5.2 AIR QUALITY. A. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 1. Existing Conditions Air Pollutants of Concern. Criteria Air Pollutants

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1 5.2 AIR QUALITY This Section of the Draft EIS evaluates the potential for the proposed Project to impact air quality on a local and regional context. More specifically, this Section evaluates impacts associated with the Project that may potentially affect the regional and local air quality. Various federal, State, regional, and local programs and regulations related to anticipated air quality impacts are also discussed in this Section. Emission calculations and air quality modeling completed for the Project are contained in Appendix B, Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model Output of the Draft EIS. Please see Section 9.0 for a glossary of terms, definitions, and acronyms used in the Draft EIS. A. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING 1. Existing Conditions Air Pollutants of Concern Criteria Air Pollutants The pollutants emitted into the ambient air by stationary and mobile sources are regulated by federal and State law. These are known as criteria air pollutants and are categorized into primary and secondary pollutants. Primary air pollutants are those that are emitted directly from sources. Carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), coarse inhalable particulate matter (PM10), fine inhalable particulate matter (PM2.5), and lead (Pb) are primary air pollutants. VOCs and NOx are criteria pollutant precursors and go on to form secondary criteria pollutants through chemical and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere. Ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) are the principal secondary pollutants. A brief description of the criteria pollutants follows. Ozone (O3). O3 is a gas that is formed when VOCs and NOx, both byproducts of internal combustion engine exhaust and other sources, undergo slow photochemical reactions in the presence of sunlight. O3 concentrations are generally highest during the summer months when direct sunlight, light wind, and warm temperature conditions are favorable to the formation of this pollutant. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOCs are compounds comprised primarily of atoms of hydrogen and carbon. Internal combustion associated with motor vehicle usage is the major source of hydrocarbons. Adverse effects on human health are not caused directly by VOCs, but rather by reactions of VOCs to form secondary air pollutants, including O3. VOCs are also referred to as reactive organic compounds (ROCs) or reactive organic gases (ROGs). VOCs themselves are not criteria pollutants; however, they contribute to formation of O3. Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

2 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2). NO2 is a reddish-brown, highly reactive gas that is formed in the ambient air through the oxidation of nitrogen monoxide (NO). NO2 is also a byproduct of fuel combustion. The principle form of NO2 produced by combustion is NO, but NO reacts quickly to form NO2, creating the mixture of NO and NO2 referred to as NOx. NO2 acts as an acute irritant and, in equal concentrations, is more injurious than NO. At atmospheric concentrations, however, NOx is only potentially irritating. NO2 absorbs blue light, the result of which is a brownish-red cast to the atmosphere and reduced visibility. Carbon monoxide (CO). CO is a colorless, odorless gas produced by the incomplete combustion of fuels. CO concentrations tend to be the highest during the winter morning, with little to no wind, when surface-based inversions trap the pollutant at ground levels. Because CO is emitted directly from internal combustion engines, unlike ozone, and motor vehicles operating at slow speeds are the primary source of CO in the basin, the highest ambient CO concentrations are generally found near congested transportation corridors and intersections. Sulfur dioxide (SO2). SO2 is a colorless, extremely irritating gas or liquid. It enters the atmosphere as a pollutant mainly as a result of burning high-sulfur-content fuel oils and coal and from chemical processes occurring at chemical plants and refineries. When SO2 oxidizes in the atmosphere, it forms sulfates (SO4). Respirable particulate matter (PM10). PM10 consists of extremely small, suspended particles or droplets 10 microns or smaller in diameter. Some sources of PM10, like pollen and windstorms, are naturally occurring. However, in populated areas, most PM10 is caused by road dust, diesel soot, combustion products, abrasion of tires and brakes, and construction activities. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5). PM2.5 refers to particulate matter that is 2.5 microns or smaller in size. The sources of PM2.5 include fuel combustion from automobiles, power plants, wood burning, industrial processes, and diesel-powered vehicles such as buses and trucks. These fine particles are also formed in the atmosphere when gases such as sulfur dioxide, NOx, and VOCs are transformed in the air by chemical reactions. Lead (Pb). Pb occurs in the atmosphere as particulate matter. The combustion of leaded gasoline is the primary source of airborne lead in the basin. The use of leaded gasoline is no longer permitted for on-road motor vehicles, so most such combustion emissions are associated with off-road vehicles such as racecars that use leaded gasoline. Other sources of Pb include the manufacturing and recycling of batteries, paint, ink, ceramics, ammunition, and secondary lead smelters. At the federal level, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is responsible for the implementation of portions of the Clean Air Act (CAA) dealing with certain mobile sources of air emissions and other requirements. Charged with handling global, international, national, and interstate air pollution issues and policies, the USEPA sets national vehicle and stationary source emission Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

3 standards, oversees approval of all State Implementation Plans 1, provides research and guidance for air pollution programs, and sets National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The NAAQS for six common air pollutants (ozone, particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide, CO, lead, and sulfur dioxide) were identified from the provisions of the CAA of The California Clean Air Act, signed into law in 1988, requires all areas of the State to achieve and maintain the California Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS) by the earliest practicable date. The California Air Resources Board (CARB), a part of the California Environmental Protection Agency, is responsible for the coordination and administration of both State and federal air pollution control programs within California. In this capacity, the CARB conducts research, sets State ambient air quality standards, compiles emission inventories, develops suggested control measures, and provides oversight of local programs. The CARB establishes emissions standards for motor vehicles sold in California, consumer products, and various types of commercial equipment. It also sets fuel specifications to further reduce vehicular emissions. The NAAQS and CAAQS for each of the monitored pollutants and their effects on health are summarized in Table 5.2-1, Ambient Air Quality Standards. Table Ambient Air Quality Standards Air Pollutant Ozone Nitrogen dioxide Concentration/Averaging Time State Standard Federal Primary (CAAQS) Standard (NAAQS) 0.09 ppm, 1-hour ppm, 8-hour 0.18 ppm, 1-hour ppm, annual Most Relevant Health Effects ppm, 8-hour (a) Pulmonary function decrements and localized lung edema in humans and animals; (b) Risk to public health implied by alterations in pulmonary morphology and host defense in animals; (c) Increased mortality risk; (d) Risk to public health implied by altered connective tissue metabolism and altered pulmonary morphology in animals after longterm exposures and pulmonary function decrements in chronically exposed humans; (e) Vegetation damage; and (f) Property damage 100 ppb, 1-hour ppm, annual (a) Potential to aggravate chronic respiratory disease and respiratory symptoms in sensitive groups; (b) Risk to public health implied by pulmonary and extrapulmonary biochemical and cellular changes and pulmonary structural changes; and (c) Contribution 1 A State Implementation Plan is a document prepared by each state describing existing air quality conditions and measures that will be followed to attain and maintain National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

4 Air Pollutant Carbon monoxide Sulfur dioxide Respirable particulate matter Fine particulate matter Concentration/Averaging Time State Standard Federal Primary (CAAQS) Standard (NAAQS) 20 ppm, 1-hour 9.0 ppm, 8-hour 0.25 ppm, 1-hour 0.04 ppm, 24-hour 50 µg/m 3, 24-hour 20 µg/m 3, annual 35 ppm, 1-hour 9 ppm, 8-hour 75 ppb, 1-hour 0.14 ppm, 24-hour 150 µg/m 3, 24- hour 50 µg/m 3, annual 12 µg/m 3, annual 35 µg/m 3, 24-hour 15 µg/m 3, annual Lead 1.5 µg/m 3, 30-day 0.15 µg/m 3, 3- month rolling Visibilityreducing particles In sufficient amount such that the extinction coefficient is greater than 0.23 inverse kilometers at relative humidity less than 70 percent, 8-hour average (10 AM 6 PM) N/A Most Relevant Health Effects to atmospheric discoloration (a) Aggravation of angina pectoris and other aspects of coronary heart disease; (b) Decreased exercise tolerance in persons with peripheral vascular disease and lung disease; (c) Impairment of central nervous system functions; and (d) Possible increased risk to fetuses Bronchoconstriction accompanied by symptoms, which may include wheezing, shortness of breath and chest tightness, during exercise or physical activity in persons with asthma (a) Exacerbation of symptoms in sensitive patients with respiratory or cardiovascular disease; (b) Declines in pulmonary function growth in children; and (c) Increased risk of premature birth (a) Exacerbation of symptoms in sensitive patients with respiratory or cardiovascular disease; (b) Declines in pulmonary function growth in children; and (c) Increased risk of premature birth (a) Learning disabilities; and (b) Impairment of blood formation and nerve conduction Visibility impairment on days when relative humidity is less than 70 percent Sulfates 25 µg/m 3, 24-hour N/A (a) Decrease in lung function; (b) Aggravation of asthmatic symptoms; (c) Aggravation of cardiopulmonary disease; (d) Vegetation damage; (e) Degradation of visibility; and (f) Property damage Hydrogen 0.03 ppm, 1-hour None Odor annoyance sulfide Vinyl chloride 0.01 ppm, 24-hour None Known carcinogen Source:, 2012 Air Quality Management Plan, (2012, Table 2-1, p. 2-3). California Air Resources Board, California Ambient Air Quality Standards (CAAQS), Note: µg/m 3 = microgram per cubic meter; NAAQS = National Ambient Air Quality Standards; ppm = parts per million by volume. Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

5 Toxic Air Contaminants In addition to criteria pollutants, the South Coast Air Quality Management District () periodically assesses levels of toxic air contaminants (TACs) in the Air Basin. California Health and Safety Code, Section provides: Toxic air contaminant means an air pollutant which may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or in serious illness, or which may pose a present or potential hazard to human health. A substance that is listed as a hazardous air pollutant pursuant to subsection (b) of Section 112 of the federal act (42 U.S.C. Sec. 7412(b)) is a toxic air contaminant. Between April 2004 and March 2006, conducted the Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study III (MATES III), which is a follow-up to previous MATES I and II air toxics studies conducted in the Salton Sea Air Basin (Air Basin). issued the MATES III Final Report in September The MATES III study, based on actual monitored data throughout the Air Basin, consisted of several elements. These included a monitoring program, an updated emissions inventory of TACs, and a modeling effort to characterize carcinogenic risk across the Air Basin from exposure to TACs. The MATES III study applied a 2-kilometer (1.24-mile) grid over the Air Basin and reported carcinogenic risk within each grid space (covering an area of 4 square kilometers or 1.54 square miles). The study concluded the average of the modeled air toxics concentrations measured at each of the monitoring stations in the Air Basin equates to a background cancer risk of approximately 1,200 in 1,000,000 primarily due to diesel exhaust. The MATES III study also found lower ambient concentrations of most of the measured air toxics compared to the levels measured in the previous MATES II study conducted during 1998 and Specifically, benzene and 1,3-butadiene, pollutants generated mainly from vehicles, were down 50 percent and 73 percent, respectively. 2 The reductions were attributed to air quality control regulations and improved emission control technologies. Regional The Project Site lies within the Air Basin, which spans the Coachella Valley portion of the County of Riverside and the entire County of Imperial. Air quality management of the Riverside County portion of the Air Basin is overseen by. The Riverside County portion of the Air Basin is bound by the San Jacinto Mountains to the west and spans eastward up to the Palo Verde Valley. The Air Basin and the adjacent Mojave Desert Air Basin were previously included in a single large air basin known as the 2, Multiple Air Toxics Exposure Study in the South Coast Air Basin (MATES III) Final Report (2008) Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

6 Southeast Desert Air Basin. However, the California Air Resources Board (CARB) has subdivided this larger basin into the two separate air basins that are in place today. The Air Basin is classified as having a desert climate characterized by low precipitation, hot summers, mild winters, low humidity, and strong temperature inversions. The annual average temperature varies little throughout the Air Basin, ranging from the low 40s to the high 100s, measured in degrees Fahrenheit ( F). The Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC) maintains historical climate information for the western U.S., including the City of Palm Springs, which is the closest meteorological monitoring station to the Project Site (Station ID No ). According to this Station, the average maximum temperature in the local vicinity is F in July. The average minimum temperature is reported at 42.3 F in December and January. Air pollutant emissions within the region are primarily generated by stationary and mobile sources. Stationary sources can be divided into two major subcategories: point and area sources. Point sources occur at a specific location and are often identified by an exhaust vent or stack at a facility. Portable diesel generators and other similar equipment also are considered to be stationary sources of air emissions. Area sources are widely distributed and can include such sources as residential and commercial water heaters, painting operations, lawn mowers, agricultural fields, parking lots, and some consumer products. Mobile sources refer to emissions from motor vehicles, including tailpipe and evaporative emissions, and are classified as either on-road or off-road. On-road sources may be legally operated on roadways and highways. Off-road sources include aircraft, ships, trains, and self-propelled construction equipment. Air pollutants can also be generated by the natural environment, such as when high winds suspend fine dust particles. The main source of pollutants near the Project Site includes mobile emissions generated from both on-road and off-road vehicles. The USEPA and CARB designate air basins where ambient air quality standards are exceeded as nonattainment areas. If standards are met, the area is designated as an attainment area. If there is inadequate or inconclusive data to make a definitive attainment designation, they are considered unclassified. Federal nonattainment areas are further designated as marginal, moderate, serious, severe, or extreme as a function of deviation from standards. The current attainment designations for the Salton Sea Air Basin are shown in Table 5.2-2, Salton Sea Air Basin Attainment Status. The Salton Sea Air Basin is currently designated as being in nonattainment for the federal ozone, PM10, and PM2.5, nonattainment for the State PM10 and unclassified for State Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

7 PM2.5 standards. Areas where air pollution levels persistently exceed the State or national ambient air quality standards may be designated "nonattainment." A Severe 15 nonattainment designation indicates an area in nonattainment has 15 years to attain the standard. Table Salton Sea Air Basin Attainment Status Pollutant State Status National Status Ozone Nonattainment Severe 15 Nonattainment Carbon Monoxide Attainment Attainment Nitrogen Dioxide Attainment Attainment Sulfur Dioxide Attainment Unclassified PM10 Nonattainment Serious Nonattainment PM2.5 Attainment Unclassified/Attainment Source: State Status from CARB, Ambient Air Quality Standards, accessed May 13, In relation to other areas of southern California, the Agua Caliente Indian Reservation has good air quality. In the past few decades, however, noticeable deterioration of air quality has occurred due to transport of pollutants from coastal air basins to the west, primarily ozone, and locally generated coarse inhalable particulate matter (PM10) as a result of increased development and population growth, traffic, construction activity, and various site disturbances. Local Air Quality For evaluation purposes, has divided its territory into 36 Source Receptor Areas (SRAs) with operating monitoring stations in most of the SRAs. These SRAs are designated to provide a general representation of the local meteorological, terrain, and air quality conditions within the particular geographical area. The Project Area is located within SRA 30 in the Air Basin. operates two monitoring stations, one at the Palm Springs International Airport and one in the City of Indio. With greater attention being dedicated to particulate matter, monitoring for PM10 has been expanded both through temporary research and field data collecting systems, as well as the sitting of permanent wind speed and pollutant measuring devices. Table 5.2-3, Air Quality Monitoring Summary, summarizes published monitoring data from 2010 through 2012, the most recent 3-year period available. The data shows that during the past few years, SRA 30 has exceeded the ozone and PM10 standards. Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

8 Pollutant Ozone (O3) Table Air Quality Monitoring Summary Standards Year Maximum 1-hour concentration monitored (ppm) Maximum 8-hour concentration monitored (ppm) Number of days exceeding State 1-hour standard 0.09 ppm Number of days exceeding State 8-hour standard ppm Number of days exceeding federal 8-hour standard ppm Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) Maximum 1-hour concentration monitored (ppb) Annual average concentration monitored (ppb) Number of days exceeding State 1-hour standard 0.18 ppm Carbon Monoxide (CO) Maximum 1-hour concentration monitored (ppm) 2 Maximum 8-hour concentration monitored (ppm) Number of days exceeding 1-hour standard 20 ppm Number of days exceeding 8-hour standard 9.0 ppm Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Maximum 1-hour concentration monitored (ppm) Maximum 24-hour concentration monitored (ppm) Number of days exceeding State 1-hour standard 0.25 ppm Number of days exceeding State 24-hour standard 0.04 ppm Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10) Maximum 24-hour concentration monitored (µg/m 3 ) a 37 Annual average concentration monitored (µg/m 3 ) a 16.4 Number of samples exceeding State standard 50 µg/m a 0 Number of samples exceeding federal standard 150 µg/m a 0 Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Maximum 24-hour concentration monitored (µg/m 3 ) Annual average concentration monitored (µg/m 3 ) Number of samples exceeding federal standard 35 µg/m Source: South Coast Air Quality Management District, Historical Data by Year, (2013) a. High PM10 and PM2.5 data samples excluded in accordance with the EPA Exceptional Event Regulation due to the special events (i.e. high wind, firework activities, etc.) are as follows: PM10 (FRM) on August 28 at Indio (323 µg/m 3 ); and PM2.5 (FRM) on July 5 at Station 060 (94.6 µg/m 3 ). Also, the following high PM10 FEM data were excluded: July 3 (396 and 344 µg/m 3 ) and August 28 (265 and 375 µg/m 3 ), both dates recorded at Stations 4137 and 4157, respectively. Note: µg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter of air; aam = annual arithmetic mean; NA = not available; ppm = parts per million by volume of air. Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

9 Individuals who are sensitive to air pollution include children, the elderly, and persons with preexisting respiratory or cardiovascular illness. For purposes of environmental analysis, considers a sensitive receptor to be a location where a sensitive individual could remain for 24 hours, such as residences, hospitals, or convalescent facilities. Commercial and industrial facilities are not included in the definition because employees do not typically remain onsite for 24 hours. However, when assessing the impact of pollutants with 1-hour or 8-hour standards (such as nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide), commercial and/or industrial facilities would be considered sensitive receptors for those purposes. Numerous sensitive receptors surround the Project Site. The closest sensitive receptors to the site include residents in the Mission Hills communities located approximately 125 feet west of Los Alamos Road and approximately 150 feet southwest and south of Dinah Shore Drive. The Agua Caliente Resort/Casino/Spa, located at the southwest corner of Ramon Road and Bob Hope Drive, may also be considered a sensitive receptor for purposes of assessing potential health risks. 2. Regulatory Setting Federal At the federal level, the USEPA is responsible for the implementation of portions of the CAA that deal with certain mobile sources of air emissions and other requirements. Charged with handling global, international, national, and interstate air pollution issues and policies, the USEPA sets national vehicle and stationary source emission standards, oversees approval of all State Implementation Plans, 3 provides research and guidance for air pollution programs, and sets NAAQS. The NAAQS were set to protect public health, including that of sensitive individuals, and for this reason, the standards continue to change as more medical research becomes available regarding the health effects of the criteria pollutants. The primary NAAQS define the air quality level considered necessary, 3 A State Implementation Plan is a document prepared by each state describing existing air quality conditions and measures that will be followed to attain and maintain NAAQS. Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

10 with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health. 4 Other portions of the CAA, such as the portions dealing with stationary source requirements, are implemented by State and local agencies. The 1990 amendments to the CAA identify specific emission reduction goals for areas not meeting the NAAQS. These amendments require both a demonstration of reasonable further progress toward attainment and incorporation of additional sanctions for failure to attain or to meet interim milestones. The sections of the CAA that are most applicable to the Project include Title I, Nonattainment Provisions, and Title II, Mobile Source Provisions. The NAAQS were also amended in July 1997 to include an 8-hour standard for O3 and to adopt a NAAQS for PM2.5. The NAAQS were amended in September 2006 to include an established methodology for calculating PM2.5, as well as revoking the annual PM10. The CAA includes the following deadlines for meeting the NAAQS within the Air Basin: (1) PM2.5 by the year 2014 and (2) 8-hour O3 by the year Although the deadline for federal 1-hour O3 standard has passed, the Air Basin has yet to attain those standards; but it is continuing to implement the AQMP to attain these standards as soon as possible. State The California CAA, signed into law in 1988, requires all areas of the State to achieve and maintain the CAAQS by the earliest practicable date. CARB, a part of the California Environmental Protection Agency, is responsible for the coordination and administration of both State and federal air pollution control programs within California. In this capacity, CARB conducts research, sets State ambient air quality standards, compiles emission inventories, develops suggested control measures, and provides oversight of local programs. CARB establishes emissions standards for motor vehicles, consumer products, and various types of commercial equipment sold in California. It also sets fuel specifications to further reduce vehicular emissions. Table includes the CAAQS currently in effect for each of the criteria pollutants as well as other pollutants recognized by the State. As shown in Table 5.2-1, the CAAQS includes more stringent standards than the NAAQS. 4 EPA, A Comprehensive Analysis of Biodiesel Impacts on Exhaust Emissions, EPA420-P (October 2002). EPA, Office of Air and Radiation, Nitrogen Oxides: Impact on Public Health and the Environment (1997), EPA, Ozone and Your Health, EPA-452/F (1999), EPA, Particle Pollution and your Health, EPA-452/F (September 2003), EPA, Health and Environmental Impacts of CO, health.html. EPA, Fact Sheet: Proposed Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nitrogen Dioxide (July 22, 2009), Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

11 A State Implementation Plan is a document prepared by each state describing existing air quality conditions and measures that will be followed to attain and maintain the NAAQS. The State Implementation Plan for California is administered by the CARB, which has overall responsibility for Statewide air quality maintenance and air pollution prevention. The CARB also administers CAAQS for the 10 air pollutants designated in the California Clean Air Act. The 10 State air pollutants are the six NAAQS listed above (CO2, CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC, SF6) as well as visibility-reducing particulates 5, hydrogen sulfide, sulfates, and vinyl chloride. CARB Airborne Toxic Control Measure to Limit Diesel-Fueled Commercial Motor Vehicle Idling. CARB adopted a new section 2485 within Chapter 10, Article 1, Division 3, title 13 in the California Code of Regulations. 6 This measure limits the idling of diesel vehicles to reduce emissions of toxics and criteria pollutants. The driver of any vehicle subject to this section: (1) shall not idle the vehicle s primary diesel engine for greater than 5 minutes at any location; and (2) shall not idle a diesel-fueled auxiliary power system for more than 5 minutes to power a heater, air conditioner, or any ancillary equipment on the vehicle if it has a sleeper berth and the truck is located within 100 feet of a restricted area (homes and schools). CARB Final Regulation Order, Requirements to Reduce Idling Emissions from New and In-Use Trucks. This regulation requires that new 2008 and subsequent model-year heavy-duty diesel engines are equipped with an engine shutdown system. This system automatically shuts down the engine after 5 minutes of continuous idling operation once the vehicle is stopped, the transmission is set to neutral or park, and the parking brake is engaged. If the parking brake is not engaged, the engine shutdown system shuts down the engine after 15 minutes of continuous idling operation once the vehicle is stopped and the transmission is set to neutral or park. CARB Regulation for In-Use Off-Road Diesel Vehicles. On July 26, 2007, the CARB adopted a regulation to reduce diesel particulate matter and NOx emissions from in-use (existing) off-road heavy-duty diesel vehicles in California. Such vehicles are typically used in construction, mining, and industrial operations. As similar types of diesel equipment will be used in the construction and development of the Project Site, this regulation is relevant to this Project. The regulation imposed limits on idling, buying older off- 5 Visibility-reducing particles consist of suspended particulate matter, which is a complex mixture of tiny particles that consists of dry solid fragments, solid cores with liquid coatings, and small droplets of liquid. These particles vary greatly in shape, size and chemical composition, and can be made up of many different materials such as metals, soot, soil, dust, and salt. 6 CARB, Airborne Toxic Control Measure to Limit Diesel-Fueled Commercial Motor Vehicle Idling, accessed September 30, Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

12 road diesel vehicles, and selling vehicles beginning in It requires all vehicles to be reported to CARB and labeled in 2009; and then in 2010 begins gradual requirements to clean up their fleet by getting rid of older engines, using newer engines, and installing exhaust retrofits. The regulation requires equipment to be retrofitted or retired. The regulation takes effect in phases, requiring the largest fleets to comply by 2010, medium fleets by 2013, and smaller fleets by Statewide Truck and Bus Rule. On December 12, 2008, the CARB approved a new regulation to significantly reduce emissions from existing on-road diesel vehicles operating in California. The regulation requires affected trucks and buses to meet performance requirements between 2011 and By January 1, 2023, all vehicles must have a 2010 model year engine or be modified to result in equivalent performance. The regulation applies to all on-road heavy-duty diesel-fueled vehicles with a gross vehicle weight rating greater than 14,000 pounds, agricultural yard trucks with off-road certified engines, and certain diesel fueled shuttle vehicles of any gross vehicle weight rating. Out-of-state trucks and buses that operate in California are also subject to the regulation. Diesel Particulate Matter. Diesel-fueled vehicles are a source of diesel exhaust particulate matter (DPM), which CARB has designated as a TAC. In addition, motor vehicles are a source of other TACs that can contribute to health effects. CARB has determined that health effects are generally elevated near heavily traveled roadways. The CARB Air Quality and Land Use Handbook states, Air pollution studies indicate that living close to high traffic and the associated emissions may lead to adverse health effects beyond those associated with regional air pollution in urban areas. 7 The Air Quality and Land Use Handbook cites several studies linking adverse respiratory health effects (e.g., asthma) to proximity to roadways with heavy traffic densities, where the distances between the roadway and the receptors were 300 to 1,000 feet. Other studies suggest that such impacts diminish with distance, and a substantial benefit occurs if the separation distance is greater than 300 to 500 feet. The Air Quality and Land Use Handbook, which is intended to serve as a general reference guide for planning agencies to evaluate and reduce air pollution impacts associated with new projects that go through the land use decision-making process, contains general recommendations that may reduce potential health impacts by establishing a buffer zone or setback between sensitive land uses and sources of TACs. Specifically, with respect to land uses located near freeways and other heavily traveled roadways, CARB recommends that lead agencies avoid citing new sensitive land uses within 500 feet of a freeway, urban roads with 100,000 vehicles per day, or rural roads with 50,000 vehicles per day. 7 California EPA, California Air Resources Board, Air Quality and Land Use Handbook: A Community Health Perspective, (2005), 8. Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

13 Regional and Local South Coast Air Quality Management District The USEPA is responsible for the implementation of the Clean Air Act on Tribal lands; State and local agencies, such as and Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG), do not have jurisdiction. However, although not required to do so, this Project will comply with air quality regulations. This voluntary compliance does not include submission of the Tribe to authority or the payment of any fees by the Tribe to. shares responsibility with CARB for ensuring that all State and federal ambient air quality standards are achieved and maintained over an area of approximately 10,743 square miles. This area includes the South Coast and Salton Sea Air Basins, all of Orange County, and the non-desert portions of Los Angeles, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties. It does not include the Antelope Valley or the nondesert portion of western San Bernardino County. is responsible for controlling emissions primarily from stationary sources. maintains air quality monitoring stations throughout the Air Basins., in coordination with the SCAG, is also responsible for developing, updating, and implementing the AQMP for the Air Basins. An AQMP is a plan prepared and implemented by an air pollution district for a county or region designated as nonattainment of the national and/or California ambient air quality standards. The term nonattainment area is used to refer to an air basin in which one or more ambient air quality standards are exceeded. The purpose of the 2003 AQMP is to lead the South Coast Air Basin and portions of the Salton Sea Air Basin under jurisdiction into compliance with the 1-hour ozone and PM10 national standards. 8 The goal of the 2007 AQMP is to lead the South Coast Air Basin into compliance with the national 8-hour ozone and PM2.5 standards. The 2003 AQMP also replaced the 1997 attainment demonstration for the federal CO standard, provided a basis for a maintenance plan for CO for the future, and updated the maintenance plan for the federal nitrogen dioxide standard that the South Coast Air Basin has met since A subsequent AQMP for the basin was adopted by on June 1, The 2007 AQMP outlined a detailed strategy for meeting the national health-based standards for PM2.5 by 2015 and 8-hour ozone by , Air Quality Management Plan (2003), 9 (2003), , Final 2007 Air Quality Management Plan (2007), Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

14 while accounting for and accommodating future expected growth. The 2007 AQMP incorporated significant new emissions inventories, ambient measurements, scientific data, control strategies, and air quality modeling. Most of the reductions were to be from mobile sources, which are currently responsible for about 75 percent of all smog and particulate-forming emissions. approved the 2012 AQMP on December 7, The 2012 AQMP incorporates the latest scientific and technological information and planning assumptions, including the 2012 Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategy and updated emission inventory methodologies for various source categories. The 2012 AQMP outlines a comprehensive control strategy that meets the requirement for expeditious progress toward attainment with the 24-hour PM2.5 federal ambient air quality standard with all feasible control measures and demonstrates attainment of the standard by The 2012 AQMP is also an update to the 8-hour ozone control plan with new emission reduction commitments from a set of new control measures, which implement the 2007 AQMP s Section 182 (e)(5) commitments. is responsible for limiting the amount of emissions that can be generated throughout the Air Basins by various stationary, area, and mobile sources. Specific rules and regulations have been adopted by the Governing Board, which limit the emissions that can be generated by various uses/activities and that identify specific pollution reduction measures, which must be implemented in association with various uses and activities. These rules not only regulate the emissions of the federal and State criteria pollutants but also TACs and acutely hazardous materials. The rules are also subject to ongoing refinement by. Among the rules applicable to the Project are Rule 403 (Fugitive Dust), Rule (Supplemental Fugitive Dust Control Requirements For Coachella Valley Sources), and Rule 1113 (Architectural Coatings). Rule 403 requires the use of stringent best available control measures to minimize PM10 emissions during grading and construction activities. Rule requires active operations within a Blowsand Zone stabilize new man-made deposits of bulk material and requires a fugitive dust control plan for construction projects. Rule 1113 will require reductions in the VOC content of coatings, with a substantial reduction in the VOC content limit for flat coatings to 50 grams per liter (g/l) in July Additional details regarding these rules and other potentially applicable rules are presented as follows. 11, Rule 1113 Architectural Coating (amended September 6, 2013). Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

15 Rule 403 (Fugitive Dust). This rule requires fugitive dust sources to implement Best Available Control Measures for all sources and prohibits all forms of visible particulate matter from crossing any property line. This may include application of water or chemical stabilizers to disturbed soils, covering haul vehicles, restricting vehicle speeds on unpaved roads to 15 miles per hour (mph), sweeping loose dirt from paved site access roadways, cessation of construction activity when winds exceed 25 mph, and establishing a permanent ground cover on finished sites. Rule 403 is intended to reduce PM10 emissions from any transportation, handling, construction, or storage activity that has the potential to generate fugitive dust (see also Rule 1186). Rule (Supplemental Fugitive Dust Control Requirements For Coachella Valley Sources). This rule requires the reduction or prevention of the amount of PM10 emitted in the ambient air from man-made fugitive dust sources. The provisions of this rule are supplemental to Rule 403 and apply only to fugitive dust sources in the Coachella Valley. In addition, this rule requires a fugitive dust control plan for construction projects with a disturbed surface area of more than 5,000 square feet. Rule 1113 (Architectural Coatings). This rule requires manufacturers, distributors, and end users of architectural and industrial maintenance coatings to reduce VOC emissions from the use of these coatings, primarily by placing limits on the VOC content of various coating categories. Rule 1121 (Control of Nitrogen Oxides from Residential Type, Natural Gas-Fired Water Heaters). This rule prescribes NOx emission limits for natural gas-fired water heaters with heat input rates less than 75,000 British Thermal Unit (BTU) per hour. It applies to manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and installers of natural gas-fired water heaters. In lieu of meeting these NOx limits, this rule allows emission mitigation fees to be collected from water heater manufacturers to fund stationary and mobile source emission reduction projects targeted at offsetting NOx emissions from water heaters that do not meet Rule 1121 emission standards. Rule (Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen from Large Water Heaters and Small Boilers and Process Heaters). This rule requires manufacturers, distributors, retailers, refurbishers, installers, and operators of new and existing units to reduce NOx emissions from natural gas-fired water heaters, boilers, and process heaters as defined in this rule. Rule 1186 (PM10 Emissions from Paved and Unpaved Roads, and Livestock Operations). This rule applies to owners and operators of paved and unpaved roads and livestock operations. The rule is intended to reduce PM10 emissions by requiring the cleanup of material deposited onto paved roads, use of certified street sweeping equipment, and treatment of high-use unpaved roads (see also Rule 403). Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

16 Stationary emissions sources subject to these rules are regulated through s permitting process. Through this permitting process, also monitors the amount of stationary emissions being generated and uses this information in developing AQMPs. The Project would be subject to rules and regulations to reduce specific emissions and to mitigate potential air quality impacts. Coachella Valley PM10 State Implementation Plan The Air Basin is designated as a serious nonattainment area for PM10. The attainment date for serious nonattainment areas to achieve the PM10 NAAQS was After years of demonstrating attainment of the PM10 standards prior to 1999, PM10 levels during the next three years ( ) did not demonstrate attainment of the annual average PM10 NAAQS. Under the federal Clean Air Act, an area can request an extension of up to five years to attain the PM10 NAAQS if certain requirements are met, including creation of a State Implementation Plan (SIP) that demonstrates expeditious attainment of the standards. Thus, established additional strategies for the control of PM10 in the Coachella Valley PM10 State Implementation Plan (CVSIP), which was most recently updated in The 2003 CVSIP updates the emission inventories, emission budgets, and attainment modeling for the Air Basin AQMP The 2012 AQMP also addresses several State and federal planning requirements, incorporating new scientific information, primarily in the form of updated emissions inventories, ambient measurements, and new meteorological air quality models. This Plan builds upon the approaches taken in the 2007 AQMP for the South Coast Air Basin for the attainment of federal PM and ozone standards, and highlights, and highlights the significant amount of reductions needed and the urgent need to engage in interagency coordinated planning to identify additional strategies, especially in the area of mobile sources, to meet all federal criteria pollutant standards within the timeframes allowed under the federal Clean Air Act. The AQMP provides local guidance for the SIP, which provides the framework for air quality basins to achieve attainment of the State and federal ambient air quality standards. Areas that meet ambient air quality standards are classified as attainment areas, while areas that do not meet these standards are classified as nonattainment areas. Severity classifications for ozone nonattainment range in magnitude: marginal, moderate, serious, sever, and extreme. Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

17 Air Quality Analysis Guidance Handbook In 1993, prepared its CEQA Air Quality Handbook to assist local government agencies and consultants in preparing environmental documents for projects subject to CEQA. 12 However, is in the process of developing its Guidance Handbook to replace the CEQA Handbook. The CEQA Handbook and the Guidance Handbook describe the criteria that uses when reviewing and commenting on the adequacy of environmental documents. The Guidance Handbook provides the most up-to-date recommended s of significance in order to determine if a project will have a significant adverse environmental impact. Other important subjects covered in the CEQA Handbook and the Guidance Handbook include methodologies for estimating project emissions and mitigation measures that can be implemented to avoid or reduce air quality impacts. Although the Governing Board of has adopted the CEQA Handbook and is in the process of developing the Guidance Handbook, does not, nor does it intend to, supersede a local jurisdiction s CEQA procedures. 13 While the Guidance Handbook is being developed, supplemental information has been adopted by. These include revisions to the air quality significance s and a procedure referred to as localized significance s, which has been added as a significance under the Local Significance (LST) Methodology. 14 The applicable portions of the CEQA Handbook, the Guidance Handbook, and other revised methodologies were used in preparing the air quality analysis in this Section, as discussed and referenced later in this Section. Southern California Association of Governments SCAG is the authorized regional agency for intergovernmental review of programs proposed for federal financial assistance and direct development activities. SCAG consists of local governments from Los Angeles, Ventura, Orange, San Bernardino, Riverside, and Imperial counties. SCAG is also responsible for the designated Regional Transportation Plan, including its Sustainable Communities Strategy component pursuant to SB 375. The Sustainable Communities Strategy has been formulated to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from passenger vehicles by 8 percent per capita by 2020 and 13 percent per capita by 2035 compared to 2005 targets set by the California Air Resources Board. The Regional Transportation Plan/Sustainable Communities Strategies (RTP/SCS) links the goal of sustaining mobility with the goals of fostering economic development, enhancing the environment, reducing energy consumption, promoting transportation-friendly development patterns, 12, Air Quality Analysis Guidance Handbook (2010), 13, Frequently Asked CEQA Questions (2010), 14, Final Localized Significance Methodology (2008). Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

18 and encouraging fair and equitable access to residents affected by socioeconomic, geographic and commercial limitations. B. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 1. s of Significance In order to assist in determining whether a project would have a significant effect on the environment, the Tribe finds a project may be deemed to have a significant impact to air quality, if it would: 5.2-1: 5.2-2: 5.2-3: : 5.2-5: Conflict with or obstruct implementation of the applicable air quality plan? Violate any air quality standard or contribute substantially to an existing or projected air quality violation? Result in a cumulatively considerable net increase of any criteria pollutant for which the project region is non-attainment under an applicable federal or state ambient air quality standard (including releasing emissions which exceed quantitative s for ozone precursors)? Expose sensitive receptors to substantial pollutant concentrations? Create objectionable odors affecting substantial number of people? Under CEQA, is a commenting agency on air quality within its jurisdiction or impacting its jurisdiction. Under the Federal CAA, has adopted federal attainment plans for O3 and PM10. reviews projects to ensure that they would not: (1) cause or contribute to any new violation of any air quality standard; (2) increase the frequency or severity of any existing violation of any air quality standard; or (3) delay timely attainment of any air quality standard or any required interim emission reductions or other milestones of any federal attainment plan. has identified s to determine the significance of both local air quality impacts and impacts to regional air quality for construction activities and project operation, as shown in Table 5.2-4, Mass Daily Emissions s. Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

19 Pollutant Table Mass Daily Emissions s Construction (pounds/day) Operational (pounds/day) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Nitrogen dioxide (NOx) Carbon monoxide (CO) Sulfur dioxide (SOx) Respirable particulate matter (PM10) Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) Source:, CEQA Air Quality Handbook (November 1993). It should be noted that the operational s are the same as the construction s for projects located within the Coachella Valley. has identified s to determine the significance of both local air quality impacts and impacts to regional air quality. The localized significance s used in this analysis address whether there are potential impacts to residents of the Reservation, the City of Rancho Mirage ( City ) and nearby County residents in the residential communities and neighborhoods located around and near the Project Site. The initial review of potential local impacts involves a determination of whether emissions from the Project would exceed the LST identified by. Table 5.2-5, Coachella Valley LST for 5-Acre Site, shows the LST for a 5-acre site in the Coachella Valley for a sensitive receptor at 50 meters (150 feet). If the emissions exceed the LST then additional analysis is performed to determine if emissions from the Project would result in concentrations that exceed the standards in Table Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project

20 Pollutant Construction Table Coachella Valley LST for 5-Acre Site LST (pounds/day) Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 340 Carbon monoxide (CO) 3,237 Respirable particulate matter (PM10) 44 Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) 11 Operational Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 340 Carbon monoxide (CO) 3,237 Respirable particulate matter (PM10) 11 Respirable particulate matter (PM2.5) 3 Source:, Mass Rate LST Look-up Tables (2009). The significance of localized project impacts depends on whether ambient CO levels in the vicinity of the proposed project are above or below State and federal CO standards. If the project causes an exceedance of either the State 1-hour or 8-hour CO concentrations, the project would be considered to have a significant local impact. If ambient levels already exceed a State or federal standard, then project emissions are considered significant if they increase 1-hour CO concentrations by 1.0 parts per million (ppm) or more, or 8-hour CO concentrations by 0.45 ppm or more pursuant to Rule 1303(b). s CEQA Air Quality Handbook identifies several methods to determine the cumulative significance of land use projects (i.e., whether the contribution of a project is cumulatively considerable). However, no longer recommends the use of these methodologies. Instead, recommends that any construction-related emissions and operational emissions from individual development projects that exceed the project-specific mass daily emissions s identified previously also can be considered cumulatively considerable. 15 neither recommends quantified analyses of the emissions generated by a set of cumulative development projects, nor provides s of significance to be used to assess the impacts associated with these emissions. 15 White Paper on Regulatory Options for Addressing Cumulative Impacts from Air Pollution Emissions, Board Meeting, September 5, 2003, Agenda No. 29, Appendix D, D-3. Meridian Consultants Section 24 Specific Plan Project