Handbook of Small Modular Nuclear

Transcription

1 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 64 Handbook of Small Modular Nuclear Reactors Edited by Mario D. Carelli and Daniel T. Ingersoll WP ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM BOSTON CAMBRIDGE HEIDELBERG LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYO Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier { WOODHEAD PUBLISHING

2 List of contributors xiii Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xv Preface xix Part One Fundamentals of small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs) 1 1 Small modular reactors (SMRs) for producing nuclear energy: an introduction 3 N. Todreas 1.1 Introduction Incentives and challenges for achieving commercial deployment success Overview of different types of small modular reactors (SMRs) Public health and safety The current status of SMRs Future trends Conclusion Sources of further information and advice 24 References 24 Appendix: nomenclature 25 2 Small modular reactors (SMRs) for producing nuclear energy: international developments 27 D. T. Ingersoll 2.1 Introduction Light-water-cooled reactors Heavy-water-cooled reactors Gas-cooled reactors Liquid-metal-cooled reactors Future trends Sources of further information and advice 58 References 59 3 Integral pressurized-water reactors (ipwrs) for producing nuclear energy: a new paradigm 61 M. D. Carelli 3.1 Introduction The imperatives for nuclear power The integral pressurized-water reactor (ipwr) 64

3 vi 3.4 Addressing the safety imperative Satisfying the economic competitiveness imperative Future trends Conclusion Sources of further information and advice 75 References 75 Part Two Small modular nuclear reactor (SMR) technologies 77 4 Core and fuel technologies in integral pressurized-water reactors (ipwrs) 79 A. Worrall 4.1 Introduction Safety design criteria Design features to achieve the criteria Integral pressurized-water reactor (ipwr) design specifics Conclusion 101 References Key reactor system components in integral pressurized-water reactors (ipwrs) 103 R. J. Belles 5.1 Introduction Integral components Connected system components Future trends Sources of further information and advice 121 References Instrumentation and control technologies for small modular reactors (SMRs) 123 D. Cummins 6.1 Introduction Safety system instrumentation and controls (I&C) Nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) control systems instrumentation Balance of plant (BOP) instrumentation Diagnostics and prognostics Processing electronics Cabling Future trends and challenges Conclusion 145 References 145

4 7 Human-system interfaces (HSIs) in small modular reactors (SMRs) 149 J. Hugo 7.1 Introduction Human-system interfaces (HSIs) for new nuclear power plants (NPPs) The state of HSI technology in existing NPPs Purpose and objectives of advanced HSIs and human-factor challenges Differences in the treatment of HSIs in the nuclear industry and other industries How to identify and select advanced HSIs: five dimensions Operational domains of HSIs HSI technology classification HSI architecture and functions Implementation and design strategies Future trends Conclusion Sources of further information and advice 187 References Safety of integral pressurized-water reactors (ipwrs) 191 B. Petrovic 8.1 Introduction Approaches to safety: active, passive, inherent safety and safety-by-design Testing of small modular reactor (SMR) components and systems Probabilistic risk assessment (PRA)/probabilistic safety assessment (PSA) Security as it relates to safety Future trends 214 References Proliferation resistance and physical protection (PR&PP) in small modular reactors (SMRs) 219 R. A. Bari 9.1 Introduction Methods of analysis System response and outcomes Steps in the Generation IV International Forum (GIF) evaluation process Lessons learned from performing proliferation resistance and physical protection (PR&PP) Future trends 234

5 viii 9.7 Sources of further information and advice 235 References 236 Part Three Implementation and applications Economics and financing of small modular reactors (SMRs) 239 S. Boarin, M. Mancini, M. Ricotti, G. Locatelli 10.1 Introduction Investment and risk factors Capital costs and economy of scale Capital costs and multiple units Capital costs and size-specific factors Competitiveness of multiple small modular reactors (SMRs) versus large reactors Competitiveness of SMRs versus other generation technologies External factors Future trends Sources of further information and advice 272 References Licensing of small modular reactors (SMRs) 279 R. L. Black 11.1 Introduction US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licensing of small modular reactors (SMRs): an example Industry codes and standards to support SMR licensing International strategy and framework for SMR licensing Conclusion 291 References Construction methods for small modular reactors (SMRs) 293 N. Town, S. Lawler 12.1 Introduction Options for manufacturing Component fabrication Advanced joining techniques Supply chain implications Conclusion 316 Reference 317

6 ix 13 Hybrid energy systems (HESs) using small modular reactors (SMRs) 319 S. Bragg-Sitton 13.1 Introduction Principles of hybrid energy systems (HESs) Evaluating the merit of proposed hybrid system architectures The when, why and how of SMR hybridization Coupling reactor thermal output to non-electric applications Future trends Sources of further information 347 Acknowledgements 348 References 348 Part Four International R&D and deployment Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of the USA 353 G. T. Mays 14.1 Introduction US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE) small modular reactor (SMR) R&D program Principal R&D areas of the DOE-NE Advanced Reactor Technology (ART) program DOE-NE Nuclear Energy University Program (NEUP) A-SMR related R&D DOE-NE R&D partnerships on advanced reactors R&D conducted by nuclear industry on SMRs Future trends 374 References Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of the Republic of Korea 379 S. Choi 15.1 Introduction Korean integral pressurized-vvater reactor (ipwr): Systemintegrated Modular Advanced ReacTor (SMART) Development of other small modular nuclear reactor (SMR) technologies in the Republic of Korea Design characteristics of Korean ipwrs: SMART Design characteristics of Korean sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) and very-high-temperature reactor (VHTR) Future trends Sources of further information and advice 406

7 X 16 Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of Argentina 409 D. F. Delmastro 16.1 Introduction Small modular reactor (SMR) R&D in Argentina Integrated pressurized-water reactor (ipwr): CAREM Deployment of SMRs in Argentina Future trends Sources of further information and advice 421 References Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of Russia 423 V. Kuznetsov 17.1 Introduction Small modular reactor (SMR) projects being developed by OKBM Afrikantov in Russia SMR projects being developed by joint stock company (JSC) AKME Engineering in Russia SMRs being developed by N1KIET in Russia Deployment of SMRs in Russia Future trends Conclusion Sources of further information and advice 450 References Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of China 455 D. Song 18.1 Introduction Small modular reactors (SMRs) in the People's Republic (PR) of China: HTR SMRs in PR of China: ACPI Deployment of SMRs in PR of China Future trends 467 Acknowledgements 468 References Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of Japan 469 T. Okubo 19.1 Introduction Small modular nuclear reactor (SMR) R&D in Japan SMR technologies in Japan Deployment of SMRs in Japan Future trends Sources of further information and advice 483 References 483

8 xi 20 Small modular reactors (SMRs): the case of developing countries 485 D. Goodman 20.1 Introduction Measuring development Trade-offs of small modular reactors (SMRs) in developing countries Characteristics of developing countries that make deployment of SMRs viable SMR choices in developing countries Obstacles and innovations Conclusion 496 Acknowledgements 497 References 497 Index 501