CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

Transcription

1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

2 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT This is a proposal for expansion of Sugar cane crushing capacity from 10000TCD to 20,000 TCD, Co-generation power plant from 44 MW to 75 MW & Molasses based Distillery from 75 KLPD to 200 KLPD in the premises of M/s UGAR SUGAR WORKS LTD.(USWL) Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum, State: Karnataka. Image 1.1: The Ugar Sugar Works Ltd. Ugar Khurd USWL has distillery, IML section and Co-generation plant. The company has expanded its capacity from time to time and the present capacity is 10000TCD and 44 MW cogeneration, out of which MW is exportable. The factory started Distillery in the year 1963 & the present capacity of the distillery is 75 KLPD (30 KLPD batch type & 45 KLPD continuous type). Consisting of 20 KLPD Ethanol Plant & 50 KLPD ENA Plant with blending & bottling of 9 different IML varieties. The company has provided fully fledged effluent treatment plant which includes bio-digesters, concentration & spray drying of spent wash, treatment of sugar factory effluent etc. The company has also provided biogas plant where filter cake is used for domestic fuel requirement. The gas is provided to 170 residential quarters. Filter cake is a by-product of sugar factory. 2 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

3 1.2 BACKGROUND OF PROJECT PROPONENT OF THE PROPONENT The Ugar Sugar Works Ltd. is one of the pioneers in sugar production in the state of Karnataka; the Company was incorporated on 11th September 1939, under the able guidance and kind patronage of his late highness. The Rajasahab of Sangli with a crushing capacity of 500 tons per day. Vaidya and Company was the first Managing Agents. In the year 1940, M/s. Shirgaokar Brothers were called to manage the affairs of the Company and they were the Managing Agents till 31st December M/s. Shirgaokar Brothers who had by then made the Kolhapur Sugar Mills outstanding and notable success proved to be successful in bringing up the Ugar Sugar Works Ltd., also. Under the overall supervision and control of M/s. Shirgaokar Brothers the crushing capacity of the factory has been increased from time to time. The company has introduced number of irrigation schemes for the development of sugarcane in the area. The company has started its own distillery during the year and liquor section in the year New distillery plant unit with production capacity of liters of rectified spirit has been commissioned in March Present Director board of the company is as follows: Shri. R.V.Shirgaokar (C & M) Shri. P.V. Shirgaokar (E V C) Shri. S.S. Shirgaokar (MD) Shri N. S. Shirgaokar (Jt. MD) Shri C. S. Shirgaokar (Jt. MD) Shri M. R. Desai (Director) Shri V. Balasubramanyam (Director) Shri S. N. Inamdar (Director) Shri M. G. Joshi (Director) Shri D. B. Shah (Director) 1.3 PURPOSE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Industrial activities such as invariably involve utilization of natural resources and generation of waste substances and they may have adverse consequence to the environment. However, mankind as it is developed today cannot live without taking up these activities for his food, security or other needs. Hence, there is a need to harmonious developmental activities with the environmental concern. EIA is one of the 3 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

4 tools available with the planners to achieve the above goal. It is desirable to ensure that the project activity is sustainable. Hence, the environmental consequence must be characterized early in the project cycle and accounted for in the project design. The objective of EIA is to foresee the potential environmental problems that would arise out of the proposed development and address them in the project planning and design stage. The present EIA report incorporates the environmental consequence of the proposed ethanol project along with the measures adopted in the distillery for control of pollution and enhancement of environmental quality. Before establishment of any project, under Environmental Protection Act (EPA) 1986, it is mandatory for the project proponents to obtain clearance on environmental angle from State pollution control board. The industries seeking consent for establishment have to make application to state pollution control board in the prescribed forms along with Environmental Management Plan (EMP) and other details related to pollution control and environmental protection. Further, the proposed project is listed under EIA Notification dated of Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF). As per the above notification, prior environmental clearance from MoEF is mandatory before establishment of this industry. Hence, the industry is to follow due course of procedure to secure EC including application to MoEF for EC, Terms of References for conduct of EIA studies, Public hearing/consultation and deliberation of the project at Expert Appraisal Committee of MoEF. Accordingly, the project proponents have submitted prescribed application along with pre feasibility report to the MoEF New Delhi seeking Terms of Reference (TOR) for conduct of EIA studies. MoEF, New Delhi has deliberated the project Terms of Reference (TOR) during the 5 th reconstituted Expert Appraisal Committee (Industry) held during 31 st January, st February, The ToR granted by MoEF as per MoEF letter no. J-11011/315/2012-1AII (I) dtd. 22 March Accordingly the EIA studies were conducted and the present report is prepared for submission to authorities. With EIA report and other documents the industry has to approach KSPCB to conduct Public Hearing/ Consultation. 4 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

5 1.4 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF NATURE, SIZE AND LOCATION OF PROJECT Table 1.1: Description of Project Sr. No. Project Requirement Details 1 Proposed Project expansion of Sugar cane crushing capacity from TCD to 20,000 TCD, Co-generation power plant from 44 MW to 75 MW & Molasses based Distillery from 75 KLPD to 200 KLPD in the existing premises of M/s UGAR SUGAR WORKS LTD.(USWL) Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum, State: Karnataka. 2 Location Survey nos.1, 1A, 45 A, 267, 267 A, 268,373, 376,376A. Village - Ugar Khurd, Tal - Athani, Dist-Belgaum, Karnataka. Latitude: 16 39'0.90"N Longitude: 74 49'14.71"E 3 Plot Area Total Plot area acres 4 Total Factory Area Present factory area 55 acres 5 Total Water requirement m 3 /day RAW MATERIAL EXISTING PROPOSED 6 Cane 10000TCD 20,000 TCD Lime 24 MT/day 40 MT/day( Rajasthan) Sulphur 6 MT/day 10 MT/day.(Indian/Imported) PRODUCTS EXISTING PROPOSED 7 Sugar 10,000 TCD 20, 000 TCD BY PRODUCTS EXISTING PROPOSED Bagasses 3000 MT/Day 6000 MT/Day 5 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

6 Filter cake 400 MT/Day 800 MT/Day Molasses 400 MT/Day 800 MT/Day 8 Nearest City Miraj City is 25 Kms 9 Nearest Station Railway Ugar khurd Railway Station: 2 Kms. 10 Nearest Headquarters The Belgaum district headquarter is 100 kms. 11 Nearest Highway 1. The National highway No.4 is 70Kms 2. State highway Sankeshwar to Bijapur is 10 km away from the sugar factory. 12 Wildlife Sanctuary, Eco Sensitive Zone Does Not Exist 1.5 NEED FOR THE PROJECT All the nearby plants are going for the expansion and the forecast is total crushing days will be reduced. Previously it was only one sugar factory in Athani taluka, now there are 6-7 sugar factories in the radius of 20 to 30 KM. Athani farmers sugar factory is going for expansion to 5000 TCD, Krishna SSK is going for expansion to 5000 TCD, Renuka Sugar Kokatnur is going for expansion to TCD, Renuka Sugar Raibag SSK is going for expansion to 5000 TCD, Mohanrao Shinde Arag is 2500 TCD and Shirguppi sugar has commissioning with capacity of 5000 TCD. The new plant Shivshakti sugar is coming up with capacity 2500 TCD. To achieve maximum crushing in minimum crop days with maximum sugar recovery it is essential to go for expansion. Present overheads at Ugar are already high, which leads to face difficulties in arriving at competitive cane price. Hence Ugar Sugar management is proposing to expand the sugar plant capacity to TCD. Ugar Sugar has already taken steps to overcome the bottlenecks faced to crush TCH (10000 TCD in 24 hrs) and during last season USWL has crushed almost TCH. One of the bottlenecks is still exists i.e.at cane unloading station of 42 x 84 mill. Due to space constraint and lower capacity cane un-loaders they are unable to maintain 6 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

7 uniform cane feeding. Bagasse moisture will be on higher side, which leads to fluctuations in boiler steam working parameters and in turn affects the crushing. Along with cane unloading station the other parameters, i.e. reduction in crop days in future, higher overheads per ton of cane and competitive cane price, sugar plant expansion seems to be essential. Hence USWL proposing to expand the crushing capacity. Along with the expansion of the sugar plant capacity to TCD it is also proposed to expand cogen power plant capacity to 75 MW with distillery of 200 KLPD capacity. 1.6 Terms of Reference (TOR) Compliances: Draft Terms of Reference (TOR) have been discussed and finalized during the 5 th Reconstituted Expert Appraisal Committee (Industry) held during 31st January, st February, 2013 for preparation of EIA/EMP report. Following are the TORs : Sr. no Table 1.2: ToR Compliance Terms of References 1 Executive summary of the project. 2 Compliance of environmental conditions prescribed by the SPCB for the existing sugar & Distillery unit 3 Detailed breakup of the land area along with latest photograph of the area. 4 Present land use based on satellite imagery. 5 Details of site and information related to environmental setting within 10 km radius of the project. 6 Location of national park/wild life sanctuary/reserve forest within 10 km radius of the project. 7 Permission from the forest department regarding the impact of the proposed plant on the surrounding reserve forest. 8 List of existing distillery units in the study area along with their capacity. 9 Number of working days of the distillery unit and CPP 10 The cost of the project along with total capital cost and recuring cost/annum for environmental pollution control measures. 11 Manufacturing process details of sugar plant and CPP along with process flow chart. 12 Details of raw materials and source of raw material molasses,bagasse etc. 7 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

8 13 Sources and quantity of fuel (coal etc)for the boiler.measures to take care of SO2 emission.a copy of memorandum of Understanding(MoU)signed with the coal suppliers should be submitted,in case coal is uesd. 14 Action plan prepared by the SPCB to control ambient air quality as per Standards for PM 10 PM 2.5 SO 2 &NO X as per GSR 826(E) dated 16 th November, One season site-specific micro-meterological data using temperature,relative hourly wind speed and direction and rainfall and AAQ data(except monsoon)for PM 10,SO 2 &NO X and HC(methane&non methane) should be collected.the sensitive receptors including reserved forests.data for water and noise monitoring should also be included. 16 Mathamatical modeling for calculating the dispersion of air pollutents and ground level concentration along with emission from the boiler. 17 An action plan to control and monitor secondary fugitive emission from all the sources. 18 Details of boiler & its capacity.details of the use of steam from the boiler. 19 Ground water quality around existing spent wash storage lagoon and the project area. 20 Details of water requirement,water balance chart for sugar & co-generation plant Measures for conservation water by recycling and reuse to minimize the fresh water requirement. 21 Prior permission from competent Authority for the drawl of the total fresh water source of water supply. 22 Hydro-geological study of the area for availability of ground water. 23 Proposed effluent treatment system for sugar unit as well as CPP and scheme for achiving zero discharge 24 Logoon capacity for sugar unit and spent wash as well measures to be taken to control ground water contamination. 25 Details of solid waste management including management of boiler ash.submit ash management plan.mou with cement for the use of fly ash. 26 Green belt development as per the CPCB guidelines. 27 List of flora & fauna in the study area. 28 Noise levels monitoring at five locations within the study area. 29 Detailed Environment management plan(emp)with specific reference to details of pollution control system,water & waste water management,monitoring 8 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

9 responsibility and time bound implementation plan for mitigation measure provided. 30 EMP should also include the concept of waste-minimization, recycle/reuse techniques,energy conservation,and natural resource conservation. 31 Details of bagasse storage.details of press mud requirement. 32 Action plan for rainwater harvesting measures at plant site should be included to harvest rainwater from the roof tops & storm water drains to recharge the ground water 33 Details of occupational health programme 34 Details of socio-economic welfare activities to be provided. 35 Traffic Study of the area for the proposed projects in respect of existing traffic,type of vehicles for transportation of materials,additional traffic due to proposed project,parking arrangement etc 36 Action plan for post-project environmental monitoring 37 Corporate Environmental Responsibility 38 Any litigation pending against the project and/or any direction/order passed by any court of law against the project,if so,details thereof. 39 Public hearing issues raised & commitments made by the project proponent on the same should be included seperately in EIA/EMP Report in the form of tabular chart with financial budget for complying with the commitments made. 1.7 Scope of EIA Study: The study envisages characterization of the existing status of physical environment such as air, water, soil, land use, meteorology, socio-economic and heritage etc. as well as biological environment such as flora and fauna of the study area of 10 km radius and quantifying impacts on the environmental parameters. Based on the study, the EIA evaluates the proposed control measures by the project and prepares an environment management plan, outlining additional proposed activities and delineates the requirements of environmental monitoring program. EIA study shall cover the following aspects: Evaluation of present environmental factors through analysis of generated and collected baseline data for one complete dry season (3 months). Assess the probable impact on the environmental factors due to implementation of the project with respect to existing scenario. 9 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

10 Analyze the predicted impact with respect to the regulatory environmental standards. Assess the probable risk at the proposed plant. Develop an Environmental Management Plan and on site Disaster Management Plan for the proposed project to mitigate the negative significant impacts that would arise from the proposed project. Report shall help to obtain No Objection Certificate for consent to operate from the State Pollution Control Board. The baseline data has been collected for the following environmental components, during September November 2013: Air Quality Meteorology Noise Environment Water Use & Quality Soil Quality Land Use, Crop Pattern, Agricultural Practices Demographic & socio-economic aspects Terrestrial & Aquatic ecology Baseline data on parameters of the above-mentioned aspects over a season provides means for identifying possible impact-positive as well as adverse. An environmental impact assessment and environment management plan comprising an overall assessment of the impact due to project activity over baseline condition of the existing environment and a mitigating action plan to counter the adverse impact as defined. An environmental monitoring program is also prepared to provide scientific support to future actions of environmental protection. Methodology A study area of 10 km radius with the proposed plant site of USL at the center was considered for the present study. This study will help to determine the present environmental status and likely impacts of the proposed unit s operations, if any in the region. The most predominant wind direction during study period was considered for various facts of establishing and the monitoring stations were finalized. Table: 1.3 Scope of Work for EIA report Environmental No of Observations 10 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

11 Attributes Locations Meteorology 1 AAQ 8 Hourly observations for Temperature, Relative Humidity, Wind direction, wind speed & Rain fall during 3 month study period For PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2,Total Hydro carbon for 24 hours duration, 2 times in each week during 12- week study period 3 Surface water Locations Water 6 3 Ground water locations (including the place near to the plant site), Parameters that are analyzed are as per Analysis of Drinking Water Quality had been carried out Noise 8 Day and night noise levels once in every location Ecology Land use Socio-economic data Flora- Fauna & Ecosystem 10 km Radius study area Demography & Occupational Details Total study period is 90 days. However predicted flora fauna also included for non-seasonal plant species (ephemerals) based on existing secondary data and field conditions Land use data based on satellite imagery of 10 km radius study area. Secondary data from the existing literature (Census 2001 & 2011) Organisation of Report The Generic structure of EIA is given in EIA notification dated 14th September, 2006 is maintained. The EIA report has been divided into following chapters: Chapter-1 Introduction This chapter provides background information of the project, brief description and objectives of the project, description of the area, scope and organisation of the EIA study. 11 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

12 Chapter-2 Project Description This chapter deals with the process and specifications of the project. This also deals with the sources of pollution for the proposed project and proposed control measures. Chapter-3 Description of the Environment This chapter presents the methodology and findings of field studies undertaken w.r.t to meteorology, ambient air, water, soils, noise, and ecology to define the existing environmental status in the area. Details on land use, socio-economic and hydrogeology which are presented from published secondary data. Chapter-4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts This chapter highlights the inferences drawn from the environmental impact assessment. It describes the overall impact of the proposed integrated project and underscores the areas where applicable environmental standards are expected to be violated. The impact is assessed after considering both pre-project and post-project scenario. Chapter- 5 Environmental Monitoring Program The Environmental monitoring requirements for determining the efficiency of the environmental protection and mitigation measures are delineated in this Chapter along with required institutional arrangements for ensuring their implementation. Chapter- 6 Additional Studies This chapter describes studies carried out as per the specified TOR of the EIA. This includes a Risk Assessment for the proposed unit along with Social-Economic study, review of the Safety and Disaster Management Plan proposed for the proposed power plant. Chapter- 7 Project Benefits This Chapter highlights the expected benefits of the proposed plant to the socioeconomic scenario in the study area and to the country as a whole. Chapter -8 Environmental Management Plan This Chapter consolidates the proposed and recommended environmental protection and mitigation measures and the required institutional structure that ensures its proper implementation during the construction as well as operational phase of the project. 12 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

13 The assessment will cover the baseline data generation, predictions and evaluation of impact on various environmental components and preparation of adequate Environmental Management Plan. * * * * * 13 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

14 CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DISCRIPTION 2.1 INTRODUCTION M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum, State: Karnataka have Proposed Expansion of Sugar cane crushing capacity from 10000TCD to 20,000 TCD, Co-generation power plant from 44 MW to 75 MW & Molasses based Distillery from 75 KLPD to 200 KLPD. 14 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

15 The site is well connected by Road, so that both the raw materials and finished goods can be conventionally handled. Total land available with sugar factory is about 255 Acres. Bagasse is available from the sugar plant will be utilized as inputs in the proposed project. Land required for the project is available in the existing industry. Procurement of additional land for the project is not needed. Water requirement will be managed within the available limits. 2.2 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT M/s. Ugar Sugar Works Limited, Ugar khurd, Tal- Athani, Dist-Belgaum, Karnataka. Survey nos.1, 1A, 45 A, 267, 267 A, 268,373, 376, 376A.Village - Ugar Khurd, Tal - Athani, Dist-Belgaum, Karnataka Table- 2.1 Salient features of site location 1. Project site 2. Latitude & longitude 3. Nearest town/city 4. Nearest Highway 5. Nearest Railway Junction M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani,Dist: Belgaum, State: Karnataka Latitude : N Longitude: E Miraj City is 25 Kms away from factory site. The Belgaum district headquarter is 100 kms away from the site. The National highway No.4 is 70 Kms from the proposed site and state highway sankeshwar to Bijapur is 10km away from the sugar factory Ugar khurd Railway Station: 2 Kms. From the sugar factory. 6. Nearest Airport Belgaum airport is 100 Kms from the factory site. 15 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

16 7. Topography 8. Surroundings The factory site has leveled area. The elevation of about 554 meter above the sea level. Climate : Semi - arid The site is 1 km from Krishna river. Image 2.1: Google Earth image The proposed co-gen power unit will be associated activity of the existing sugar unit. The proposed plant will utilize bagasse available in the sugar plant. The land, water and other infrastructural facility is available in the existing sugar industry. Hence, the project is essentially to be located in the premise of the existing sugar industry. The selection of site location for the industry depends mainly on the availability of resources such as raw materials, fuel, power, water, manpower, connectivity for 16 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

17 transportation of man and material, market for the product and more important is environmental compatibility and sustainability. 2.3 COMPONENTS OF PROJECT USWL proposes to enhance Proposed Expansion of Sugar cane crushing capacity from TCD to 20,000 TCD, Co-generation power plant from 44 MW to 75 MW & Molasses based Distillery from 75 KLPD to 200 KLPD. At Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani,Dist: Belgaum, State: Karnataka. The raw material of sugar cane is available in the vicinity of the project site and the bagasse will be used as fuel for cogeneration power plant. The project involves: a. SUGAR UNIT Numbers of new sugar factories have increased in the nearby area of The Ugar Sugar Works ltd., and also existing sugar plant expansions are taking place in the nearby area. Hence the total cane crushing capacity is increasing in the same cane growing area, which in turn reduces the duration of crushing days. To maintain the ultimate sugar production target it is essential to increase the crushing capacity of USWL. At the same time expansion of cogeneration and distillery is also essential to balance the byproducts. In this line of action management of ugar sugar have decided to go for Sugar Plant expansion in phased manner. It is proposed to expand sugar plant capacity to TCD and cogeneration 75 MW. 17 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

18 The main activity of the company is to manufacture white crystal sugar, Electrical power, ENA, ethanol & IML The daily Sugar cane crushing capacity of the plant after expansion will be TCD, which means the production as follows. Table- 2.2 Capacity of Sugar unit Product Production per Annum in MT Maximum Sugar cane crushing MT 27,00,000 to 30,00,000 Sugar in QT 31,05,000 to 34,50,000 Proposed Power Generation During season Proposed power export 75 MW 52 MW The raw material for manufacturing the above is Sugarcane i.e. 25 to 30 lakh MT which is sufficient for 120 to TCD. The productivity of the sugar cane & yield depend on water supply & hence, the cane can be grown in & around the Ugar. Which is on the bank of river Krishna, has full & sufficient irrigation facility. It is expected that yield will be 40 to 50 MT per Acre with recovery of sugar as 11% to 12%. b. CO-GEN POWER PLANT The co-gen plant is configured keeping in view that the sugar factory operations & also to meet peak steam & power requirement. The installed capacity of co-gen plant is 44 MW with 4 numbers of boilers having 310 TPH 62 bar 490 deg C temp. 18 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

19 Image 2.2 for the entire Boilers Wet Scrubbers Are Provided and the Stack Heights Are Maintained As Per KSPCB Norms Image 2.3: 22.8 MW x 2 Nos SHIN NIPPON Turbine (Back) 19 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

20 Image 2.4: 18 MW SIEMENS Turbine Extraction Cum Condensing) Image 2.5: Cogeneration Plant Control Room 20 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

21 C. DISTILLERY The factory started Distillery in the year 1963 & the present capacity of the distillery is 75 KLPD (30 KLPD batch type & 45 KLPD continuous types). Consisting of 20 KLPD Ethanol Plant & 50 KLPD ENA Plant with blending & bottling of 9 different IML varieties. The company has provided fully fledged effluent treatment plant which includes biodigesters, concentration & spray drying of spent wash, aerobic treatment of sugar factory effluent etc. Image2.6: Distillery Plant No.2 There are two distilleries available with the USWL. One is of very old with the capacity of 30 KLPD and another one is of 45 KLPD. Total existing capacity is 75 KLPD. USWL is having IML section also wherein bottling with their own brand are being manufactured. There is a separate effluent treatment plant i.e. evaporation and drying effluent to the recover potash powder is available with USWL. 21 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

22 2.4 PRODUCTS: Table 2.3: List of product and by products Product Particulars Maximum Quantity A)Products Existing Proposed Activity Sugar 10,000 TCD 20, 000 TCD B) By products Bagasses 3000 MT/Day 6000 MT/Day Filter cake 400 MT/Day 800 MT/Day Molasses 400 MT/Day 800 MT/Day C) Co-generation Power 44 MW 75 MW D) Distillery Spirit, IML, Absolute alcohol, ENA 75 KLPD 200 KLPD 2.5 RAW MATERIAL: Table2.4: List of raw material RAW MATERIAL EXISTING PROPOSED Cane 12,000 TCD 20,000 TCD Lime 24 MT/day 40 MT/day( Rajasthan) Sulphur 6 MT/day 10 MT/day.(Indian/Imported) In Belgaum district where the plant is located, sugar cane is available from the month of October to April even many times the season has to extend up to the end of May. Typically, sugar cane availability is for a period of 7 to 8 months in a year. The registered area under sugar cane cultivation allocated to Ugar Sugar Company is acres. The 22 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

23 important factor with regard to the operation of USWL is that the cane arrival is fairly uniform and the plant reaches the maximum crushing rate within a month of season commencement. The total cane availability during a season is approximately 40 Lakh tonnes and most of it reaches the plant during the crushing season. But now, due to new sugar plants installed in the nearby area, crushing season days have reduced from 8 months to 5 to 6 months. 2.6 Manufacturing Process: The manufacturing process of integrated sugar industry is given in below given chart: Sugar unit The process of manufacturing involves the following steps: I. Extraction of cane juice from cane II. Purification of cane juice III. Evaporation of cane juice to facilitates crystallisation IV. Crystallisation of Sugar V. Separation of sugar and liquid by Centrifugal force VI. Re-Boiling of Liquid VII. Drying Brief Description of The Above Process Steps Are Given Below: 23 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

24 Environmental Impact Assessment Report 2014 Figure 2.1 Manufacturing process flow of integrated sugar industry The sugar industry is a chemical based industry, where different of process involved in it.sugar manufacturing process in brief is as under. The sugar cane received at the factory is weighed and then it is unloaded either with the help of cane unloader or tippler on the feeder table which is fed into the cane carrier. The feed cane is passed through preparatory devices like cane cutter, cane levelers, fibrizer for fine participation. The prepared cane is feed through mill tandem for extraction of juice. The bagasse is removed from the last mill in the mill tandem 95% juice is extracted with approximate 20% imbibitions water % on cane and bagasse is send to boilers as fuel for steam production and balance bagasse is sent for baling and storage. 24 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

25 Extracted juice form mill tandem is called mixed juice or raw juice. The raw juice is weighed by mass flow meter and then it is send to raw juice heater. Here the juice is heated up to 70 C to 75 C temperature. After raw juice heating the heated juice is sent to sulphitation tank to remove non sugar and coloring matter by using SO₂ gas and milk of lime (Ca (OH) ₂ ). This juice is called as sculptured juice. This sculptured juice is heated up to 100 C to 105 C temperature and this juice is clarifier for settling, in this process the muddy juice is sent to raw juice tank for reprocess. The clear juice from clarifier is sent to evaporator bodies for further boiling. Here the juice is concentrated up to Brix. This concentrated juice is called unsulphured. This unsulphured syrup is sent to sulphitation tank for bleaching by SO₂ gas. This sulphur is sent to pan section for crystallization process. On pan section three masscult boiling system is followed. A-masscult and B- masscult. In the pan sulphur syrup is boiled and mixture of crystals and mother liquor called as masscult prepared. This masscult is stored in crystallizer. Then it is sent to centrifugal section through pug mill at centrifugal section, sugar crystals and molasses are separated, final molasses is sent to storage tank and other molasses is re-used in process. Sugar crystals are in wet condition, dried on hoppers with hot and cold air blowers. Dried sugar crystals are separated grade wise through sugar grader and graded sugar. I. Extraction of Cane Juice from Cane The cane which is brought from fields by carts/trucks/tractors, weighed and unloaded in the cane carrier for extraction of juice from sugarcane. The unloaded cane will pass through preparatory devices (Chopper, leveller and fibrizer). The preparatory devices will cut the cane stalks into pieces. The prepared cane enters mills consist of multiple units of three roller combination through which the prepared cane. To aid in the extraction of juice spraying thin juice from previous mills and water before last mill, directed on the blanket of Bagasse as it emerges from each mill help to leach out the sugar. 25 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

26 Use of Bagasse The residue that leaves the last mill is called bagasse contains un-extracted sugar, woody fibre and water. The bagasse will be used as fuel to produce steam and power as co-generation. The generated steam will be used to run turbines for power generation. The outlet of the turbine i.e., low pressure steam will be used for mill juice processing. The condensed water will be sent back to boiler for steam generation during crushing season. II. Purification of Cane Juice Clarification The extracted juice from mills is strained to remove bagasse particles before sending for process. This juice is sent through a mass flow meter and the quantity automatically recorded. The dark green juice from mills is acidic and turbid. The universal process employed to remove both soluble and insoluble impurities is called Sulphitation process. The juice will be heated up to 70 o C to 75 o C to avoid inversion. In sugar plant as a measure of steam economy primary heating will be done by tubular heat exchanger using heat energy available from the condensates of evaporators and pans. III. Evaporation The clarified juice obtained in the clarifiers constitutes 75% water. The first stage of concentration is carried out in equipment called the evaporator, which operates continuously. The evaporator consists of five bodies, connected in series so that the juice undergoes progressive concentration from the first effect to the last effect to evaporate 75% of water which is present in the juice; for that we require steam, hence exhaust steam from turbines at a pressure of 1.5 kg/cm2 at 125 o Cwill be fed to the effect of evaporator. Subsequently due to the evaporation of the water in the first effect will yield the same amount of vapour, which will be fed to the succeeding bodies. Due to the difference in the pressure and the vacuum in the bodies the evaporation of juice will takes place in all the evaporators. Initially clarified juice will have a brix of C, reaching o C Brix from the outlet of the V body. This syrup is passed through a tower consists of absorption of the SO2 (Sulphurdioxide) by the syrup, lowering its original ph from to The water vapour generated from 1st evaporator will 26 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

27 be used in subsequent bodies and the generated condensate will be utilised for cane juice extraction at mills, muddy juice filtration at vacuum filters, milk of lime preparation, pan washing and centrifuge. The excess condensate will be cooled and used for plant utilities and on land irrigation. IV. Crystallization Crystallization takes place in single effect vacuum pan. The syrup obtained from the evaporator will be boiled until saturated with sugar. At this point seed grain is added to serve as nuclei for the sugar crystals and more syrup is added as the water evaporates. Continuing the above process the pans are filled up till the desire size crystals are built up and dropped in mixers called crystallizers. The sugar and syrup forms a dense mass known as Massecuite. V. Separation of sugar and liquid by centrifugal force From the crystallizers, the massecuite will be cured in the centrifugal machines. In centrifugals the sugar and molasses will be separated. In centrifugals there are two types of machines I. Continuous centrifugal Machines II. Batch Type centrifugal machine The continuous centrifugal machines will be used for low grade massecuites like B and C Massecuites. The separated molasses will be taken back to the process for extracting the dissolved sugar which is present in molasses. The separated sugar having low purity is made as a magma minglers and it will be melted in the sugar melter and will be taken back to the A massecuite boiling. High grade massecuite i.e., A- Massecuite will be cured in the batchtype centrifugals. The sugar discharged from the batch centrifugal has a high moisture level with temperature of around 60 to 65 degree centigrade. VII. Drying The separated sugar from A centrifugals cooling and drying of the sugar is carried out in a multi tray hopper, in the hopper the cold and hot air will be pass in co-current direction to bring down the moisture and temperature of the marketable sugar. From the drier, the 27 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

28 Environmental Impact Assessment Report 2014 sugar passes through grader where the separation of sugar of various grades depending on the size and colour like: L-30, M-30, S-30 and SS-31 will takes place. The graded sugar will be collected in bins. The sugar from the bins will be weighed in automatic weighing scale, stitched and will be sent to the sugar godown. Sugar is stored in 50 kg PP bags and 50kgs A twill gunny bags in sugar godown COGENERATION POWER PLANT BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROCESS USWL proposes to implement the Cogeneration of 75 MW power plant by installation of 50 TPH to 55 TPH and temp up-gradation from 380 to 500 deg C. The schemee of Cogeneration is designed to operatee plant at the rated capacity of TCD. Fig 2.2: Manufacturing process of Cogen power plant Selection of Pressure and Temperature for the proposed Cogeneration Power Cycle 28 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

29 While going for Sugar Unit of TCD, the factory has proposed 50 TPH to 55 TPH and temp up-gradation from 380 to 500 deg C. The adaptation of pressure and temperature are very suitable for obtaining the maximum power generation for proved technology available for bagasse based cogeneration. Therefore, while implementation of the cogeneration project; the parameters adopted shall be based on minimum 45 ata pressure and 45 0 C temperature of the boilers. Further, various parameters viz. optimum cycle efficiency, metallurgy of pressure parts, standard range of turbine, operability, maintainability and working performance of similar bagasse based cogeneration plants recently commissioned have been taken into account Operation of the Cogeneration Plant during Crushing Season USWL proposes to implement the Cogeneration of 75 MW power plant by installation of 50 TPH to 55 TPH and temp up-gradation from 380 to 500 deg C. The scheme of Cogeneration is designed to operate plant at the rated capacity of TCD.The steam balance, Bagasse balance and Power balance during the season operation of the Cogeneration Plant are described as below I. Steam Balance Fig. 2.3: Steam balance non crushing season flow sheet Bagasse TPH 110 ata 540 Degree C 100 TPH TPH TPH TPH Steam at 2.5 ata Steam at 8 ata for Dist & SSP & HP heater Steam at 0.1 ata for condenser 29 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

30 Fig 2.4: PROPOSED STEAM BALANCE Bagasse Production TPH TPH Bagasse Saving TPH TPH TPH TPH TPH 1 x 55 TPH, 32 ata & 480 Deg C 310 TPH, 62 ata 140 TPH 110 ata 50 TPH 290 TPH TPH PRDS 80 TPH 130 TPH MW Turbine 22.8 MW SNM 1 Turbine 22.8 MW SNM 2Turbine New DEC 22 MW TG DS 1.19Tp 15 TPH 15 TPH 48 TPH Condenser 15 TPH Sugar 8 ata Tph HP 8 ata Tph 8 ata 25 TPH DS ata 6.1Tph 80 TPH 115 TPH 115 TPH Sugar 2.5 ata TPH 30 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

31 II. Bagasse Balance Fig 2.5: PROPOSED BAGASSE BALANCE Crushing per day TPD Average Cane Crushed 909 TPH 909 TPH Bagasse Production TPH Bagasse for Oliver filter & Spillage TPH Bagasse required for Old Boiler to generate steam TPH Bagasse required for other boilers to generate Steam TPH Bagasse required for new boiler TPH TPH Bagasse Saving per Hour TPH 31 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

32 III. Power Balance Fig 2.6: PROPOSED POWER BALANCE POWER GENERATION From SNM TG Set 44 MW From New TG Set MW From New DEC TG Set MW 75 MW POWER CONSUMPTION Captive for Sugar Plant MW Captive for Cogen Plant 5.45 MW 52. MW EXPORTABLE POWER to Grid 52. MW Power export v Total power generation: 52 MW DISTILLARY I. FERMENTATION SECTION: In Fermentation process, fermentable sugars in juice/syrup/molasses are converted into ethanol. This reaction is carried out by the yeast. This is basically metabolic activity of yeast which converts sugar into ethanol. During the reaction Carbon-di-oxide is also 32 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

33 Environmental Impact Assessment Report 2014 generated which is vented into atmosphere after scrub scrubbing bing with water to prevent alcohol loss. Fig 2.7: Flow sheet of Distillery Process 33 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Kh Khurd, urd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

34 Being a exothermic reaction, heat is generated during the production of alcohol. To maintain the Fomenter temperature constant, this heat is removed by means of external cooling system arrangement. This system consists of Plate Heat Exchanger (PHE) through which fermented wash is continuously recirculated by Recirculation Pumps and heat is removed by cooling water passing through the PHE. Air Spargers are provided in the fermenters to provide air (Oxygen) supply to the growing yeast cells. Provision of air supply to fermenters is always better to keep yeast cells active all the time. The air supply is regulated through flowmeters provided to each fermenters. It also ensures suspension of the mass. Agiataors are also provided to keep entire mass in suspension and proper mixing to have uniform temperature throughtout the fermenter. Fermentation System is designed to operate on both the modes 1) Continuous Fermentation 2) Batch fermentation Depending upon the feed quality mode of operation can be selected. Yeast culturing & prefermentation system provides active cell mass to fermenters for each batch of fermenter or when required for continuous fermentation. Wash Clarification System provided is exhaustive, comprising of Wash Settling Tank, Sludge Settling Tank & Decanter removes sludge effectively from fermented wash. Clear Fermented wash is stored in Beer well and continuously fed to distillation. II. DISTILLATION SECTION: WASH TO RECTIFIED SPIRIT Multi pressure vacuum Distillation: 34 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

35 The system comprises of 4 columns operating under different pressures and is designed to produce Rectified Spirit either in liquid or vapor form. Following columns are considered. 1. Analyzer Column under vacuum 2. Degasifying Column under vacuum 2. Aldehyde Column- under vacuum 3. Rectification cum Exhaust Column- under pressure Fermented Wash from Beer Well is first passed through Beer Heater, then to Degasifying Column top through wash Preheater where is it is heated by spent wash from Analyser Column bottom. Degasser Column : In Degasser column, non condensables like CO2 and low boiling impurities are separated and fed to Aldehyde column in the form of vapors. Analyser Column : From fermented wash coming down from Degasser column alcohol is stripped off and vapors from the Analyser top are condensed in the condensers. This condensate is fed to Rectifier Column. Spent wash is taken out from the column bottom. Heat is supplied to the column by rectifiers vapors through reboiler. Aldehyde Column: In aldehyde column, the noncondensables & low boiling impurities are concentrated and taken out as Impure Cut from the top. Remaining alcohol water mixture from the bottom is fed to Rectifier Column. Rectifier cum Exhaust Column: Liquid streams from two columns i.e. Analyzer condensate & Aldehyde bottoms are fed to the Rectifier Column. In Rectifier column alcohol is concentrated at the top. Heavy & Light Fusel oils are taken out from the tapping provided to this column. Spent Lees is taken out from the bottom of the column. 35 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

36 Rectified Spirit is taken out from the tray which is few trays below the top tray. Here additional provision is kept for taking out direct vapors to MSDH section for production of ethanol. Other Equipments: Other equipments like Condensers, Coolers, Pumps, PHE, Vapor-Liquid Separator etc are provided as per process requirement. III. MOLECULAR SIEVE DEHYDRATION SYSTEM This is basically adsorption operation where water from Rectified Spirit is removed by molecular sieves (size 3A). This section can be operated in two modes 1) As Stand-alone Ethanol production from RS in liquid form 2) Integrated Ethanol production from RS vapors from Rectifier Column in distillation section. In first mode RS is fed to Evaporation column where it is vaporized. Either these vapors or vapors from Rectifier Column are first superheated in Superheater and fed to Molecular Sieve beds filled with molecular sieve and support balls. Molecular Sieve Beds (2 Nos) System This beds operates on Pressure Swing Adsorption operation. Out of two, one bed operates as Active (Adsorption) bed where water from RS is adsorbed by the molecular sieve and dry ethanol is produced. At the same time another bed is in regeneration (Disorption) mode where adsorbed water is removed from the bed. These beds operates in cycles which are entirely controlled by the control system provided. The liquid 36 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

37 removed from beds contains alcohol in low concentration which is recycled back to column. The heat of ethanol vapor produced is used to preheat the regeneration liquid (low strength alcohol) and the RS feed. Then the ethanol is cooled and sent to storage. IV. BIO-METHANATION The effluent from distillery unit is received into a receiving tank (Two day holding capacity), where it is allowed to settle for 48 hrs. Suspended solids settled in this tank can be removed from time to time, and clear effluent is pumped to bio digester. The effluent after getting mixed with recycled biomass from Lamella Clarifier to maintain a feed temperature of C is fed in to the digester. The feed rate is controlled by a manual control valve and a flow meter provided in the feed line and the sludge recycling line. In the digester the effluent mixed with the recycled biomass from the Lamella Clarifier gets further mixed with contents of the digester with the help of Central and Lateral agitators, which provide homogeneous mixing in the digester. The digester has about days retention capacity. Anaerobic digestion takes place in the Digester, as a result of which BOD/COD is reduced and biogas is evolved. The digested effluent/biomass mixture overflow into a degassing pond where entrapped gases are released. Degassed effluent flows to Lamella Clarifier for separation of active biomass from outgoing treated effluent. The clarified effluent leaves the Lamella Clarifier for disposal or to secondary effluent treatment plant, while the separated biomass is pumped back continuously into the Digester. The excess biomass is removed form the bottom of digester regularly to sludge during beds for disposal, or to be used as farm manure. The biogas produced in the Digester accumulates in digester roof, from where it flows to the gasholder. The gasholder acts as intermediate gas storage as well as a Pressure Control Vessel (PCV). The biogas is pumped to the boiler house by a biogas blower. Surplus gas, if any, is burnt in a gas flare unit whenever gas is not being utilised in the boiler. 37 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

38 Flame Arresters are provided in gas lines to protect the digester from backfire from the flare and/or the boiler burner. Over/Under pressure release device is provided on biogas digester for its safety from over pressure/v 2.7 UTILITIES Utilities will be provided for smooth and efficient functioning of the enhanced project of TCD Sugar Unit and 75 MW Cogeneration Plant. In addition to raw material and product details, utilities like Land, water, power etc. also the essential aspects, which are discussed in below given sections: A) Water The Continuous fermentation based 200 KLPD Ethanol Plant with multi-product integrated project requires water maximum to 14130m3/day. Company would be drawing water from Krishna River. Sufficient water storage facility will be created for uninterrupted water supply. USWL has obtained the requisite permission from State Govt. for lifting of water. To achieve better efficiency and to maintain the plant and machinery in good condition, it is necessary to have proper water treatment system. Raw water will be treated in water treatment unit before using it for the process. Cooling tower make-up water will be used after treatment in a water-softening unit. By having proper water supply system as clear water pump etc. the Ethanol Plant can have good water supply arrangements. B) Land Requirement The project is identified in a non-agricultural revenue land of 50 acre. The Land Use break up is given in the following: 38 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

39 The proposed expansion will be carried out in existing premises of sugar industry having total area of 50 acre. Table 2.5: Land Use Break up of Project Area S. No. Description In Square meters 1. Built Up Area Vacant / open land Area for Green Belt Total Area The detailed layout plant is given as figure M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

40 Fig 2.8: Plant Layout 40 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

41 41 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

42 C) FUEL: Fuel requirement is mainly for generation of steam in the boiler. Bagasse generated from the Sugar Plant and it will be used as fuel for operation of the boiler. The fuel characteristics are given as under:- Table 2.6: Characteristics of Bagasse S.No. Particulars Value 1 Calorific Value 4400 Kcal/kg (dry) 2250 Kcal/kg (wet) 2 Moisture content 45 55% 3 Ash Content 2 10 % 4 In sugar mill the crushed cane forms bagasse 27-32% Table2.7: Characteristics of Diesel Fuel (IS: 1448) S.No. Particulars Value 1. Acidity Nil 2. Ash%, by mass Carbon residue %, by mass Pour point, Max 03 0 C for winter, 15 0 C for summer 5. Flash point 35 0 C 6. Kinematic Viscosity, cst at 40₂ C Sediment %, by mass (max) Sulphur content by mass (max.) 0.05% 48 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

43 9. Water content, % by volume, Max D) DETAILS OF MACHINERY Table2.8: Sugar Plant Machinery Mill Section S.No. Description of Equipment 1 Cane loader 2 Cane unloader 3 Feeder table 4 First cane carrier 5 Cane chopper 6 Cane leveller 7 Swing Hammer Fibrizer 8 Rake type carrier 9 Belt conveyor with tramp iron separator 10 Cane equalizer 11 Intermediate Rake carrier 12 Milling Plant 13 Mill house Crane 14 Belt Conveyor 15 Rake type bagasse elevator 16 Lubrication System 17 Juice Tray 49 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

44 18 Donnelly Chute 19 Pumps 20 Lubricants for Mill House Package 21 Rotary screen juice Table2.9: Boiling House Machinery: S.No. Particulars 1. Raw juice 2 Juice heaters 3 Juice sulphitor 4 Sulphur burner 5 Air blowers 6 Milk of lime preparation 7 Juice clarifier 8 Vacuum filter 9 Evaporator Quintuple 10 Syrup sulphitor 11 Syrup & molasses storage tanks 12 Batch type & Continuous vacuum pans 13 Crystallizers 14 Condensers and injection pump station 15 Sugar melter 50 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

45 16 Sugar drying 17 Mild steel fabricated vapour pipe 18 Insulation E) MAN POWER REQUIREMENT / EMPLOYMENT The total number of employees (including office staff and contract labour) will be 1800 nos. (Permanent, seasonal & temporary). F) PROJECT COST The total project cost is estimated Rs lakhs; out of this Rs. 199 Crs are proposed for expansion. G) BUILDING MATERIALS The majority of construction work is in fabrication from Mild steel structural. The orientation is so kept as to balance nearly the cutting and filling. The small requirements are available systematically. The construction erection time will be small and will be done in day time. Labour camp is not necessary. 2.8 CASCADING POLLUTION There will not be any significant pollution during the construction phase. Adequate provisions will be made available during operational phase AIR Air quality around the project site will not be impacted during construction phase. Further to minimize any impact following measures shall be taken: 51 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

46 The raw material handling will be located as per the predominant wind direction, in such a way that the fugitive dust generated from the site will be primarily contained within the construction site only. The raw material handling yard will be suitably enclosed so as to generate minimum air born dust. All the loose material either stacked or transport will be provided with suitable covering such as tarpaulin, etc. Water sprinkling will be done at the locations where dust generation is anticipated. To minimize the occupational health hazard, proper personal protective gears i.e. mask will be provided to the workers who are engaged in dust generation activity. Emission Control Equipments (ECE) The air pollution caused by this industry is mainly from dust as suspended particulate matter (SPM) from Cogeneration power plant boilers and fuel of diesel generating set (DG set). USWL knows from which unit operation or process, air pollutants are expected. For the purpose of arresting and capturing the pollutants, measures are proposed and designed. The detailed note on Design basis of boilers along with flow sheet is enclosed as Annexure 13 & 14. Sources of Air Pollutants 1. Boiler The industry have proposes to continue the efforts of air pollution control and remain inside the limits. Table no Existing Emission details Source of Air pollution Type of fuel Quantity of fuel Height APC equipment 52 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

47 MYS TPH MR 8597 MR TPH KTK TPH KTK TPH 12 TPH Boiler DG sets Bagasse 25 T/hr mtr Bagasse 60 T/hr 60 mtr. Bagasse + coal 35 T/hr 50 mtr. Bagasse 40 T/hr 52 mtr. Biogas & Furnace oil 800 kg/hr 52 mtr. Wet Scrubber Wet Scrubber ESP ESP KVA * 2 nos. HSD 230 Ltr/hr 12 mtr KVA HSD 375 Ltr/hr 12 mtr. - 5 KVA * 2 nos. HSD 60 Ltr/hr & 80 Ltr/hr 12 mtr. - The material of construction is RCC and shape is round. Adequate facility for collection of samples in the forms of ladder, platform, and port-hole etc. is provided. The industry also proposed the 2 nos.* 35TPH of slop fired travel grate incineration boiler with ESP facility. 2. Burning of fuel in standby DG set # Source Pollutant In-plant Control Equipment Measures 1 Standby DG SO2 Feed low - set sulphur diesel 2 Process HCl Close container Fume hood vents shall be provided with scrubber system Fugitive 53 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

48 A number of mitigation measures will be taken to control fugitive emissions, the presence of which will be noticeable by plain vision if not controlled. The measures are thus taken seriously and continuously such as: Rubber wheel carts / trucks to bring in raw materials will not be filled high, side s cladded, slow speed travel, avoiding vibrations en-route. Engineering the plant layout will be in such a way so as to virtually eliminate need of using heavy equipment for material handling. Tree plantation on surrounding available area. The industry proposes to continue the efforts of air pollution control and remain inside the limits WATER and WASTE WATER There will not be any significant pollution during the construction & Operation phase as the development will take place in existing building structure. Adequate provisions will be made available to collect the runoff from the site, so that runoff will not be allowed to stand or enter into the roadside or nearby drain. Raw Water The water used for the USWL plant will be supplied by Irrigation department. The water will be treated fully to standard characteristics. The samples will be tested & confirmed. The details of required water are given in table no Table no Water Consumption (m 3 /day) Sr. no. Existing capacity Proposed capacity 1 Sugar Factory Co-generation M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

49 3 Domestic Distillery 1155 Total Disposal Total effluent generated during the operation will be about 4960 M 3 /day from sugar & cogen unit. An effluent treatment plant has been provided which is continuously in operation and the results obtained will be within the permissible limits as prescribed by KSPCB. Table no Waste water generation (m 3 /day) Sr. no. Existing capacity Proposed capacity 1 Sugar Factory Co-generation Domestic Spent leese Condensate - 5 Distillery Presently, the sugar and cogeneration waste water are disposed through 1750 m3/day capacity of full fledge Effluent treatment plant and for distillery waste water i.e. 900 m3/day are disposed through closed biomethanation system (RCC digesters 4 nos.) as a primary treatment. Bio gas is being used for Hot Air generator or Package /55TPH Boilers. After biomethanation effluent followed by Evaporator & Dryer Plant to generate powder i e Zero Pollution. 55 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

50 For proposed expansion, the total quantity of waste water will be generating from sugar and cogen unit is 4950m3/day and same will be disposed through combined ETP & send for irrigation. In distillery, out of 2400 M3/day the 900 M3/day effluent will send for closed biomethanation system (RCC digesters 4 nos.) & one MS digester. Total 5 No.digesters,as a primary treatment. The generated Bio gas is being used for Hot Air generator & Package /55 TPH Boilers. The Effluent 1500 M3/day, will be treated in Evaporation & concentration & the slop will be burnt along with bagasse in Cheema Boilers 2 Nos. Condensate will be treated in combined ETP & send for irrigation. Briefly: For existing sugar factory & domestic effluent have been treated in combined ETP, equalization tank followed by aeration system where diffused aeration system is provided, followed by primary clarifiers and secondary clarifiers, followed by dilution with low pollutant and cooling tower, over flow & final treated effluent with less than 100mg/l BOD is being sent for irrigation. For proposed sugar factory & domestic effluent being treated in combined ETP, Anaerobic lagoon followed by equalization tank followed by aeration system where diffused aeration system is provided, followed by primary clarifiers and secondary clarifiers, followed by dilution with low pollutant and cooling tower, over flow & final treated effluent with less than 100mg/l BOD is being sent for irrigation. For existing distillery, the waste water quantity is being sent to biomethantion unit (bio-digesters) followed by evaporation & drying i.e. Zero pollution. Spent less is treated into combined ETP. For proposed distillery, additional evaporation systems followed by Chima boilers will be installed to achieve the zero pollution. 56 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

51 There will be no discharge of effluent outside. The detailed note on ETP along with flow sheet is enclosed as Annexure 17 & 18. Mitigation measures As additional mitigation measures, USWL proposes to take-up following measures: To spread awareness to the workers about the importance of water quantity measurements and resource conservation. The treated domestic waste water will be applied judiciously on land for gardening so that there will not be any flooding of excess water either to migrate to ground water table or get away as runoff to join surface water drains. The industrial waste water is subjected to thermal treatment resulting in hazardous solid waste being sent to CHWTSDF & evaporating the moisture SOLID WASTE Minimum amount of solid waste will be generated as there will be construction work. Following mitigation practice is the policy for future: Minimization at all levels need be attempted for discarded products, empty containers, packing surpluses, incoming raw material unloading spillages and fugitives. The solid in process generate only as Ash from cogeneration plant, ETP sludge and domestic waste. Other will be empty drums which can be used for refill or may be disposed to original vendors The solid waste generation from Sugar and distillery units are tabulated in table Table 2.13 Solid Waste Generation from Sugar Plant with disposal 57 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

52 Source Quantity Treatment & Disposal CANE CRUSHING SEASON Mill House Bagasse 6000 T/day Process House Press Mud 800 T/day Use in Boiler of Cogen plant Disposed to Distillery units by production of potash powder fertiliser. Boiler House Cogen Plant Effluent treatment Plant Ash 200 T/day Sludge T/day The ash being rich in nutrient composition, the same will be disposed as fertilizer for soil conditioning. Disposed as Manure. Evaporator & Dryer plant powder MT/day Sold to farmers & fertilizer companies as a manure NOISE Mitigation measures: During the construction stage, expected noise levels shall be in the range of db. All the construction activities shall be carried out during the daytime. To prevent any occupational hazard, ear muff / ear plug will be given to the workers working around or operating plant and machinery emitting high noise levels. Use of such plant or machinery will not be allowed during night hour. Careful planning of machinery operation and scheduling of operations shall be done to minimize such impact. 58 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

53 No significant amount of noise will be generated during the operation phase. 2.9 Mitigation Measures (Brief) Every human activity creates some side-effects. This can make significant adverse impact if left unattended. It is proposed to reduce the impact by prevention, abatement and control and mitigation mechanism. These are described in details later in Chapter Four. Brief resume can be indicated as follows. Table no Mitigation measures # Facets of Environment Mitigation & Impact Thereafter 1. Air The emissions from Boiler only. DG Set as stand by. Stack attached to wet scrubber boiler and ESP boiler with 45.5 mtr, 60 mtr and meter & 50 mtr & 52 mtr heights respectively provided as per the pollution control board guideline. The CO 2 from fermentation will be converted to liquid CO2. The effluent treatment will be fully aerobic. 2. Fugitive Internal roads paved, leveled, no undulations, no sharp curves, slow speed. Press-mud, compost yard and compost not involved. Tree plantation on surrounding available area. 3. Water and Waste Water The waste water generated will be treated through methane bio-digester and evaporators. Spent wash will be converted to Fuel and moderate will be treated aerobically with disposal on seed/ demonstration plot or recycled. 4. Solid Waste Collection 100% every day. Segregated and treated/ disposed per SPCB norms. 59 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

54 5. Odour Limited source of odour. Controlled by keeping closed regime during initial treatment. Use of heat exchanger for cooling. Small capacity ETP for moderate and sober BOD effluent will be aerobic and away with a barrier. No cess pools in disposal area. Bio-digester is fully covered. 6. Noise Smooth roads, sturdy foundation and No Vibrations. Acoustic enclosures to all DG Set as per manufacturers design. Use as standby only. Trees are planted around. Side cladding. Large No. of tree barriers. Factory placed away from boundary CHAPTER CONCLUSION After introducing the subject of study in Chapter One, in this Chapter Two additional points are covered. Type of the project is underlined. The location is described after mentioning what criteria of selection were kept before eyes. The Process is fully described and it may be seen that best environmental option is selected. All alternatives having considered, it is seen that No Project option or abandoning the project is not proper. * * * * * 60 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

55 CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 61 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

56 3.1 Introduction: Information is first assembled for the Region-District and then narrowed down to 10 km radius with the Project as Centre. In both the areas, both the components of Environment (i.e. Natural and Man-made) are covered. The baseline environmental quality has been assessed as per the TOR and all the studies have been conducted from month of September 2013 to November The standard methodology is adopted and discussed in this chapter. Table No.3.1: Summary of Sampling No. Media Stations Parameters Frequency 1 Surface Water Ground Water Ambient Air 6 12 Twice a week 4 Ambient Noise Soil Study All the samples were collected by Standard Practices and analyzed as per Indian Standard Specifications or by APHA (USA) Materials: The work involves three activities viz. (1) collection of dry data and statistics by literature survey, interviewing resource institutes and general public, (2) wet studies by sampling and laboratory analysis of ambient air, surface water, ground water, noise, soil, etc. and (3) logically analyzing the findings of dry and wet studies for interpretation, extrapolation and inference. 62 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

57 A number of officers/offices were contacted in the course of this study. Samples were collected in the month of September 2013 to November 2013; as follows, vide Table No Approach For a streamline work, a standard six-step model of working is adopted for this Project study. The six generic steps associated with environment impacts are: (1) Identification of pollutant emissions and impact concerns related to the construction and operation of the development project, (2) Description of the environmental setting in terms of existing environmental quality, emission inventory, and natural data in the project study area, (3) Procurement of relevant laws, regulations or criteria related to environmental quality and/or pollution emission effluent standards, (4) Conduction of impact prediction activities, including the use of simple dilution calculations, qualitative predictions based on case study and professional judgments. (5) Use of pertinent information from step 3, along with professional judgment and public input to assess the significance of anticipated beneficial/ detrimental impacts, and (6) Identification, development and incorporation of appropriate mitigation measures for the adverse impacts. 3.3 The Region The base line data has been collected within the 10 km radius surrounding the project site of M/s. Ugar Sugar Works Ltd. Ugar Khurd. The Google image of the study area showing 5 Km & 10 km radius area is given below as Image M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

58 Belgaum district is a district in the state of Karnataka, India. The city of Belgaum is the district headquarters in North Karnataka. According to the 2011 Census of India, it has a population of 4,778,439 of which 24.03% live in urban areas. Image- 3.1 Google Image showing project site and 10km circle considering project site at centre Geographical Location and area The district of Belgaum is located east of the Western Ghats and is situated in the northwestern part of Karnataka state. It is bordered by the state of Goa on its southwest and Maharashtra state towards its west and north. The districts of Bijapur and Bagalkot of Karnataka state lie towards its northeast and east respectively whereas; the districts of Dharwar and Uttar Kanara lie towards its 64 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

59 south and southwest, respectively (Figure-1). The district lies between and north latitudes and between and east longitudes. It covers an area of 13,444 Sq. Km Physical Setting The state is situated in the Deccan Plateau and is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west, Goa to the northwest, Maharashtra to the north, Andhra Pradesh to the east, Tamil Nadu to the east and southeast, and Kerala to the southwest. It is situated at the angle where the Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats of South India converge into the Nilgiri Hills. The state has three principal physical zones: The coastal strip, between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea, which is lowland, with moderate to high rainfall levels. This strip is around 320 km in length and km wide. The Western Ghats, a mountain range inland from the Arabian Sea, rising to about 900 m average height, and with moderate to high rainfall levels. The Deccan Plateau, comprising the main inland region of the state, which is drier and verging on the semi-arid. The humidity in these plains or maidans never exceeds 50% Water Phase of Environment: Rivers The entire district falls in the Krishna river basin except small catchments of Khanapur, Belgaum and Bailhongal taluks that fall in the catchments of Mahadayi and Kalinadi rivers that flow towards the west. The river Krishna, along with its tributaries Ghataprabha and Malaprabha are perennial and effluent in nature and flow in easterly direction. The drainage density varies from 0.80 to 3.4km/sq.km Irrigation in Belgaum District The district has registered 1,73,684 irrigation pump sets out of which 173,452 are electrified. Lift irrigation pumps are mostly located in the vicinity of the rivers, thus providing surface water irrigation. Canals also contribute substantially to 65 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

60 irrigation. Out of the total irrigated area, about 50% is being irrigated by ground water sources alone. The area irrigated by surface and ground water resources is 3,72,497 hectares which is about 44% of the net sown area. Irrigation by the ground water resources alone covers an area of 1,86,126 hectares, which is about 22% of the Net sown area. 3.4 Meteorology Micro-meteorological data within the study area during the air quality survey period is an indispensable part of air pollution studies as the micro-meteorological parameters regulate the transport and diffusion of pollutants released into the atmosphere. The meteorological data recorded during the monitoring period is useful for the interpretation of the baseline condition and it can be compared with the historical data in order to identify changes, which may have taken place in the area Secondary Meteorological Data The secondary data w.r.t. wind speed, wind direction, Special weather phenomena, Temperature, Relative humidity and Rainfall collected from climatological table of IMD, Pune for Miraj (Sangli) station, which is nearby factory site than the Belgaum station and the same is presented in the below given tables. Table: 3.2 Mean Wind Speed Month Mean Wind Speed Km/Hour January 7.4 February 7.7 March 8.9 April M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

61 May 14.2 June 16.3 July 18.0 August 15.4 September 12.2 October 8.4 November 8.5 December 8.4 Annual 11.3 Winds are light to moderate except in the south-west monsoon season when they are stronger. In the south-west monsoon season, winds are from directions between south-west and north-west, the westerlies being more frequent. In the post-monsoon season they are predominantly from the north-east or east. Easterlies and south-easterlies are common in the cold season. By February westerlies and north-westerlies appear and these predominate in the summer. Table: 3.2 Special Weather Phenomena (Miraj Station) Mean No. of days Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Annual with Thunder Hail Dust- Storm Squall Fog M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

62 Thunderstorms occur in the hot season and in the post- monsoon season. In the beginning and end of the south-west monsoon season rainfall is often associated with thunder. The climate of this district is on the whole agreeable and is characterised by general dryness in the major part of the year. The cold season is from December to about the middle of February. The hot season which follows, lasts till the end of May. June to September is the south-west monsoon season and the two months, October and November, constitute the post-monsoon or retreating monsoon season. The only meteorological observatory in the district is at Miraj. The records of this observatory may be taken as representative of the climatic conditions over the district in general. The cold weather starts by about the end of November and lasts till about the middle of February, December being the coldest month. In this month the mean daily maximum temperature is C, while the mean daily minimum is C. The minimum temperature may sometimes go below 7 0 C. The period from about the middle of February to the end of May is one of continuous increase of temperature. In May, the hottest month, the mean daily maximum temperature is C and the mean daily minimum C. The heat is intense and the maximum temperature may sometimes go up to C. Afternoon thundershowers bring welcome relief from the heat on some days. Table: 3.3 Mean Daily Maximum and Minimum Temperature and Relative Humidity (Miraj Station) Month Mean daily maximum temperature ( 0 C) Mean Daily minimum temperature ( 0 C) Highest maximum ever recorded ( 0 C) Lowest maximum ever recorded ( 0 C) Relative Humidity (%) January February M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

63 March April May June July August September October November December Annual The highest maximum temperature recorded at Miraj was C and the lowest minimum temperature recorded at this station was C. In the south-west monsoon months the air is highly humid. In the post-monsoon, summer and cold seasons the air is dry particularly in the afternoons. Skies are generally clear or lightly clouded during the months November to March. Cloudiness begins to increase progressively from April and afternoons are more clouded than the mornings. During the monsoon months the skies are heavily clouded to overcast. Records of rainfall in the district are available for nine stations for periods ranging from 15 to 83 years. The average annual rainfall in the district is mm (27.26"). The rainfall in the western portion of the district, near the Western Ghats is considerably higher than in the rest of the district. The rainfall generally decreases from the Western Ghats towards the eastern portions of the district; Madhavpur (Vadgaon) near the western border of the district getting 1,225.8 mm (48.26") and Jath in the eastern part getting only mm (20.80"). Some rainfall in the form of thunder-showers occurs in May but the main rainy season is from June to September. The rainfall in the south-west monsoon months is about 68% of the annual total. July is the month with the heaviest rainfall. 69 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

64 About 19% of the annual rainfall is received in the post-monsoon season. The rainfall at individual stations shows considerable variations from year to year. It will be seen from table 3.4 that at some stations the rainfall has been as much as double the normal in some years while in some other years rainfall has been about half the normal. In the fifty year period the annual rainfall in the district was the highest in 1932 when it amounted to 140% of the normal. Both 1918 and 1923 were years with the lowest rainfall which was only 57% of the normal. In the same fifty year period, the annual rainfall was less than 80% of the normal in 14 years. There were three occasions when consecutive two years had rainfall less than 8/% of the normal. Consecutive four years of such low rainfall occurred during the period It will be seen from table 3.4 that in 33 years out of fifty the rainfall in the district was between 500 and 800 mm (19.69" and 31.50") Primary Meteorological Data Site-specific primary meteorological data was collected in the project site for the month of September 2013 to November Meteorological station was installed at Sugar Factory site 10 meters from the ground level to monitor parameters of wind speed, wind direction, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. The data is recorded as the maximum, minimum, instantaneous value. Monitoring was done as per IS: 8829: Micro-meteorological Techniques in Air Pollution. The details of parameters monitored, equipment used and the frequency of monitoring are given in Table. Table 3.5 Meteorological Parameters monitored at Site SR. PARAMETERS INSTRUMENTS FREQUENCY NO. 1. Wind Speed Counter Cup Hourly/Continuous Anemometer 2. Wind Direction Wind Vane Hourly/Continuous 70 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

65 3. Temperature Thermo-sensor Hourly/Continuous 4. Relative Thermo-hygro sensor Hourly/Continuous Humidity 5. Rainfall Rain gauge (automatic) Hourly/ Continuous Temperature It was observed that the temperature ranged from 16.2 C to 36.8 C. The maximum temperature of 36.8 C recorded in the month of November and minimum temperature of 16.2 C was observed to be in the month of November. The monthly variations in the temperature are presented in Table 3.1. Relative Humidity During the monitoring period of three months, the relative humidity ranges from 35 % to 98 %. The maximum humidity (98%) was recorded in the month of October whereas minimum humidity i.e. 35 % was observed in the month of October. The monthly variations in the relative humidity are given in Table 3.1. Table 3.6: Meteorological Data monitored at the Project Site Temperature ( O C) Relative Humidity (%) Month Max Min Avg. Max Min Avg. September October November Wind Speed and Direction Winds are light to moderate throughout the study period. The month-wise and season-wise pattern is discussed below. The monthly and seasonal wind roses are presented in Figure 3.2 to 3.5. Figure 3.1 : Windrose for the Month of September M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

66 Figure 3.2 : Windrose for the Month of October M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

67 Figure 3.3 : Windrose for the Month of November 2013 Figure 3.4: Windrose for the study Period September - November M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

68 Wind pattern during September 13 A review of the wind pattern shows that predominant winds are mostly from west and followed by North West as shown in Figure 3.1. Wind speed observed during the whole month of September was 1.21m/s whereas calm winds are found to be 19.61% Wind pattern during October 13 Wind pattern for the month of October shows that predominant winds are from North and North East direction (Figure 3.2). Wind speed and calm winds observed to be 1.26m/s and 15.65% respectively. Wind pattern during November 13 Wind pattern for the month of November, shows that the predominant winds are mostly from East North East direction (Figure 3.3). Wind speed and calm winds observed to be 1.11m/s and 16.04% respectively. Wind pattern during the Study Period (September to November 13) Predominant wind found to be from the direction of ENE as shown in Figure 3.4. Wind speed observed to be 1.19 m/s where as calm condition are found to be % 3.5 AIR ENVIRONMENT The baseline studies for air environment cover reconnaissance, identification of specific air pollutants expected to have significant impacts and assessment of their prevalent levels in atmosphere at representative locations (within the site and the buffer zone) Ambient Air Quality The ambient air quality status with respect to the specific (identified) pollutants across the study zone of 5 km radial distance from the project site during study 74 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

69 period will form the base line information over which the predicted impacts due to the proposed project can be superimposed to find out the net (final) impacts (post-project scenario) on air environment. If the final impacts due to the project activities are known at the planning stage of the project, a viable Environmental Management Plan (EMP) can be prepared based on impact assessment for the air environment. The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out in accordance with guidelines and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of MoEF & CPCB Procedure for Sampling and Analysis Sampling location is shown in Map below and the monitoring data from 8 stations at various directions is presented in table 3.7. Reconnaissance survey was undertaken to establish the baseline status of air environment in the study region. Keeping in view the nature and size of the proposed site and various guidelines available, an area of 10 km radius from the proposed site, was covered for the purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment. During study period, the study region has predominating wind direction from ENE to WSW. To establish the existing baseline air quality status of the air basin, around the IFL plant, Seven ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) stations were selected in different directions of project site as per guidelines of network siting criteria. The identified locations of AAQM are shown in Figure 3.5. Based on the nature of industries existing and various other activities within the study area, the conventional air pollutants such as Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) and gaseous pollutants such as Sulphur dioxide (SO2), and Oxides of nitrogen (NOx), were identified as significant pollutants for ambient air quality monitoring. 75 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

70 Air quality was monitored with eight samplers, for 24 hours, twice a week, for a total of 13 weeks as per the guidelines specified by the MoEF. The volumetric flow rate of each sampler was maintained at L/min. Air samples are analyzed by using standard procedures prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Indian Standards: IS Details of techniques used for analysis of air samples are given in Table 3.6: Techniques Used for Analysis of Air Quality Sr. Parameter No. Suspended 1 Particulate Matter (SPM) Respirable 2 Particulate Matter (RPM) 3 SO2 4 NOx Carbon 5 Monoxide (CO) Code of Practice IS: 5182 (Part IV) IS: 5182 (Part IV) IS: 5182 (Part V) IS: 5182 (Part V) IS: 5182 (Part X) Sampler Equipment/ Methodology Instruments for Adopted Analysis HVS Balance, Oven Gravimetric and Desiccators Method Respirable Dust Sampler Gravimetric Balance with Cyclone Method Separator HVS Colorimeter Colorimetric HVS Colorimeter Colorimeter Gas Flame Bladder and Chromatograph Ionization Aspirator with Methaniser Detector Figure 3.5 Air monitoring site map of 10 km radius area around Project Site 76 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

71 Table- 3.7 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Locations Sr. No. Code No. Station Name Direction w.r.t. site Distance w.r.t. site km Description 1. AAQ1 Project Site Industrial 2. AAQ2 Ugar Khurd East 1.4 Residential / Rural area 3. AAQ3 Ugar Budruk West 2.0 Residential / Rural area 4. AAQ4 Ugar Khurd (Kudachi) South East 3.8 Residential / Rural area 5. AAQ5 Ugar Khurd North East 3.2 Residential / Rural area 6. AAQ6 Kusnal South West 4.1 Residential / Rural area The ambient air quality monitoring has been done twice in week for every location. The baseline data of air environment is generated for the following parameters: 77 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

72 Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM); PM10 : Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM); Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ); and Oxides of Nitrogen (NO x ) Carbon monoxide (CO); Lead (pb); and Hydrocarbons (HC) Sampling Duration Twenty-four hourly samples, twice a week at all air-monitoring stations Instruments Used Respirable Dust Samplers (APM-451) of Envirotech make are used for sampling SPM, PM10 and gaseous pollutants like SO 2, NO x. The gases are collected in a sampling tray attached to the Respirable Dust Sampler Methodology for Analysis The air samples are analyzed as per IS: 5182 "Method for Measurement of Air Pollution". SPM/ PM10: Gravimetric Method (IS: 5182, Part IV) SO 2 : Modified West and Gaeke Method (IS: 5182, Part II) NO x : Jacobs and Hochheiser Method (IS: 5182, Part VI) CO: NDIR spectroscopy method pb: Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method Presentation of Results The ambient Air quality monitoring data analysed and tabulated in the Table which is compared with National Ambient Air Quality Standards as tabulated in Table Village (Location) Table- 3.8 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Results SO 2 NOx SPM PM10 Parameters (mg/m 3) (mg/m 3) (mg/m 3) (mg/m 3) CO (ppm) 78 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

73 AAQ1 Minimum Maximum Average Std. Deviation 98 th percentile AAQ2 Minimum Maximum Average Std. Deviation 98 th percentile AAQ3 Minimum Maximum Average Std. Deviation 98 th percentile AAQ4 Minimum Maximum Average Std. Deviation M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

74 98 th percentile AAQ5 Minimum Maximum Average Std. Deviation 98 th percentile AAQ6 Minimum Maximum Average Std. Deviation 98 th percentile Ambient air quality analysis results for the six monitoring locations which were selected to represent baseline conditions of the region are given below. AAQ1 The location comes under Industrial zone. The concentration of SPM ranged from µg/m 3 while that of PM10 was in the range of µg/m 3, SO 2 and NOx were in the range of 4-9 µg/m 3 and µg/m 3 respectively. The CO values were observed in the range of ppm. AAQ2 The location comes under Non-Industrial zone. The concentrations of SPM and PM10 at this location were in the range of µg/m 3 and µg/m 3 respectively. While the values of SO 2 and NO X were observed in the range 80 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

75 of µg/m 3 and µg/m 3 respectively. The CO values were observed in the range of ppm. AAQ3 The location comes in the residential /semi urban zone. Here the SPM and PM10 concentrations were in the range of µg/m 3 and µg/m 3 respectively. The concentrations of SO 2 and NO X were observed in the range of µg/m 3 and µg/m 3 respectively. The CO values were observed in the range of ppm. AAQ4 This location comes within the residential zone. The concentrations of SPM and PM10 at this location were in the range of µg/m 3 and µg/m 3 respectively. While the values of SO 2 and NO X were observed in the range of µg/m 3 and µg/m 3 respectively. The CO values were observed in the range of ppm. AAQ5 The location comes under Non-Industrial Zone. The concentration of SPM ranged from µg/m 3 while that of PM10 was in the range of µg/m 3. SO 2 and NOx concentrations were in the range of µg/m 3 and µg/m 3 respectively. The CO values were observed in the range of ppm. AAQ6 The location comes under Non-Industrial Zone. The concentration of SPM ranged from µg/m 3 while that of PM10 was in the range of µg/m 3. SO 2 and NOx concentrations were in the range of µg/m 3 and µg/m 3 respectively. The CO values were observed in the range of ppm. The summary of the monitoring results including minimum, maximum and average levels along with the 98 th percentile values are presented in Table 3.8. The results obtained were compared for 24 hrs average standards for residential areas prescribed by the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The National Ambient Air Quality Standards are presented in Table M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

76 Table 3.9: National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Concentration in Ambient Air Sr. (µg/m 3 except indicated) Time Weighted No Pollutant Residential, Average Industri Sensitive. Rural and al Area Area Other Areas Annual Average Sulphur * Dioxide (SO 2 ) 24 Hours** Oxides of Nitrogen (NO x ) Suspended Particular Matter (SPM) Respirable Particular Matter (RPM) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Annual Average * Hours** Annual Average * Hours** Annual Average * Hours** Hourly 5.0 Average* mg/m mg/m mg/m 3 1 Hour 10.0 Average** mg/m mg/m mg/m 3 * Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval ** 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time it may exceed but not on two consecutive days On the above observations of the results and their compliance to the 24 hourly averages of NAAQ standards are well within the limits. 3.6 NOISE ENVIRONMENT 82 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

77 Noise is defined as unwanted sound, interferes with speech, communication, sleep, causes annoyance and results in deterioration of the quality of human environment. Perception of noise varies with a number of factors including natural sensitivity and hearing ability, past experience, cultural factors and the time of day at which the sound is experienced. Continuous sound is perceived quite differently from intermittent sound at the same level. High or continuous noise levels may cause permanent loss of hearing ranging from reduced perception at certain frequencies to total deafness. Even at comparatively lower levels, noise may have psychological effects including disturbance of sleep, annoyance and irritation. Monitoring of noise levels in the proposed site during summer season was carried out to assess the present baseline levels. Impact of noise generated due to propose Foundry activity was studied and also to know the impact of vehicular traffic on human settlements. Studies pertaining to noise environment were conducted in the following order: Reconnaissance survey Measurement of equivalent noise levels Impact of noise exposure on the communities Noise Levels The noise levels measured at the existing plant facility, proposed plant site and villages located within 10 Km. radius are in Table 3.18 Sr. No. Code No. Table 3.9 Noise Monitoring Locations Station Name Direction w.r.t. site Distance w.r.t. site km 1. N1 Project Site Industrial Description 2. N2 Ugar Khurd East 1.4 Residential / Rural area 3. N3 Ugar Budruk West 2.0 Residential / Rural area 4. N4 Ugar Khurd South East 3.8 Residential / Rural area 83 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

78 (Kudachi) 5. N5 Ugar Khurd North East 3.2 Residential / Rural area Fig 3.6: Noise monitoring site map of 10 km radius area around Project Site Table 3.10 Noise Monitoring Scenario Name of Station Noise Levels (dba) Ambient Noise Standard (dba) Category Day Night Day Night of area Project Site Industrial Ugar Khurd Residential Ugar Budruk Residential Ugar Khurd Residential (Kudachi) Ugar Khurd Residential 84 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

79 From the monitoring survey of noise levels it was observed that the day time noise levels were observed in the range of db (A). The night time noise levels observed at the 5 locations were found to be in the range of db (A). Noise Levels are found to be within the day and night time standards prescribed for residential, commercial, industrial zone. 3.7 WATER ENVIRONMENT Water environment consists of water resources such as river, ponds, streams, etc. The water quality forms the essential component of EIA that helps to identify and evaluate critical impacts / issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for implementation. Water quality of ground water has been studied in order to assess various uses of water such as during construction, in process, drinking, horticulture, etc. with respect to the proposed project. Approach Reconnaissance Survey for ground and surface water bodies in the study region shows that both ground and surface water are important sources of drinking water found in the study region Surface Water Environment The district falls in the Krishna river basin except small catchments of Khanapur, Belgaum and Bailhongal taluks that fall in the catchments of Mahadayi and Kalinadi rivers that flow towards the west. The river Krishna, along with its tributaries Ghataprabha and Malaprabha are perennial and flow in easterly direction. Sampling and Analysis Water samples were collected in the month of September 2013 to November 2013 from bore/open wells located within 10 Km. radius from the proposed site. The water samples collected were analyzed for ph, COD, BOD, Suspended Solids, Oil and Grease, Chlorides, Sulphates and Total Hardness. The results are presented in Table Methodologies adopted for analyzing the samples 85 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

80 for the parameters mentioned above were according to the APHA prescribed methods Surface water Sampling Locations: Sr. Direction from Distance from Sampling Location Name No. project site project site SW1 Krisna river at Kudachi SE 1 Km SW2 Krisna river at Kudachi SE 1 Km Fig. 3.8: Surface water sampling site map Surface Water Quality Scenario Surface water samples analyzed during the study period indicate that the water is free from the industrial pollution. Water from these wells is used for drinking, gardening, industrial and agricultural purposes. Concentrations of suspended solids and dissolved solids were low. BOD, COD levels which indicate organic pollution are also low. All the other parameters are within the prescribed limits. Table: 3.12 Surface Water Analysis results 86 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

81 Sr. No Parameter Unit Limits as per IS:2296-C SW1 SW2 1 ph Electrical Conductivity mmhos/cm NS Chlorides (Cl - ) Mg/l Total Hardness mg/l NS Total Alkalinity mg/l NS Total Dissolved Solids mg/l Sulphate (SO - 4 ) mg/l Iron (Fe + ) mg/l Fluoride (F - ) mg/l Calcium (Ca+) mg/l NS Magnesium (Mg+) mg/l NS Nitrates (NO3-) mg/l Total suspended solids mg/l NS B O D mg/l Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 4 (min) Copper (Cu) mg/l 1.5 BDL BDL 17 Manganese (Mn) mg/l NS BDL BDL 18 Mercury (Hg) mg/l NS BDL BDL 19 Selenium (Se) mg/l 0.05 BDL BDL 20 Cyanide (CN) mg/l NS BDL BDL 21 Chromium (Cr +6 ) mg/l NS BDL BDL 87 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

82 22 Lead (Pb) mg/l NS BDL BDL 23 Zinc (Zn) mg/l NS BDL BDL 24 Aluminum (Al) mg/l NS BDL BDL 25 Cadmium (Cd) mg/l NS BDL BDL 26 Arsenic (As) mg/l 0.2 BDL BDL For the monitoring of surface water quality, three surface water samples have been analyzed once during the study period. The results of analysis are given in Table Which are compared with the standards for Class-C water of IS: 2296 (Water quality fit for drinking after conventional treatment). A perusal of the table reveals that the results of all parameters are well within the specified limits. The ph values are in the range of 7.7 to 8.0 throughout the study period, which shows that the surface water of the study area is slightly alkaline in nature, which may be due to carbonates and bicarbonates. The concentration of the total dissolved solids and total alkalinity are in the range of 250 to 630 mg/lt and 117 to 412 mg/lt. The DO values at all locations are found to be appreciable which indicates self-purification capacity of the surface water body. The heavy metal concentrations at all the three locations during the study period were found below detectable limits Ground Water Quality Ground water is the accumulation of water below the surface of earth, caused by the portion of rainfall that percolates through the soil pores and rock crevices, flown by natural gravity till it reaches an impervious stratum. The study area receives limited rains, but has considerable groundwater presence. The quality of groundwater is examined by drawing samples from open dug wells as well as from deep wells from the study area. Analysis was done by Standard methods. 88 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

83 The results are summarized below in tabular form, and compared with limits of IS: Ground water sampling Locations Sr. No. Sampling Location Name Direction from Project site Distance from project site 1 Ugar khurd (GW1) NE 3.5Km 2 Ugar budruk (GW2) W 3.5 Km 3 Kudachi (GW3) SE 3.5 Km Fig 3.9 Groundwater sampling site map Ground Water Quality Scenario: Ground water samples analyzed during the study period indicate that the water is free from the industrial pollution. Water from these wells is used for drinking, gardening, industrial and agricultural purposes. All the other parameters are within the prescribed limits. The results of the analysis of ground water are tabulated in Table M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

84 Table 3.14: Ground Water analysis results Sr. No. Parameter Unit Limits as per IS:10500 (Desirable/ permissible) Ground Water GW1 GW2 GW3 1 ph Conductivity mmhos/c m NS Chlorides (Cl-) ppm 250/ Total Hardness ppm 300/ Alkalinity as CaCO 3 ppm 200/ Total Dissolved Solids ppm 500/ Sulphate (SO 4 -) ppm 250/ Iron (as Fe) ppm 0.3/ Fluoride (F-) ppm 1.0/ Calcium (Ca+) ppm 75/ Magnesium (Mg+) ppm NS Nitrates (NO 3 -) ppm 45/ Copper (Cu) ppm 0.05/1.5 BDL BDL BDL 14 Manganese (Mn) ppm NS BDL BDL BDL 15 Mercury (Hg) ppm 0.001/NR BDL BDL BDL 16 Selenium (Se) ppm 0.01/NR BDL BDL BDL 17 Cyanide (CN) ppm 0.05/NR BDL BDL BDL 18 Chromium (Cr +6 ) ppm 0.05/NR BDL BDL BDL 19 Lead (Pb) ppm 0.05/NR BDL BDL BDL 90 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

85 20 Zinc (Zn) ppm 5.0/15.0 BDL BDL BDL 21 Cadmium (Cd) ppm 0.01/NR BDL BDL BDL 22 Arsenic (As) ppm 0.05/NR BDL BDL BDL 23 Total Coliform, 24 Faecal Coliforms. Nos./100 ml Nos/100m l Absent Absent The ground water analysis results are compared with the drinking water quality standards of IS: The observed values of ground water analysis during the study period are given in Table The ph value ranges within 6.4 to 6.9 which are found to be slightly towards the lower limit. The electrical conductivity ranges 284 to 1314 mmhos/cm at all sampling locations during the study period. Total dissolved solids (TDS) ranges between 211 to 872 ppm. The fluoride concentrations are between 0.4 to 1.5 ppm. These values are due to the existing geological structure of the area and cannot be attributed to industrial causes. The total hardness during study period observed in the ranges 64.4 to ppm. It was observed that the total hardness is found to be within the desirable limits. The concentrations of heavy metals are below detectable limits throughout the study period. 3.8 Flora and Fauna Objectives of study Flora and Fauna around the 10 km area was recorded. The study was undertaken with a view to understand the status of ecosystem along the following line 91 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

86 To assess nature and distribution of the vegetation in the area Preparation of checklist of flora and fauna. Generation of primary data to understand baseline status of floral and faunal elements, sensitive habitats and rare species Methods adopted for the study To achieve the objectives, general ecological survey covering an area around the proposed project site was carried out in the month of November. General field visit on site and closed vicinity area Reconnaissance Survey Information from local peoples and forest department Observations and Results Flora: The floral study was conducted in the study area during the month of September 2013 to November The floral diversity in the area is described in Table. During this survey total 36 plant species comprising of 15 Tree species, 5 climber species, 3 shrub species and 13 herb species were recorded. These plants are the common habitant in the project area. Table3.15: List of flora available in study area Sr. Name of Vernacular Family No Species name Phenology Habitat Distribution Evergreen and semievergreen 1. Mangifera January - Amba Anacardiaceae indica May forests and also widely cultivated Indo-Malesia 2. Dry Terminalia November India and Sri Arjun Combrataceae Deciduous arjuna - June Lanka forests 3. Bridelia August Semievergreen Asana Euphorbiaceae retusa December Indo-Malaya 92 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

87 and deciduous forests, also in the plains Moist and dry 4. Morinda tinctoria Ashi Rubiaceae March - June deciduous forests, Indo-Malesia also in the plains Grown as fenceposts and 5. Thespesia populnea Bhendi Malvaceae March - June avenue tree, also Pantropical in mangrove forests Dry deciduous 6. Ziziphus mauritiana Bor Rhamnaceae February April forests, also Paleotropics planted in the plains Native of Tropical Africa; 7. Tamarindus indica Chinch Fabaceae February April Cultivated introduced and widely grown in India and other parts 93 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

88 of tropics Malaysia to North 8. Terminalia catapa Deshi badam Combrataceae March January Grown as ornamental tree Australia and Polynesia, commonly planted in the tropics 9. Grewia tiliaefolia Dhaman Tiliaceae February - June Moist deciduous forests Tropical Africa, India to Indo- China Grown as 10. Acacia auriculiformis Kadambo Fabaceae Throughout the year avenue tree, also raised in Native of Tropical Australia plantations Dry 11. Azadiracta indica Kadulimb Meliaceae February September deciduous forests, also widely Indo-Malesia planted 12. Cocus nucifera Naral Arecaceae Throughout the year Cultivated Cultivated throughout the tropics 13. Ficus religiosa Pimpal Moraceae November - February Widely planted in tem ple premises East Himalayas; planted and naturalised in India and neighbouring 14. Samanea Rat-shirish Fabaceae March Grown as Native of 94 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

89 15. saman May avenue tree Moist deciduous Tectona May forests, Sag Verbanaceae grandis January also raised in plantations Central and South America; widely planted in the tropics as avenue tree South and South East Asia CLIMBERS Sr. No Name of Species Mikania micrantha Ipomia muricata Momordica dioica Vernacular Family Name Phenology Habitat Distribution Forest plantations February and also in Asteraceae Bittervine April the plains Pan-tropical in moist localities Bhovari convolvulaceae October Native of Cultivated tropical as Africa and vegetable Asia Deciduous Kantoli Cucurbitaceae and semievergreen Malesia and Indo- July - December forests, China also in the 95 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

90 plains In 4. Mucana prurita Khaj-kuili Fabaceae October February secondary forests at low altitudes, also in the India, Myanmar and Sri Lanka plains Mostly under 5. Vigna radiata Jungle moong Fabaceae August - December cultivation, also naturalised Paleotropics in the plains SHRUBS Sr. No Name of Species Lantana camera Calotropis gigantea Hibiscus subdariffa Vernacular Family Name Phenology Habitat Distribution Native of Introduced Tropical as America, Lantana Verbenaceae April - June ornamental widely plant; now naturalised naturalised in the tropics as weed and subtropics Rui Aslepiadaceae Throughtout the year Wastelands Tropical Asia Cultivated Native of December - ambadi Malvaceae as Tropical February vegetable, Africa; 96 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

91 but now naturalised widely cultivated in all tropics regions HERBS Sr No Name of Species Vernacular Name Family Phenolo gy Habitat Distributio n Dry deciduous 1. Achyranthe s aspera Aghada Amaranthace ae October - March forests and forest plantations Pantropical, also in the plains 2. Solanum surattense Bhuiringani Solanaceae August - Novembe r Degraded forest areas, also along roadsides and wasteland s India, Himalaya, South East Asia, Malesia, Australia, Polynesia 3. Physalis minima Choti phulwa Solanaceae July Decembe r Degraded forests and waste places Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia Degraded Native of 4 Ephorbia hirta Dudhi Euphorbiacea e Througho ut the year forest areas and forest Tropical America; now plantations Pantropical 97 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

92 , also in the plains Along sides of 5. Alternanthra sessilis Kacheri Amaranthace ae Througho ut the year water courses and Pantropical marshy areas Degraded 6. Triumfetta rhomloidea Jhinjhira Tiliaceae August - January deciduous forests, also in the Pantropical plains Moist deciduous Pantropics, 7. Aeschyomm ene indica Bhatsola Fabaceae August - Decembe r forests and waterlogg ed areas probably native in South East United in the States plains Native of 8. Tridax procumbens kambarmodi Asteraceae Througho ut the year Deciduous forests, also waste lands in the plains Tropical America; now widespread throughout tropics and subtropics 9. Aerva lanata Kapurmadh uri Amaranthace ae Sepetmb er April Deciduous forests and waste Widespread in the tropics and 98 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

93 lands in subtropics the plains 10 Commelina benghalensi s kena Commelinace ae July - Novembe r Wasteland s, also in deciduous forests Africa, India, China, Japan and Malesia 11 Celosia argentea kurdu Amaranthace ae Novembe r - Decembe r Weed in cultivated areas and wasteland s Cosmopolit an Native of 12 Mimosa pudica Lajalu Fabaceae July - January Weed in the plains South America; now Pantropical 13 Urena lobata vanbhendi Malvaceae August - Decembe r Degraded forests, also in the plains Pantropical Conclusion: - There is no flora species existing at site which are in the red list species category. Fauna: The faunal study was conducted in the study area during the month of September 2013 to October 2013 The faunal diversity in the area is described in Table. Inquiry was made with the villagers in the concerned cluster regarding availability of wildlife fauna in the study area. The faunal diversity is very meager, only common species of mammals, birds and reptiles are available in the study area. No any wildlife Sanctuary or National Park is present in this study area. Table 3.16: List of fauna available in study area 99 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

94 1. Mammals: Common Name Scientific Name Habitat IUCN Status Indian palm squirrel Funambulus palmarum Plantation Least Concern 2. Avian Fauna Common Name Scientific name Habitat IUCN Status House crow Corvus splendens Plantation, habitation Least Concern Common myna Acridotheres tristis Plantation Least Concern Black drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Plantation Least Concern Black-headed oriole Oriolus xanthornus Tropical moistdeciduous Least biotope:light Concern forest, plantations, village groves, gardens Lesser coucal Centropus bengalensis Scrub jungle and tall grassland Least Concern Common myna Acridotheres tristis Plantation Least Concern Common buzzard Buteo buteo Sailing flight over tree top Least Concern Red whiskered bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus Plantation, shrubs Least Concern Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Cultivation, Scrubs Least Concern Black kite Milvis migrans Urban localities Least Concern Large pied wagtail Motacilla Streams, grasses, Least maderaspatensis irrigation reservoirs Concern 100 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

95 3. Butterfly/insects Species Observed Scientific name Habitat Dot dash sergent Athyma kanwa Scrub, plantation, habitation Blue tiger Tirumala limniace Hills, plains, not in desserts and at high altitude, gardens Common Indian Eupoloea core Among milkweed butterflies, this crow is most abundantly found, Mountains till 8000 feet, occasionally it swarms in the low, wet, jungles Common evening Melanitis leda Very common throughout India, brown except in the arid northwest Common grass Eurema hecabe Scrub, plantation, habitation yellow 4. Reptilian fauna Species Observed Scientific name Habitat Status Common garden Calotes versicolor Occupies all It is commonest agamid lizard biotopes from dry desert to thick forest, Indian subcontinent lizard of India 5. Amphibian fauna Common name Scientific name Habitat Status Asian Common Toad Bufo melanostictus Home in almost all commonest biotopes found in among Indian India, commonest species and also among Indian the amphibian species most likely to be seen Conclusion: - There is no fauna species existing at site which are in the red list species category. 101 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

96 Reference: 1. The Book of Indian Birds Thirteenth Edition 2012 by Salim Ali, Bombay Natural History Society 2. The Book of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians 2002 by J. C. Daniel, Bombay Natural History Society. 3. Discussions with local people 3.9 SOIL ENVIRONMENT Soil Quality The soil in and around the proposed site is formed due to weathering of rocks and can be classified as reddish gray / brown silty type. Rocks underneath are of volcanic origin. The rocks are dark colored of basaltic composition and mainly comprise of plagioclase, pyroxenes iron ores, primary glass and some secondary minerals. Table 3.17 Soil Quality Sampling Location: Sr. Sampling Location Direction from Distance from No. Name project site project site 1. Ugar khurd NE 2.7 km 2. Ugar Budruk W 1.5 km 3. Ugar khurd SE 1.7 km Fig 3.10 Soil sampling site map of 10 km radius area around Project Site 102 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

97 Table 3.18 Soil Monitoring Scenario Project Ugar Ugar Sr. No. Parameters Site Khurd (1.7 km) Ugar Budruk Khurd (1.7 Unit km) 1. ph Conductivity Ms/sec 3. Chlorine(Cl) ND ND ND ND Mg/ltr 4 Nitrogen(N) Kg/Ha 5 Phosphorous(P2O5) Kg/Ha 6 Potassium(K2O) Kg/Ha 103 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

98 7 Iron(Fe) ppm 8 Calcium(Ca) Kg/Ha 9 Manganese (Mn) ppm 10 Zinc (Zn) ppm 11 Copper (Cu) ppm 12 Organic Carbon % 3.10 Remote Sensing and GIS Study Remote Sensing is a process of identification and demarcation of various earths objects from a distance without directly coming into contact with them. Remote sensing is largely concerned with the measurement of electromagnetic radiation from the sun, which is reflected, scattered, and emitted by the objects on the surface of the earth. Different objects on the surface of the earth reflect different amounts of the electromagnetic spectrum. The potential of remote sensing in natural resources mapping basically depends on spatial, radiometric and temporal resolution of the sensor. Thus the satellite remote sensing with its capability of repetitive coverage, multi-spectral imaging, synoptic view and low cost can play an important role in the delineation of various landuse landcover classes. Land cover is a fundamental parameter describing the Earth s surface. This parameter is a considerable variable that impacts on and links many parts of the human and physical environments. Remote sensing technique has ability to represent of land cover categories by means of classification process. With the availability of multispectral remotely sensed data in digital form and the developments in digital processing, remote sensing supplies a new prospective for land-cover/land-use analysis. Geographical Information Systems have already been used for assessing environmental problems, since they provides a 104 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

99 flexible environment and a powerful tool for the manipulation and analysis of spatial information for land cover feature identification and the maps of all variables were combined to extract information to better understand analyzing. Satellite remote sensing, in conjunction with geographic information systems, has been widely applied and been recognized as a powerful and effective tool in analyzing land cover/use categories This study made use of remotely sensed data and GIS technologies; to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively outcome of part of dist. Pune land cover/use distribution. Obtained results were compared, visualized and analyzed, in Geographic Information System. The project site is having latitudes 16 39'0.90"N and longitudes 74 49'14.71"E. The 10 km radius area around project site is having latitudes 16 33'35.452"N to 16 44'26.361"N and longitudes 74 43'37.116"E to 74 54'52.303"E. Software and Hardware Satellite Data: RESOURCESAT-2 cloud free data has been used for Landuse / landcover analysis. Satellite Sensor RESOURCESAT-2 LISS- III Path and Row Path 97 Row 61 Resolutions m. Date of Pass: 29 Apr 2013 Ancillary Data: PC based GIS and image-processing software s are used for the purpose of image classification and for delineating drainage and other features in the study area. Number of peripheral devices such as scanner, plotter, printer etc. has also been interfaced with the system. Objectives: Delineation of Landuse/ Landcover categories at 10 km radius area around Project site. Generation of digital cartographic database using secondary data sources. 105 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

100 Fig Toposheet map of 10 km radius area around Project Site. Methodology: The multispectral data obtained from sensors, due to its synoptic view and revisit capability, can effectively be used for continuous monitoring of land surface. The spatial, spectral and radiometric resolutions are the three primary factors in the estimation of various landuse/landcover classes. The satellite data is then taken into a hard disk and then converted in the standard false colour composite by assigning blue, green and red to green, red and near infra red band respectively. Image enhancement has been done by the technique called histogram stretching between the ranges of 0-255, as the data content is 8-bit. Applying formulae derived by modeling the sources of distortions in order to correct the systematic distortions such as earth curvature carried out rectification and registration of satellite data. The random distortions were corrected using well distributed ground control points occurring in raw data. To achieve planimetric accuracy, the remote sensing scene was rectified with 106 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

101 respect to SOI maps on 1: 50,000 scales. The GCP s in the scene such as railroad intersections, corners of water reservoirs, bunds, etc. were identified on the image as well as on the reference map. Third order model was constructed and finally registration of image was carried out with nearest neighborhood resampling taking map as reference and one map registration was achieved. Then the subset of image has been taken according to the boundary of the study area. The digital classification technique has been used for the extraction of the landuse/landcover information from the imagery. Eight different landuse/landcover classes have been identified in the area under study. Table shows the information about the extent of landuse/landcover classes in the study area. 107 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

102 Fig Satellite Image of 10 km radius area around Project Site. 108 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

103 Landuse/ Landcover Classes Details: Satellite data for Rabi season was classified using supervised classification technique. Maximum likelihood algorithm classifier was used for the analysis. The scenes were individually classified and then were integrated to get a composite classified output where information from Rabi season is available. A truth table was generated taking 0.95 as the conversion threshold. After aggregation, the final classified output was converted in raster format. The image was then converted in raster format, which is understood by GIS. Eight landuse / landcover classes identified in total 10 km radius area around Project Site. The area under each class has been calculated and given below. Table 1: Landuse/ Landcover Statistics of the Ten Km radius Area. Sr. No. LAND USE AREA (Ha) AREA (%) 1 Built-Up Land Settlements Water Bodies Tank/River/Dry Reservoir etc Forest Vegetation Crop Land Irrigated crop land Fallow land Waste Lands Land with scrub Land without scrub Total M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

104 Fig Landuse/landcover map of 10 km radius area around Project Site. 110 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

105 Digital Cartographic Database preparation in GIS GIS is an integrated information system having capability to capture, store, edit, manipulate, analyze and retrieve all types of spatial and non-spatial information about a particular area. The advent of electronics and computing techniques coupled with the development of GIS has increased the potential of creating and maintaining databases using geographical space as the key field. The database can be used for speedier monitoring, assessment, planning, and management of various aspects of natural resources. Comprehensive GIS based database was generated for the study area that comprises of the following data sets. Resource data such as landuse from remote sensing data, soil map, geology, water bodies, surface and ground water sampling locations, drainage, contour. The methodology used for database preparation involves the following steps Data Input: The function of data input is to convert the existing data from one into another that can be used in GIS. Georeferenced data are commonly provided as maps, satellite images, and associated attributes. 111 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

106 Drainage Map: Drainage layer, which was generated after scanning the thematic manuscripts, was edited for line the errors. Two different layers were made separately for line drainage. Drainage order was given to all the drain lines in the layer s. Strahler method of ordering was used for giving order to drainage. Whenever two drains of any order joined the order of next drain was increase by one. The study area has an order of fourth. River name also attached as attribute to drainage layer. All the water bodies and river with sufficient width were put in polygon layer. The area shows not much of undulating topography thus it shows the Dendritic drainage patterns. Fig. 3.14: Drainage map of 10 km radius area around Project Site. Contour Thematic manuscript for contour layer was generated from Survey of India toposheet at 1:50,000 scale. After scanning coverage was generated. 112 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

107 Coverage was edited to remove all errors of dangle. Attribute value was given to each contour in the coverage. Fig.3.15: Contour map of 10 km radius area around Project Site Socio-Economic Environment: Social and economical consideration is basic in the man-made environment. Any human activity is undertaken for a sole objective of economic benefit to the human society. In other words if the socio-economic impact is not positively beneficial, one will not enter into that activity at all. It is, therefore, worthwhile to make a socioeconomic impact assessment (SIA) in advance before deciding on commencement of the activity. SIA is done honestly, keeping the following framework. SIA is a systematic effort to identify, analyze, and evaluate social impacts due to a proposed project or policy change on the individuals and social groups within a community or on an entire community in advance of the decision making process in order that the information derived from the SIA can actually influence decisions. 113 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

108 SIA increase knowledge on the part of the project proponent and the impacted community. SIA raises consciousness and the level of understanding of the community and puts the residents in a better position to understand the broader implication of the proposed action. SIA includes within it a process to mitigate the social impacts likely to occur, if that action is desired by the impacted community. For further discussions this study area which is fully of rural component will be considered. Village Map: Village layer was prepared from SOI toposheet at 1:50,000 scale, 10 km radius area around the project site. After scanning the manuscript layer was prepared. The point layer was prepared. Errors were removed after editing the layer. Fig. 3.16: Village map of 10 km radius area around Project Site. 114 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

109 Accessibility Map: Major Road and Railway network layer was prepared from SOI toposheet at 1:50,000 scale 10 km radius area around the project site. After scanning the manuscript layer was prepared. Errors were removed after editing the layer. Attributes were given to different types of road and railway. Fig. 3.17: Accessibility map of 10 km radius area around Project Site HYDROGEOLOGY Water table generally follows the topography of the area and is at greater depths in the water divides and topographic highs, but becomes shallower in the valleys and topographic lows and therefore, groundwater moves down and follows the gradient from the higher to lower elevations, that is, from recharge area to discharge area. Therefore, locally direction of flow from higher elevations is towards the rivers. Overall, the general flow direction of ground water in the district is generally towards the east. 115 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

110 The district is underlain by gneisses, schist, limestone, sandstone, basalts, alluvium etc. of Archaean to Recent age. Deccan basalts cover an area of 7,650 Sq.Kms. in the northern part of the district and have a maximum thickness of around 256 m, which gradually thins out in the southern direction. Hard rocks occupy a major part of the district; majority of which are basaltic lava flows. Most of these rocks have poor capacity of storing and transmitting water, except through favourable zones and at favourable locations. Aquifer systems encountered are therefore limited in nature. Ground water occurs both in weathered and fractured zones. Ground water occurs in all weathered formations of the district under phreatic conditions and in fractured and jointed formations under semiconfined conditions. Deccan basalts act as a multilayer aquifers having low to medium permeability. In Deccan basalts that comprise different flows, fractures and interstitial pore spaces of vesicular zones, are good repositories of ground water. Groundwater occurs under phreatic conditions in weathered zone of these basalts and under semi-confined to confined conditions in inter-trapeans and also in joints and fractures at deeper levels. In limestone, solution cavities are considered to be more potential than weathered and fractured ones. In gneisses and schist, weathered zone varies from 7 to 12 m and water-bearing zones extend down to 80m. The aquifers occurring within the shallow depth range of 0 to 20 m bgl are mainly weathered and fractured formations. Groundwater occurs in these formations under phreatic conditions and the average thickness of these aquifers ranges from 5 to 15m. In general, 60% area of the district is having the weathered thickness in the range of 5 to 10 m. About 25% of the district area has weathered thickness in the range of 10 to 15m and 15% in the range of 15 to 20m. In the major parts of the district, the decadal mean of depth to water level generally ranged between 5 to 20 m bgl (Figure-3). During pre-monsoon period i.e. May 2006, 8%, 28%, 37%, and 27% of the wells had depth to water level ranges between 0-2, 2-5, 5-10 and 10-20m bgl respectively (Figure-4). There was a rise of water level in 116 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

111 30%, 20% and 30% of the wells during post monsoon period i.e. November 2006 in the range of 0-2, 2-4 and more than 4m respectively. On the other hand 12%, 5% and 3% of the wells showed a fall in water levels in the ranges of 0-2, 2-4 and more than 4m respectively. Therefore, more than half of the district had depth to water level between 2-5m bgl during post-monsoon period i.e. November 2006 and the overall depth to water level in the district was between 0 to 10m bgl, except in a small strip towards southern part of Ramdurg taluk where it is more than 10m bgl. The long-term pre-monsoon water level trend ( ) shows a rise in 53% of the wells, while there is a fall in 47% of the wells. On the other hand during postmonsoon period, 68% of the wells show falling trend, while there is a rising trend in 32% of the wells. Over all the annualised trend shows a fall in 61% of the wells and rise in 39% of the wells. Based on the pumping test data of the dugwells, it is inferred that there is a progressive increase in the permeability exceeding >100m/ day in the water table phreatic zones of basaltic aquifers towards the east, even though the area falls in the northern dry and transitional zone having low to moderate rainfall. Similar is the case with other lithologic units. On the other hand in Khanapur taluk, though it falls in high rainfall hill zone agro-climatically, the permeability of the principle water table aquifers of schists and gneisses range from < 25 to 50m/ day. Analyses of Pumping test data of exploratory borewells show that wells have yielded discharges in the range of 0.02 to 7.58 lps and the draw down ranged between to m. The transmissivity (T) computed was between 1 and 2,220 m2/day. 117 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

112 Fig 3.18: Hydrogeology of Belgaum district, Karnataka Source: Central Ground Water Board South Western Region Bangalore August SEISMICITY Based on the tectonic features and records of earthquake, a Seismic Zoning map has been developed for the country by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). Seismic Zoning Map of India is placed as Figure M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum

113 Figure 3.19 : Seismic Zone Map The area under study falls in Zone-II, according to the Indian Standard Seismic Zoning Map. Suitable seismic coefficients in horizontal and vertical directions respectively, have to be adopted while designing the structures. * * * * * 119 M/s Ugar Sugar Works Ltd.Ugar Khurd, Tal: Athani, Dist: Belgaum