Solid Waste Management System Needs of a Suburban Community

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1 Liceo Vol. 6 No. Journal 1 December of Higher 2009 Education ISSN: Research CHED Accredited Research Journal, Category B Business and Public Policy Section Solid Waste Management System Needs of a Suburban Community Richie Grace M. Lago richie_lago@yahoo.com Liceo de Cagayan University Date Submitted: March 18, 2008 Final Revision Accepted: September 11, 2008 Abstract - This study aimed at determining the solid waste management system needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City, as basis for solid waste management program. The study assessed the solid waste management system needs in terms of handling and storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal. This study utilized the descriptive survey method to determine the solid waste management system needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City. This barangay is one of the sources of contamination of Macajalar Bay because of its drainage system. Identifying the solid waste management system needs of this barangay will help address the problem of contamination of the Macajalar Bay. The barangay officials, SK officials, barangay health workers and zone leaders/residents of the barangay were the respondents of the study. The respondents moderate awareness of R.A and receptiveness to solid waste management system will ensure their cooperation with the LGU officials in initiating the implementation of R.A Likewise, the respondents moderate assessment of the barangay s solid waste management system needs in terms of handling and storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal disclose a community interest in adopting the introduced solid waste management system for the protection of the residents health and the environment. Keywords - Solid waste management, suburban community 206

2 Solid Waste Management System Needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City R.G. M. Lago INTRODUCTION Solid wastes need to be properly managed for they bring not only health ailments to mankind but also degradation of the environment. Solid wastes that contain pollutants, such as mercury in the fluorescent lamp and lead in the storage batteries, when thrown into the rivers and creeks contaminate the seawater and seafoods (Kiamco, 2006). Public health problems associated with solid waste fall into two categories: diseases carried by vermin and the physical and chemical hazards resulting from certain components in solid wastes. Discarded solid wastes provide food and harborage for rats, flies, and mosquitoes. Food wastes attract these insects and rodents. The debris associated with the refuse provides shelter as well as breeding environment especially for insects (Pfeffer, 1992). Therefore, the population of vermin can be expected to increase if the refuse is not properly managed. Broken glass, rusty materials, household pesticide, and solvents are some of the sources of chemical and physical hazards associated with solid waste. Republic Act 9003 otherwise known as Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 was passed by the House of Representatives and the Philippine Senate on December 12, 2000, and December 20, 2000, as a consolidation of House bill no and Senate Bill 1595 respectively. The act was approved on January 26, It is a Republic Act providing for an ecological solid waste management program that creates the necessary institutional mechanism, provides penalties, and appropriates funds. Section 2 of R.A is the declaration of policies for the state to adopt a systematic, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management program that shall ensure the protection of public health and environment; utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of variable resource and encourage resources conservation and recovery; set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and reduction through source and waste minimization measures including composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate 207

3 and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable development principle; ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in ecological waste management excluding incineration; promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery; encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management; retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other local government units, non-government organizations, and private sector; encourage cooperation and self regulation among waste generators through the participation in the development and implementation of national and local integrated, comprehensive, and ecological solid waste management programs; and strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry. The solid waste problem may be minimized only if the local government units are willing to adopt the principles contained in the Republic Act 9003, particularly in Section 12 of the Act which pertains to the City and Municipal solid Waste Management Board that shall prepare, submit, and implement a plan for the safe and sanitary management of solid waste generated in areas under its geographic and political coverage. Along this line, the researcher sought to determine the needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City, in eliminating its solid waste disposal problem. There is a need to control solid waste littering and pollution since they are sources of diseases. It must be everybody s concern to maintain good health and protect the marine environment. It is a sad fact that people themselves are the main source of solid waste pollution (Kiamco, 2000). As observed in Bayabas, waste management is a problem. It doesn t have a system and people just scatter their wastes or dump them into the sea, creek, or main drainage. Hence, there is a need to involve the 208

4 Solid Waste Management System Needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City people in coming up with a solid waste management system for the barangay. FRAMEWORK R.G. M. Lago The study was anchored on Republic Act 9003 otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 that basically promotes the adoption of the functional elements of solid waste management for the protection of the health of the residents and the environment. Republic Act 9003, the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, embodied the six functional elements of solid waste management system. The six functional elements include solid waste generation, handling and storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal. Solid Waste Generation. For the initial source of reduction and recycling element of a local waste management plan, the LGU waste characterization component shall identify the constituent materials that comprise the solid waste generated within the jurisdiction of the LGU. The information should be representative of the solid waste generated and disposed of within that area. The constituent materials shall be identified by volume, percentage in weight or its volumetric equivalent, material type, and source of generation that includes residential, commercial, industrial, governmental, or other resources. The general sources of waste usually come from industrial, mining, agricultural, and municipal wastes. These sources of waste can usually be handled by their producers, often at the sites where they are produced (Kiamco, 1992). Carbajal et. al (2001), citing a study by the City Public Service Office (CPSO) of Cagayan de Oro city during January to August 1997, stated that the biggest distribution of garbage generation in the city was mainly attributed to residential or domestic sector (53.9%). The second biggest generators were commercial (28.37%), market (10.15%), and industrial sector (6.69%). Waste Handling and Storage. The second of the six functional elements of the solid waste management system is waste handling and storage. Waste handling involves the activities associated 209

5 with management of wastes until they are placed in the storage containers for collection. Handling also encompasses movement of loaded containers for collection. Separation of waste components is an important step in the handling and storage of solid wastes at the source. On site, storage is of primary importance because of public health concerns and aesthetic consideration. Unsightly makeshift containers and even open ground storage are both undesirable are often seen at many residential and commercial sites. Processing that may be done at the source involves activities such as compaction and yard waste composting (Tchobanoglous, 1993). Collection. This includes not only the gathering of the solid wastes and recyclable materials, but also the transport of these materials after collection to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied. This location may be a material processing facility, a transfer station, or a landfill disposal site. In small cities where final disposal sites are nearby, the hauling of wastes is not a serious problem. In large cities, where the haul may be significant economic implications and long distances are involved, transfer and transport facilities are normally used. Section 23 of R.A states the requirements for collection of solid waste such as the following: collectors and other personnel directly dealing with collection of waste shall be equipped with personal protective equipment to protect them from the hazards of hauling solid wastes, necessary trainings shall be given to the collectors and personnel to ensure that the solid wastes are handled properly and in accordance with the guidance pursuant to this act, and collection of solid waste shall be done in a manner which prevents damage to the container and spillage or scattering of solid waste within the collection vicinity. Transfer and Transport. Transfer and transport involves two steps: the direct transfer of wastes to the Materials Recovery Facility or the transfer of wastes from the similar collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and the subsequent transport of the wastes to a processing or disposal site. For bulky wastes, the transfer usually takes place at a transfer station. Although motor vehicle transport is most common, rail cars and barges are also used to transport wastes (Tchobanoglous, 1993). 210

6 Solid Waste Management System Needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City R.G. M. Lago As stated in section 17 of R.A. 9003, the components of Local Government Solid Waste Management Plan include hauling and transfer of solid waste from source or collection points to processing sites or final disposal sites. The plan shall define and specify the methods and systems for the transfer of solid waste from specific collection points to solid waste management facilities such as those in the MRF Station or Materials Recovery Facility Station. Processing. The recovery of separated materials, the separation and processing of solid wastes components, and transformation of solid waste that occurs primarily in locations away from the source of waste generation are encompassed by this functional element. The types of means and facilities that are now used for a recovery of waste materials that have been separated at the source include curbside collection, drop off, and buy back centers. The separation and processing of wastes and the separation of commingled wastes usually occur at materials recovery facility, transfer stations, combustion facilities, and disposal sites. Processing often includes the separation of ferrous metals using magnets and volume reduction by compaction and combustion. Transformation processes are used to reduce the volume and weight of waste requiring disposal and to recover conversion products and energy. The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) can be transformed by a variety of chemical and biological processes. The most commonly used chemical transformation process is combustion, which is used in conjunction with the recovery of energy in the form of heat. The most commonly used biological transformation process is aerobic composting. The selection of a given set of processes will depend on the waste management objectives to achieve (Tchobanoglous, 1993). Waste Disposal. The last functional element of the solid waste management is disposal. Today, the disposal of wastes by land filling or land spreading is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes, whether they are residential wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site or residual materials from Materials Recovery Facility (MRF), residue from combustion of solid wastes composts, and other substances from various solid waste processing facilities. A modern sanitary landfill is not a dump; it is an engineered facility used for disposing solid wastes on land or within the earth s marine 211

7 without creating nuisances and the contamination of groundwater. The impact of chemical contamination of groundwater on human health and the environment depends on many patterns, the degree of human exposure, the availability and quality of alternative water supplies, and the feasibility of corrective remediation (Wentz, 1996). Figure 1, shows the independent and dependent variables of the study. The independent variables are the respondent s position in the barangay, level of awareness of R.A. 9003, and level of receptiveness to solid waste management system. The dependent variables are the solid waste management system needs of the barangay in terms of the functional elements as handling and storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal. The study considered the respondents position in the barangay to establish with validity the actual solid waste management system needs of the barangay. The respondents level of awareness of R.A to solid waste management system are assumed to affect the respondents perceived solid waste management needs of the barangay. High level of awareness of R.A would likely facilitate the identification of the solid waste management needs of the barangay in terms of the functional elements of solid waste management system. The respondents level of receptiveness to solid waste management system as an independent variable is expected to influence their assessment of the solid waste management system needs of the barangay. Independent Variables Dependent Variables Profile of Respondents Position in the Barangay Level of Awareness of R. A Level of Receptiveness to Solid Waste Management System Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study Solid Waste Management System Needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City in terms of the following functional elements: Handling and Storage Collection Transfer and Transport Processing Disposal 212

8 Solid Waste Management System Needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City R.G. M. Lago OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY This study aimed at determining the solid waste management system needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City, as basis for solid waste management program. Specifically, it pursued the following objectives: (1) to describe the profile of the respondents; (2) to determine the respondents solid waste management system needs in terms of handling and storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal; (3) to find the difference in the assessment of the respondents on the solid waste management system needs of the barangay when they are grouped in terms of their position in the barangay; (4) to determine the indicators of awareness of R.A significantly affect the assessment of the solid waste management needs of the barangay; and (5) to find which of the indicators of receptiveness to solid waste management system significantly affect the assessment of the solid waste management system needs of the barangay. LITERATURE REVIEW Kiamco (2000), in her study on the conditions of the rivers, creeks, and main drainage along the coastal areas of Cugman- Macabalan Cagayan de Oro City, found out that these rivers, creeks and main drainage were saturated with different kinds of solid and liquid wastes coming from households, industries, and commercial establishments. Sincero (1996) cited that combined sewers and separate sanitary sewers simply discharge the effluents directly into the streams, rivers, lakes and estuarines, which result in the gross pollution of the receiving bodies of water. Corson (1990) reported that roughly two-thirds of the people worldwide live along coastlines and rivers. These people drain their liquid and solid wastes into coastal waters; hence they are responsible for most of the health problems and the harm done to marine and coastal resources. Some of the factors that affect health and damage marine resources are land-based coastal pollution from municipal sewage, industrial waste, urban and agricultural runoff, inland deforestation, construction and development in coastal 213

9 areas, ocean dumping of dredged materials sewage, sludge and hazardous wastes, discharge and spills of petroleum, discarded solid wastes especially plastics, overfishing, and the use of wasteful fishing methods. Mckenzie (1992) pointed out that on some environmental problems, not enough is known for effective action. In too many cases, a problem has been attacked without concern for its relationship with other problem. This is true since environmental problem could only be solved by examining all interrelated aspects that have bearing on the problem. For example, the plastic littering on the shoreline could not just be solved through routine clean-up in the shoreline area if no further action on the problem is to be taken; the clean-up drive will continually be done without actually solving the problem. To solve this kind of environmental problem, the root cause should be addressed and pollution control measures formulated and continuously implemented through citizen participation and adoption of the six functional elements of solid waste management system advocated by Pfeffer (1992). Pfeffer (1992) cited the need for the adoption of the functional elements of solid waste management due to the observed improper management of solid waste that creates health problems such as typhoid, dysentery, cholera, paratyphoid, and dengue fever. Public health problems associated with improper disposal of solid wastes, especially food waste, have long been the driving motivation for the removal of these materials from human environment. Solid wastes attraction to rats and vermin makes it significant source of diseases associated with rats and flies. Hence, there is a need to adopt the functional elements of solid waste management system. Tchobanoglous et al. (1993) advocated the adoption of the six functional elements of solid waste management system since littering of solid wastes or the practice of throwing wastes on the unpaved streets, roadways, and vacant land led to the breeding of rats with their attendant flies carrying bubonic plague. Inefficient and improper methods of disposal of solid wastes result in scenic blights that create serious hazard to public health, pollution of air and water resources, accident, increasing rodent and insect vectors of disease, public nuisances that interfere with community life and development and necessary waste depletion of natural resources. 214

10 Solid Waste Management System Needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City R.G. M. Lago METHODOLOGY This study utilized the descriptive survey method to determine the solid waste management system needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City. This barangay is one of the sources of contamination of Macajalar Bay because of its drainage system. Identifying the solid waste management system needs of this barangay will help address the problem of contamination of the Macajalar Bay. The barangay officials, SK officials, and zone leaders/residents of the barangay were the respondents of the study. The barangay officials, who composed the first group of respondents, included the chairman and kagawad of the barangay and Sangguiniang Kabataan (SK). The barangay health workers, who composed the second group of respondents, included the barangay health workers (BHO) and barangay nutrition scholars (BNS). The third group of respondents included the zone leaders/residents of the barangay. The sampling technique applied was purposive sampling. The respondents, being public servants and residents of the barangay, were in the best position to determine the solid waste management system needs of the barangay. Kiamco s (2006) instrument was modified and used in this study. It consisted of two parts. Part I pertained to the profile of the respondents in terms of position in the barangay, level of awareness of R.A. 9003, and level of receptiveness to solid waste management system. Part II determined the respondents assessment of the barangay s solid waste management needs in terms of handling and storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal. The study utilized the percentage, ranking, weighted mean, analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis for describing and interpreting the obtained data. 215

11 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1 presents the respondents position in the barangay. As shown, most of the respondents (160 or %) were zone leaders/ residents. The rest of the respondents were barangay officials (10 or 5.88%) and barangay health workers (10 or 5.88%). Table 1 Distribution of the Respondents by Position in the Barangay Variable Categories Frequency Percent Position in the Barangay Barangay Official Barangay Health Workers Barangay Zone Leaders/ Residents Total The respondents were highly aware that R.A is mandatory and to be initiated by local government unit (LGU). However, they were moderately aware that R.A 9003 is known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, that one of the most important components of R.A is the Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) for processing of recoverable wastes into useful products, that mandatory segregation of solid waste is also embodied in R.A. 9003, and that R.A provides for the mandatory segregation of solid waste segregating waste containers marked with recyclables, non-recyclables, compostables, and special waste. The respondents agreed that the solid waste management system should be initiated by the barangay officials. The respondents were highly receptive to the statement that the implementation of the solid waste management system preserves marine species. They were moderately receptive to the statements that the implementation of the solid waste management system serves as a stepping stone towards attaining a litter-free community ; the implementation of the solid waste management system helps 216

12 Solid Waste Management System Needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City R.G. M. Lago minimize pollution of the rivers, creeks, and drainage ; the solid waste management system motivates the residents to maintain a clean environment at the same time earn from recyclables wastes ; and acceptance of the solid waste management system puts the barangay on the lead towards the support and implementation of R.A As a coastal barangay, the respondents concern is the preservation of marine species aside from helping make the barangay a litter-free community.. The different parameters of handling and storage were moderately needed as identified by the three groups of respondents. The respondents recognized the following needs: segregation of solid waste at source, provision of the most appropriate segregated waste containers with markings according to the kind of segregated wastes, provision of segregated waste storage area per kind of segregated wastes, implementation of a separate storage for the hazardous (containers of paint, pesticides, lead batteries, fluorescent lamp, etc.) and non-hazardous waste (non-recoverable waste), immediate washing with soap and water of the containers of preserved foods (tin cans, bottles, etc.) before storing them, and quick drying of plastic cellophane since these are food sources and breeding places of flies and mosquitoes. The different parameters of collection were moderately needed as assessed by the three groups of respondents. The respondents recognized the following needs: accessibility of waste collection route, provision of vehicle for waste, availability of efficient waste collection, different waste collection schedule for each kind of segregated wastes to avoid mixing again the already segregated wastes, and daily collection of compostable or biodegradable wastes in order to avoid microbiological decomposition as a result of growth of bacteria and fungi. Transfer and transport were moderately needed as assessed by the three groups of respondents. The respondents recognized the need for establishment of transfer station for processing and recovering of solid waste, provision of vehicles for transferring the recoverable wastes to the transfer station, immediate transfer of biodegradable wastes for immediate composting, establishment of materials recovery 217

13 facility (MRF) at the transfer station for processing and recovery of compostables and recyclables and marketing reusable materials, and the putting up of the components of materials recovery facility station with specific purpose such as storage area for each kind of segregated wastes for marketing and processing. The different parameters of processing of compostables were moderately needed as assessed by the three groups of respondents. The respondents recognized the need for reduction of the size of biodegradable wastes through manual operation or the use of shredding, grinding or milling machines; compost fertilizer production area; and provision of composting containers, compost fertilizer production workers, and containers for compost fertilizer products. The parameters of processing of compostables were moderately needed (mean = 2.9) as assessed by the three groups of respondents. The respondents recognized the following needs: washing with soap and water and drying of recyclable materials; sorting the different kinds of washed and dried recyclables for the production of fine craft in the form mat, flower base, rope, stuff toys, wall décor, etc.; and provision of fine craft production area, workers, and tools. The parameters of disposal were moderately needed as assessed by the three groups of respondents. The respondents recognized the following barangay needs: direct disposal of non-recyclable wastes from the source to the final disposal site, transport vehicle to haul the non-recoverable materials, final disposal site that is far from the residents and ground water sources, schedule for disposal of non-recoverable wastes to final disposal site, and direct disposal for special wastes at designated septic tank. Table 2 shows the test of difference in the assessment of the three groups of respondents on solid waste management system needs of the barangay. The F calculated value (1.6198) is lower than the F critical (Table) value (3.20). Thus, there was no significant difference in the assessment of the three groups of respondents on solid waste management system needs of the barangay. The finding implies that all of the respondents have the same extent of assessment of barangay s solid waste management system 218

14 Solid Waste Management System Needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City R.G. M. Lago needs in terms of handling and storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal. The assessed needs could be attributed to the respondents concern for health and environmental protection. Table 2 Test of difference in the assessment of the three groups of respondents on solid waste system needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City Respondents Average Mean Qualitative Description Barangay Official Moderate Barangay Health Workers Barangay Leaders/Residents Moderate Moderate T-Test Results F (Calculated Value) = Prob. = Degrees of Freedom: Between = 2 Within = 47 F Critical (Table) Value = 3.20 Conclusion: F Calculated Value < F Critical (Table) Value Interpretation = Not Significant Decision: Not Reject (Accept) Table 3 shows the test of relationship between the indicators of the awareness of R.A and the assessed barangay needs for the solid waste management system. As shown, the only indicators of awareness of R.A significantly related to the extent of need assessment were the awareness that R. A is known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and that Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) for processing of recoverable wastes into useful products is the most important component of R. A On the other hand, the indicators R.A 9003 is for mandatory implementation to be initiated by the LGUs, Mandatory segregation of solid waste is also embodied in R.A. 9003, and R.A provides for the mandatory segregation of solid waste segregating waste containers marked with recyclables, non-recyclables, compostables, and special waste were not significantly related to the extent of the assessed needs. The finding implies that the higher the respondents awareness of the R.A Ecological solid Waste Management Act of 2000, the higher the extent of their assessed needs for solid waste 219

15 management system. An awareness of the importance of the installation of materials recovery facility (MRF) is essential for effective implementation of the solid waste management system. Table 4 shows the test of relationship between the indicators of the receptiveness to solid waste management system and the extent of assessed needs for solid waste management system. As shown, the two indicators that were significantly related to the extent of assessed needs were Acceptance of the solid waste management system puts the barangay on the lead towards the support and implementation of R.A and The implementation of the solid waste management system helps minimize pollution of the rivers, creeks and drainage. Table 3 Test of relationship between the indicators of the awareness of republic act 9003 and its extent of assessed need for solid waste management system R. A Indicators in the Model Indicators of R.A R.A 9003 is known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of One of the most important components of R.A is the Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) for processing of recoverable wastes into useful products Regression Coefficients (r 2 = ) (r 2 = ) F Value Prob. Interpretation Ho: Significant Reject Significant Reject 220

16 Solid Waste Management System Needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City R.G. M. Lago The finding implies that the assessment of solid waste management system needs of the barangay is influenced by the respondents level of receptiveness to solid waste management system. The higher is the respondents level of receptiveness to solid waste management system, the more eager they are to support the implementation of the solid waste management system. On the other hand, the indicators the implementation of the solid waste management system serves as a stepping stone towards attaining a litter-free community, solid waste management system motivates the residents to maintain a clean environment at the same time earn from recyclables wastes, and implementation of the solid waste management system preserves marine species did not significantly influence the respondents assessment of the barangay s solid waste management system needs. Table 4 Test of relationship between the Indicators of Receptiveness to Solid Waste Management System and the Assessed Barangay s Need for Solid Waste Management System Receptiveness Indicators in the Model Indicators of R.A Regression Coefficients F Value Prob. Interpretation Ho: 3.5 Acceptance of the solid waste management system puts our barangay on the lead towards the support and implementation of R.A The i m p l e m e n t a t i o n of the solid waste management system helps minimize pollution of the rivers, creeks and drainage (r 2 = ) (r 2 = ) Significant Reject Significant Reject 221

17 CONCLUSIONS On the basis of the findings of the study, the following conclusions are derived: 1. The respondents moderate awareness of R.A and receptiveness to solid waste management system limit their cooperation with the LGU officials in initiating the implementation of R.A The advocacy component has not been effective. 2. The respondents moderate assessment of the barangay s solid waste management system needs in terms of handling and storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal discloses a community interest in adopting the introduced solid waste management system for the protection of the residents health and the environment. A functional sustainability program is needed. 3. The insignificant difference in the assessment of the three groups of respondents on the barangay s solid waste management system needs indicates the uniformity of the respondents common needs for a solid waste management system to eradicate the problem of solid wastes. 4. The respondents moderate extent of assessment of solid waste management system needs is significantly influenced by their level of awareness of R.A 9003 as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 and the Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) for processing of recoverable wastes into useful products. 5. The respondents moderate extent of assessment of solid waste management system needs is significantly influenced by their level of receptiveness to the indicators that acceptance of the solid waste management system puts the barangay on the lead towards the support and implementation of R.A and the implementation of the solid waste management system helps minimize pollution of the rivers, creek, and drainage. 222

18 Solid Waste Management System Needs of Bayabas, Cagayan de Oro City R.G. M. Lago RECOMMENDATIONS Based on the foregoing conclusions, the following recommendations are advanced: 1. Efficient adoption of solid waste management system to address the solid waste management problem of the barangay. 2. Consistent implementation of the procedures and processes of the functional elements of solid waste management system in terms of handling and storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal. 3. Massive information drive on proper waste management among the barangay residents. 4. Effective monitoring of the compliance with environmental standards by the city anti-smoke belching unit and the City Solid and Liquid Waste Management Division. 5. Environmental research to feedback the barangay of the status of the implementation of its solid waste management system. 6. Reduction of solid waste generation in the barangay to help maintain a litter-free community. LITERATURE CITED Barlaz, M.A. et al (1995). Life Cycle Study of Municipal Solid Waste Management. Retrieved from msw-i/wastelifesystem.pdf Brown, D.T. (1999). What is Sustainable Integrated Waste Management? Retrieved from whatis.htm Corson, W.H. (1990). The Ecological Handbook. Boston Beacon Press. EMB-DENR, Department Administrative Order No. 29, series of 1995 Escuna, E. (2005). The Health Effects of Teratogenic Chemical 223

19 Products, Liceo de Cagayan University, Cagayan de Oro City. Gader, D. K. (2005). The Carcinogenic Chemical Products and Their Effects on Human Health, Liceo de Cagayan University, Cagayan de Oro City. Khundert, A.V. and Auschiitz, J. (2000). The Sustainability of alliances Between Stakeholders in Waste Management. Retrieved from Kiamco, A.S. et al. (2001). Development of a Solid Waste Management Plan for the Municipality of Jasaan Liceo de Cagayan University, Cagayan de Oro City. Kiamco, A.S. et al. (2006). Environment and Health Safety through the Elements of a Solid Waste Management System. Liceo de Cagayan University, Cagayan de Oro City. Kiamco, A.S. et al. (2000). The Rivers, Creeks and Main Drainage Along the Coastal Areas of Cugman-Macabalan in the City of Cagayan de Oro: An Exploratory Study. Kiamco, A.S. (2006). Household Chemical Products and Family Health Safety. Liceo de Cagayan University, Cagayan de Oro City. Kiamco, A.S. (2006). Wholistic Health as a Tool for Peace. Liceo de Cagayan University, Cagayan de Oro City, Mckenzie, G.D. (1992). Man and His Physical Environment Readings in Environmental Geology. USA, Burgass Publishing Co. Pfeffer, J.T. (1994). Solid Waste Management Engineering. New Jersey, Prentice Hall, Inc. Sincere, A.P. (1996). Environmental Engineering: A Design Approach. Maryland, Prentice Hall, Ltd, Tchobanogious, G. et al. (1993). Integrated Solid Waste Management. New Jersey, Mc Graw Hill, Inc. Wentz, C.A. (1996). Hazardous Waste Management. New York, Mc Graw Hill, Inc. 224