference on Ecological Architecture 2010, WIT The International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, , 2030 AIA Carbon Neutral Challenge 16, Cathy Turner, Mark Frankel, Energy Performance of LEED for New Construction Buildings, FINAL REPORT, March 4, 2008, New Buildings Institute (NBI), 17, ASHRAE, 2009 New Pilot Phase Building Energy Quotient Labeling, 18, Market Transformation (IMT), 2008: The Clean and Affordable Energy Act of 2008, and signed into law by District of Columbia Mayor Adrian Fenty 19, U.S. Energy Star Portfolio and Environmental Protection Agency s (EPA s) Manager Tool, 2010,