Twelfth Meeting Meeting Report Annex 01

Transcription

1 Draf afforesaion and reforesaion baseline mehodology AR-AM00XX Afforesaion/Reforesaion wih Trees Suppored by plans in arid and hyper arid desers This mehodology is based on he draf CDM-AR-PDD Afforesaion for Combaing Deserificaion in Aohan Couny, Norhern China. This projec design documen were prepared by Deser Conrol Insiue Inc / Olesen Consul HVAC AS, Nesahaugen 47, N-4076 Vassoy Savanger, Norway. Tel , fax For more informaion regarding he proposal and is consideraion by he Execuive Board please refer o case ARNM-Deser-rev: Afforesaion for Combaing Deserificaion wih Nano Clays. hp://cdm.unfccc.in/mehodologies/armehodologies/approved_ar.hml. Background This mehodology is an exension of he approved mehodology AR-AM0001 ("Reforesaion of Degraded Land") 1, in he following aspecs: Including afforesaion and allowing plans o be planed or seeded wih he esablished planaion complying wih he fores definiion of DNA; Allowing agriculural inercropping beween planed ree rows in he iniial years; Allowing nirogen-fixing species o be planed or inercropped; Soil organic carbon pool ha is subjeced o decrease or low seady sae in a long erm; Allowing projec o produce forage o feed livesock; Excluding burning of biomass during sie preparaion. Secion I. Summary and applicabiliy of he baseline and monioring mehodologies 1. Seleced baseline approach from paragraph 22 of he CDM A/R modaliies and procedures Exising or hisorical, as applicable, changes in carbon socks in he carbon pools wihin he projec boundary 2. Applicabiliy This mehodology is applicable o he following projec aciviies: Afforesaion or reforesaion of arid and hyper arid desers, which no is subjec o furher degradaion or remains in a low carbon seady sae hrough ree planing. Nirogen-fixing species and inercropping beween ree rows may be used. Living biomass and soil organic carbon are he carbon pools o be considered. The condiions under which he mehodology is applicable are as follows: a) Lands o be afforesed/reforesed are arid and hyper arid desers, or severely degraded and he lands are sill degrading or remain in a low carbon seady sae 2 ; 1 hp://cdm.unfccc.in/eb/meeings/024/eb24_repan20.pdf 2 This includes checks on policies, e.g. Demonsrae ha naional or secoral land-use policies or regulaions ha creae policy driven marke disorions which give comparaive advanages o afforesaion/reforesaion aciviies and ha have been adoped before 11 November 2001 do no influence he areas of he proposed A/R CDM projec aciviy (e.g., because he policy is no implemened, he policy does no arge his area, or 1/79

2 b) The projec aciviy does no lead o displacemen of producion of goods or delivery of uiliies; c) Environmenal condiions and human-caused degradaion do no permi he encroachmen of naural fores vegeaion; d) Lands will be afforesed/reforesed by adding NanoClay and direc planing or seeding, wih rees/shrubs complying wih he fores definiion of DNA afer fores esablishmen; e) Iner-cropping beween rows of rees/shrubs is allowed in iniial years of he projec aciviy and will hen be included in he monioring; f) Nirogen-fixing species are allowed o be used; g) Planaion may be harvesed wih eiher shor or long roaion and will be regeneraed eiher by direc planing or naural sprouing; h) Carbon socks in lier and deadwood can be expeced o decrease more or increase less in he absence of he projec aciviy, relaive o he projec scenario; i) Grazing will occur wihin he projec boundary in boh he projec case and baseline scenari, his because he Moringa Olifera blade is superb fodder. j) Sie preparaion and inercropping may cause a significan long-erm ne emission from soil carbon; k) If he proposed A/R CDM projec aciviy produces forage o feed livesock, all forage shall have a similar nuriional value and digesibiliy, and will suppor only a single livesock group wih a single manure managemen sysem: l) Biomass burning for sie preparaion is no praciced. 3. Seleced carbon pools Table 1: Selecion and jusificaion of carbon pools Carbon Pools Seleced (answer Jusificaion / Explanaion wih yes or no) Above ground Yes Major carbon pool subjeced o he projec aciviy Below ground Yes Major carbon pool subjeced o he projec aciviy Dead wood No Conservaive approach under applicabiliy condiion Lier No Conservaive approach under applicabiliy condiion Soil organic carbon Yes Major carbon pool subjeced o he projec aciviy 4. Summary of baseline and monioring mehodologies The mehodology is applicable o AR CDM projec aciviies on degraded and degrading land, which is eiher abandoned barren land or grassland. The major baseline and monioring mehodological seps are summarized below respecively. Baseline mehodology seps: The eligibiliy of A/R aciviy as A/R CDM projec aciviy is demonsraed according o Decision 5/CMP.1 ( Modaliies and procedures for afforesaion and reforesaion projec aciviies under he clean developmen mechanism in he firs commimen period of he Kyoo Proocol ). This mehodology applies approach 22(a) as a general baseline approach for he proposed A/R CDM because here are prohibiive barriers o he policy in his area, ec ). If he policies (implemened before 11 Nov 2001) significanly impac he projec area, hen he baseline scenario canno be arid and hyper arid desers and his mehodology canno be used. 2/79

3 projec aciviy, aking ino accoun hisoric land use/cover changes, naional, local and secoral policies ha influence land use wihin he boundary of he proposed A/R CDM projec aciviy, economical araciveness of he projec relaive o he baseline, and barriers for implemening projec aciviies in absence of CDM finance. The proposed A/R CDM projec area is sraified based on local sie classificaion map/able, he curren land use/cover maps or saellie image, soil map, vegeaion map, landform map as well as supplemenary surveys when necessary, and he baseline scenario is deermined separaely for each sraum. For sraa wihou growing rees, his mehodology conservaively assumes ha he carbon sock in above-ground and below-ground biomass and soil organic maer would remain consan in he absence of he projec aciviy, i.e., he baseline ne GHG removals by sinks are zero. For sraa wih a few growing rees, he carbon sock change in above-ground and below-ground biomass are esimaed based on mehods included in GPG-LULUCF 3 and he carbon sock change in soil organic maer is assumed o be zero. Only he carbon sock changes in above-ground and below-ground biomass (in living rees) and soil organic maer are esimaed. The omission of he dead wood and lier is considered o be conservaive because i can be jusified ha hese pools would decrease more or increase less in he absence of he proposed A/R CDM projec aciviy, relaive o he projec scenario. The loss of non-ree living biomass on he sie due o compeiion from planed rees or sie preparaion is accouned as an emission wihin he projec boundary, in a conservaive manner. This mehodology uses he laes version of he Tool for he demonsraion and assessmen of addiionaliy for afforesaion and reforesaion CDM projec aciviies approved by he CDM Execuive Board 4. Monioring mehodology seps: The monioring mehodology aims o supervise he overall projec performance, including he inegriy of projec boundaries and foresaion and managemen success, he acual ne GHG removals by sinks, increase in GHG emissions wihin he projec boundary due o nirogen ferilizaion, planing or inercropping of N-fixing species, machinery use in sie preparaion, hinning and logging, and removing of exising non-ree vegeaion due o sie preparaion or compeiion from planed species. I accouns for leakage due o increased domesic livesock and vehicle use for ransporaion saff, seedlings, imber and non fores producs. A Qualiy Assurance/Qualiy Conrol plan, including field measuremens, daa collecion verificaion, daa enry and archiving, is inegraed in he monioring plan. The baseline ne GHG removals by sinks do no need o be measured and moniored over ime. However, he mehodology checks and re-assesses hese assumpions if a renewal of he crediing period is chosen. This mehodology sraifies he projec area based on local climae, exising vegeaion, sie class and species and/or years o be planed wih he aid of land use/cover maps, saellie images or aerial phoograph, soil map, and field survey. This mehodology uses permanen sample plos o monior carbon sock changes in living biomass and soil organic maer pools. The mehodology firs deermines he number of plos needed in each sraum/sub-sraum o reach he argeed precision level of ±10% of he mean a he 95% confidence level. GPS is used o locae plos. 3 Throughou his documen, GPG-LULUCF means he Good Pracice Guidance for Land Use, Land Use Change and Foresry from he Inergovernmenal Panel on Climae Change (2003). This documen is available a he following URL: hp:// 4 Throughou his documen, A/R addiionaliy ool refers o he documen approved by he Execuive Board of he CDM and available a he following URL: hp://cdm.unfccc.in/eb/meeings/021/eb21repan16.pdf. 3/79

4 Secion II. Baseline mehodology descripion 1. Eligibiliy of land Eligibiliy of he projec aciviies as he A/R CDM projec aciviies under Aricle 12 of he Kyoo Proocol shall be demonsraed based on definiions provided in paragraph 1 of he annex o he Decision 16/CMP.1 ( Land use, land-use change and foresry ), as requesed by Decision 5/CMP.1 ( Modaliies and procedures for afforesaion and reforesaion projec aciviies under he clean developmen mechanism in he firs commimen period of he Kyoo Proocol ), unil procedures o demonsrae he eligibiliy of lands for afforesaion and reforesaion projec aciviies under he clean developmen mechanism are recommended by he EB. 2. Projec boundary Physical delineaion The A/R CDM projec aciviy may conain more han one discree parcel of land. Each discree parcel of land shall have a unique geographical idenificaion. The boundary shall be defined for each discree parcel. The discree parcels of lands will be defined by polygons, and o make he boundary geographically verifiable and ransparen, informaion for he physical delineaion of he projec boundary ha shall be provided, including: The name of he projec area including name of villages, owns/ownships, comparmen number, allomen number, ec. Maps of he area showing he projec boundary (paper forma or digial forma). Geographical coordinaes, for each corner of he polygon sies colleced using GPS, analysis of geo-referenced spaial daa, or oher appropriae echniques.. Idenificaion of all GHG emission sources in he projec boundary Furhermore, he projec boundary includes he emission sources and gases lised in Table 2 below. Table 2: GHG emissions from sources oher han hose resuling from changes in carbon pools wihin he projec boundary. Source Gas Included/ excluded Jusificaion / Explanaion CO 2 Included Poenial significan emission source Combusion of CH 4 Excluded Poenial emission is negligibly small fossil fuels N 2 O Excluded Poenial emission is negligibly small CO 2 Excluded No applicable N-fixing species CH 4 Excluded No applicable N 2 O Included Poenial significan emission source CO 2 Excluded No applicable Use of ferilizers CH 4 Excluded No applicable N 2 O Included Poenial significan emission source Livesock fed wih CO 2 Included Aplicable minor significan emission source forage produced CH 4 Included Poenial significan emission source by he projec N 2 O Included Poenial significan emission source 4/79

5 3. Ex-ane sraificaion The sraificaion for ex-ane esimaion of ne anhropogenic GHG removals by sinks includes sraificaion for baseline scenario and sraificaion for projec scenario. They can be implemened using he following seps: a) Baseline sraificaion Sep 1: Assessing he key facors influencing carbon socks in he above- and below-biomass pools. These facors may include soil feaures, micro-climae, landform (e.g. elevaion, slope gradien), ree species o be planed, year o be planed, human managemen, ec. Sep 2: Collecing local informaion/informaion media of key facors idenified in sep 1, e.g.: local sie classificaion maps or ables; he mos updaed land use/cover maps or saellie images / aerial phoography; geographical, geological an soil maps visualising landfor paren rocks, soil ypes, and soil erosions inensiy; oher informaion relevan o key facors idenified above. Daa sources may include archives, criically reviewed records, saisics, sudy repors and publicaions of naional, regional or local governmens, insiues, agencies or oher auhoriies, and lieraure. Use of remoe sensing producs is recommended (e.g. aerial phoos, saellie images, ec.). Sep 3: Preliminary sraificaion: Preferably, he sraificaion shall be carried ou on GIS plaforms by overlaying informaion/maps colleced. If he GIS plaform is no used hen he sraificaion shall be conduced in a hierarchical order ha depends on he significance of key facors on carbon sock changes or he exen of difference of he key facors across he projec area. Only once higher level sraificaion is complee shall sraificaion a he nex level down commence. A each level in he hierarchy, sraificaion shall be conduced wihin he sraa deermined a he upper level. For example, if here is a significan climaic difference wihin he projec boundary, he sraificaion process may begin wih sraificaion according o difference of he climae. If he key facor in he second level is soil ype, hen sraa deermined in he firs level may be furher sraified based on difference of soil ype. Sep 4: Carrying ou a supplemenary sampling survey on sie specificaions for each preliminary srau e.g.: Exising rees if any: species, age class, number of rees, mean diameer a breas heigh (DBH) or heigh by measuring randomly seleced plos wih an area of 400 m 2 (a leas hree plos for each preliminary sraum); Non-ree vegeaion: crown cover and mean heigh for herbaceous vegeaion and shrubs by measuring randomly seleced plos wih an area of 1-4 m 2 (a leas 10 plos for each preliminary sraum). For sraum wih growing rees, he plos can be sub-plos of plos for measuring rees; Sie and soil facors: soil ype, soil deph, slope gradien, inensiy of soil erosion, underground waer level, ec. and sampling soils for soil organic maer deerminaion; Human inervenion: prescribed burning, logging (if any), grazing, fuel collecing, medicine collecion and ohers; Conducing variaion analysis for key facors invesigaed above. If he variaion is large wihin each preliminary srau more inense field invesigaion shall be conduced or furher sraificaion shall be considered in sep 5. Sep 5: Final baseline sraificaion based on supplemenary informaion colleced from sep 4 above, by checking wheher or no each preliminary sraum is sufficienly homogenous or he difference among preliminary sraa is significan. The degree of homogeneiy may vary from projec o projec. A sraum wihin which here is a significan variaion in any facor like vegeaion ype, soil ype and human inervenion shall be divided ino wo or more sraa. Sraa wih similar feaures shall be merged ino one sraum. Disinc sraa should differ significanly from each oher in erms of heir numerical values for he inpu variables regarding baseline or projec carbon calculaion. For 5/79

6 example, sies wih differen species and age classes of rees already growing shall form separae sraa, if, e.g. growh differences or biomass levels of species or age classes jusify his. Sies wih a more inensive collecion of fuelwood migh also be a separae sraum. However, sie and soil facors may no warran a separae sraum as long as all lands have a baseline of coninued degradaion, wih lile o no vegeaion growing, and wih no human inervenion, and as long as he carbon accumulaion in above-ground and below-ground biomass and soil organic carbon is similar in he projec scenario. Sep 6: Visualize he sraificaion in a map, preferably using a Geographical Informaion Sysem (GIS). b) Projec sraificaion Tree growh under he projec scenario in he baseline sraa may differ even for he same ree species a a same age class, depending on sie condiions of he baseline sraa. In conras, planed rees in wo or more baseline sraa may have similar growh raes under he projec scenario. For ex ane sraificaion i is preferable o conduc a projec sraificaion based on baseline sraa by including subsraa, using he following seps: Sep 1: Define he sand models o be implemened in he projec area by specifying: The species or species combinaion o be planed ogeher in one single locaion and a he same dae o creae a sand model ; The growh assumpions for each species or combinaion of species in he sand models; Planing, ferilizaion, hinning, harvesing, coppicing, and replaning cycle scheduled for each sand model, by specifying: - The age class when he above managemen aciviies will be implemened; - The quaniies and ypes of ferilizers o be applied; - The volumes o be hinned or harvesed; - The volumes o be lef on sie (harves residues becoming dead wood) or exraced. Sep 2: Define he esablishmen iming of each sand model by specifying: The planing dae; The area o be planed (ha); The geographical locaion for each sand model. Sep 3: Creae sub-sraa for each baseline sraum based on informaion colleced in sep 1 and sep 2 above. Sep 4: Creae a sraificaion map, preferably using a Geographical Informaion Sysem (GIS). The GIS will be useful for inegraing he daa from differen sources, which can hen be used o idenify and sraify he projec area, faciliaing consisency wih he projec boundary, and ransparen monioring and ex-pos sraificaion. The boundary of each sraum can be delineaed using GPS, analysis of geo-referenced spaial daa, including remoely sensed images, or oher appropriae echniques. Check he consisency wih he overall projec boundary. Noes: In he equaions used in his mehodology, he leer "i" is used o represen a srau he leer "j" represen a species in baseline scenario and an age class (sub-sraum) in projec scenario, and "k" represen species in projec scenario. Ex-pos adjusmens of he sraa in he projec scenario (ex-pos sraificaion) may be needed if unexpeced disurbances occur during he crediing period (e.g. due o fire, sor pess or disease oubreaks), affecing differen pars of an originally homogeneous sraum or sand, or when fores managemen (planing, hinning, harvesing, replaning) occurs a differen inensiies, daes and spaial locaions han originally planned, or if monioring finds similar carbon sock change in differen sraa or significan variaion in carbon sock change wihin one sraum / subsraum. 6/79

7 4. Procedure for selecion of mos plausible baseline scenario Projec paricipans should deermine he mos plausible baseline scenario wih he following seps: Sep 1: Define he projec boundary as described in Secion II.2 above. Sep 2: Analyze hisorical land use, local and secoral land-use policies or regulaions a) Analyze he hisorical and exising land use/cover changes in a social-economic conex and idenify key facors ha influence he land use/cover changes over ime, using muliple sources of daa including archives, maps or saellie images of land use/cover daa aribuable o (reforesaion) or a leas 50 years old (afforesaion) and before he sar of he proposed AR CDM projec aciviy, supplemenary field invesigaion, land-owner inerviews, as well as sudies and daa colleced from oher sources. b) Demonsrae ha hisorical and curren land-use / land-cover change has lead o progressive degradaion of he land over ime including a decrease or seady sae of he carbon socks in he carbon pools and ha i is likely ha no naural encroachmen of rees will occur. The demonsraion should be based on verifiable informaion, such as scienific lieraure and sudies or daa colleced in he projec area or similar areas. The hisorical degradaion feaure can be indicaed by assessing one of he following indicaors: Vegeaion degradaion, e.g., - The crown cover of non-ree vegeaion has decreased in he recen pas for reasons oher han susainable harvesing aciviies; Soil degradaion, e.g., - Soil erosion has increased beween wo ime poins in he recen pas; - Soil organic maer conen has decreased beween wo ime poins in he recen pas. The fac ha no naural encroachmen of rees would occur can be demonsraed by, - demonsraion of lack of on-sie seed pool ha may resuls in naural regeneraion; - demonsraion of lack of exernal seed sources ha may resul in naural regeneraion; - demonsraion of lack of possibiliy of seed sprouing and growh of young rees; - demonsraion of lack of possible naural regeneraion aciviy, by use of supplemenary surveys on he projec areas as well as similar surrounding areas for wo differen years ha cover a minimum ime period of en years; - any oher evidence ha demonsraes he impossibiliy of naural encroachmen in a credible and verifiable way. c) Demonsrae ha naional or secoral land-use policies or regulaions ha creae policy driven marke disorions which give comparaive advanages o afforesaion/reforesaion aciviies and ha have been adoped before 11 November 2001 do no influence he areas of he proposed A/R CDM projec aciviy (e.g., because he policy is no implemened, he policy does no arge his area, or because here are prohibiive barriers o he policy in his area, ec 5 ). If he policies (implemened before 11 Nov 2001) significanly impac he projec area, hen he baseline scenario canno be arid and hyper arid desers and his mehodology canno be used. Sep 3: Sraify he projec area as explained in Secion II.3 above. Sep 4: Idenify and lis plausible alernaive land uses including alernaive fuure public or privae aciviies on he arid and hyper arid desers such as any similar A/R aciviy or any oher feasible land 5 To comply wih ruling of he Execuive Board of he CDM, see hp://cdm.unfccc.in/eb/meeings/016/eb16repan3.pdf 7/79

8 developmen aciviies, considering relevan naional or secoral land-use policies ha would impac he proposed projec area, and land records, field surveys, daa and feedback from sakeholders, and oher appropriae sources. Sep 5: Demonsrae ha under he plausible scenarios idenified in Sep 3, he mos plausible scenario is ha he projec areas would remain degraded and degrading in absence of he projec aciviy, by assessing he araciveness of he plausible alernaive land uses in erms of benefis o he projec paricipans, consuling wih sakeholders for exising and fuure land use, and idenifying barriers for alernaive land uses. This can be done in a leas one of he following ways: Generally: By demonsraing ha similar lands, in he viciniy, are also no, and are no planned o be used for hese alernaive land uses. Show ha apparen financial or oher barriers, which preven alernaive land uses can be idenified; Specifically for a fores as alernaive land use: Apply sep 2 (invesmen analysis) or sep 3 (barrier analysis) of he A/R Tool for he demonsraion and assessmen of addiionaliy, o demonsrae ha his land use, in absence of he CDM, is unaracive; Specifically for any agriculural alernaive land uses: Demonsrae ha he projec lands are legally resriced o foresry purposes only, and ha hese resricions are generally complied wih in he viciniy of he projec area, and hen use he second bulle above o demonsrae ha foresry land use, in absence of he CDM, is unaracive. Alernaively, use sep 2 of he A/R Tool for he demonsraion and assessmen of addiionaliy o demonsrae ha alernaive agriculural land uses are financially non-viable. This mehodology is no applicable if projec proponens can no clearly show in he applicaion of Seps 1 o 5 ha he baseline approach 22(a) (exising or hisorical changes in carbon socks in he carbon pools wihin he projec boundary) and he scenario lands o be planed are arid and hyper arid desers and will coninue o degrade in absence of he projec is he mos appropriae plausible baseline scenario. To ensure ransparency regarding he condiion of arid and hyper arid desers, all informaion used in he analysis and demonsraion shall be archived and verifiable. 5. Esimaion of baseline ne GHG removals by sinks The baseline ne GHG removals by sinks is he sum of he baseline ne GHG removals by sinks across all sraa. For hose sraa wihou rees, he sum of carbon sock changes in above-ground and belowground biomass is se as zero. For hose sraa wih growing rees, he sum of carbon sock changes in above-ground and below-ground biomass is deermined based on he projecion of heir number and growh, based on growh models (yield ables), allomeric equaions, and local or naional or IPCC defaul parameers (see deail below in his secion). The carbon sock changes in soil organic maer for all sraa in baseline scenario are se as zero. The following formulae are used o calculae he baseline ne GHG removals by sinks: C BSL, = C ij, BSL, i j (B.1) where: i sraa j ree species C BSL, sum of he changes in carbon socks in rees for year, onnes CO 2 yr -1 C ij, BSL, average annual carbon sock change for sraum i, species j in he absence of he projec aciviy for year, onnes CO 2 yr -1 year 1 o lengh of crediing period 8/79

9 Carbon sock change in soil organic maer for all sraa is se as zero in he baseline scenario. For hose sraa wihou growing rees, C ij, BSL, =0. For hose sraa wih a few growing rees, C ij,bsl, is esimaed using one of following wo mehods for biomass growh of living rees ha can be chosen based on he availabiliy of daa. (a) Mehod 1 (Carbon gain-loss mehod) 6 C = C C ) (B.2) ij, ( G, ij, L, ij, where: C ij, C G,ij, C L,ij, average annual carbon sock change due o biomass growh of living rees for sraum i, species j, onnes CO 2 yr -1 for year average annual increase in carbon due o biomass growh of living rees for sraum i, species j, onnes CO 2 yr -1 for year average annual decrease in carbon due o biomass loss of living rees for sraum i, species j, onnes CO 2 yr -1 for year. To be conservaive for he baseline scenario, C L,ij = 0 in his mehodology. C = A G CF (B.3) G, ij, i TOTAL, ij, j where: C G,ij, average annual increase in carbon due o biomass growh of living rees for sraum i, species j, onnes CO 2 yr -1 for year A ij area of sraum i, species j, hecare (ha) G TOTAL,ij, average annual incremen of oal dry biomass of living rees for sraum i, species j, onnes of dry maer, ha -1 yr -1 for year CF j he carbon fracion for species j, onnes C (onne d.m.) -1 44/12 raio of molecular weighs of CO 2 and carbon, dimensionless G = G (1 + R ) (B.4) TOTAL, ij, w, ij, j G w, ij, Iv, ij, D j BEF1, j = (B.5) where: G TOTAL,ij, average annual incremen of oal dry biomass of living rees for sraum i, species j, onnes of dry maer, ha -1 yr -1 for year G w,ij, average annual aboveground dry biomass incremen of living rees for sraum i, species j, onnes d.m. ha -1 yr -1 for year R j roo-shoo raio appropriae o incremens for species j, dimensionless I v,ij, average annual incremen in merchanable volume for sraum i, species j, m 3 ha -1 yr -1 for year D j basic wood densiy for species j, onnes d.m. m -3 BEF 1,j biomass expansion facor for conversion of annual ne incremen (including bark) in sem biomass o oal aboveground ree biomass incremen for species j dimensionless (b) Mehod 2 (sock change mehod) 7 C = C C ) Ti (B.6) ij, ( 2, ij 1, ij 6 GPG-LULUCF Equaion 3.2.2, Equaion and Equaion GPG-LULUCF Equaion /79

10 where: C ij, C ij CAB, ij + CBB, ij C C = (B.7) AB, ij = Aij Vij D j BEF2, j CFj (B.8) BB, ij = CAB, ij Rj (B.9) average annual carbon sock change due o biomass growh of living rees for sraum i, species j, onnes CO 2 yr -1 for year C 2,ij oal carbon sock in living biomass of rees for sraum i, species j, calculaed a ime 2, onnes C C 1,ij oal carbon sock in living biomass of rees for sraum i, species j, calculaed a ime 1, onnes C T i number of years beween imes 2 and 1 C AB,ij carbon sock in aboveground ree biomass for sraum i, species j, onnes C C BB,ij carbon sock in belowground ree biomass for sraum i, species j, onnes C A ij area of sraum i, species j, hecare (ha) V ij merchanable volume of sraum i, species j, m 3 ha -1 D j basic wood densiy for species j, onnes d.m. m -3 merchanable volume BEF 2,j biomass expansion facor for conversion of sem biomass o aboveground ree biomass for species j, dimensionless CF j carbon fracion for species j, onnes C (onne d.m.) -1 R j roo-shoo raio species j, dimensionless Time poins 1 and 2, for which he socks are esimaed o deermine C ij mus be broadly represenaive of he ypical age of he rees under he baseline scenario during he crediing period. For example, if he rees are already maure a he sar of he projec, i is no appropriae o selec ime poin 1 and 2 o correspond o he juvenile fas growh sage. C AB,ij can alernaively be esimaed hrough he use of an allomeric equaions and a growh model or yield able. C AB N ij, ij = f j ( DBHijl, H ijl ) CFj l= 1 (B.10) where: C AB,ij N ij f j (DBH,H) carbon sock in aboveground ree biomass for sraum i, species j, onnes C number of rees of species j in sraum i, dimensionless allomeric equaion linking aboveground biomass of living rees (kg d.m. ree -1 ) o mean diameer a breas heigh (DBH) and possibly ree heigh (H) for species j. sequence number of ree species j in sraum i, dimensionless l CF j carbon fracion for species j, onnes C (onne d.m.) conversion facor from kilograms o onnes For he choice of mehods 1 or 2 above, here is no prioriy in erms of ransparency and conservaiveness. The choice should mainly depend on he kind of parameers available. V ij and I v,ij shall be esimaed based on number of rees and naional/local growh curve/able ha usually can be obained from naional/local foresry invenory. D j, BEF 1,j, BEF 2,j, CF j and R j are regional and species specific and shall be chosen wih he following prioriy: a) exising local and species specific; b) naional and species specific (e.g. from naional GHG invenory); 10/79

11 c) species specific from neighbouring counries wih similar condiions. In he case of a large counry ha encompasses very differen biome ypes, c) migh be preferable o b); d) globally species specific (e.g. GPG-LULUCF, IPCC 2006 Guideline for AFOLU). If species specific informaion is unavailable, informaion for similar species (e.g., shape of rees, broadleaved vs. deciduous ec) can be used, wih daa source prioriy as lised for species specific informaion. When choosing from global or naional daabases because local daa are limied, i shall be confirmed wih any available local daa ha his choice of values does no lead o underesimaing he baseline ne GHG removals by sinks, as far as can be judged. Local daa used for confirmaion may be drawn from he lieraures and local foresry invenory or measured direcly by projec paricipans especially for BEF and roo-shoo raios ha are age- and species- dependen. Aenion should be given o he fac ha rees under he baseline scenario are rees ouside fores and he biomass expansion facors (BEF 2 ) for rees ouside fores are generally higher han for fores rees. If BEF 2 from foress are used, he baseline ne removals by sinks are subjeced o be underesimaed. Therefore, in case BEF 2 for rees ouside foress are unavailable, o be conservaive, he BEF2 from fores rees shall be enlarged by 50%. 6. Addiionaliy This mehodology uses he laes version of he Tool for he demonsraion and assessmen of addiionaliy for afforesaion and reforesaion CDM projec aciviies approved by he CDM Execuive Board 8, o demonsrae ha a proposed A/R CDM projec aciviy is addiional and no he baseline scenario. Taking ino accoun he condiions under which he proposed mehodology is applicable, he ool is used, as follows: STEP 0: Preliminary screening based on he saring dae of he projec aciviy STEP 1: Idenificaion of alernaives o he projec aciviy consisen wih curren laws and regulaions Sub-sep 1a: Define alernaives o he projec aciviy Explanaion: As of condiions saed in secion I.2 and demonsraed in secion II.4 above, he lands o be afforesed/reforesed are severely degraded and he lands are sill degrading. The lands are also economically unaracive. Apparen financial or oher barriers preven naional and local governmens from planing rees in he area of a proposed A/R CDM projec aciviy. If hese condiions are saisfied hrough analyses of socio-economic and environmenal condiions (Secion II.4 above and sep 2 below), he hird opion, coninuaion of he curren siuaion (no projec aciviy or oher alernaives underaken) represens he only alernaive o he proposed A/R CDM projec aciviy. Oher alernaives will be excluded in he proposed mehodology. Sub-sep 1b: Enforcemen of applicable laws and regulaions STEP 2: Invesmen analysis Sub-sep 2a Deermine appropriae analysis mehod Modificaion: Since he idenified alernaive (coninuaion of he curren siuaion) does no need invesmens, he invesmen comparison analysis (Opion II) will no be applicable in he proposed new mehodology. Only Opion I or Opion III can be used for he proposed mehodology. 8 Throughou his documen, A/R addiionaliy ool refers o he documen approved by he Execuive Board of he CDM and available a he following URL: hp://cdm.unfccc.in/eb/meeings/021/eb21repan16.pdf. 11/79

12 Sub-sep 2b Opion I. Apply simple cos analysis Sub-sep 2b Opion II. Invesmen comparison analysis Sub-sep 2b Opion III. Apply benchmark analysis Noes: As an example, he PINFinancialAnalysis spreadshee developed by he World Bank BioCarbon Fund 9 is a good emplae o do he benchmark analysis. The financial indicaor of he emplae is FIRR and NPV wih and wihou he CER benefi. Sub-sep 2c Calculaion and comparison of financial indicaors Noes: More specifically for he A/R CDM projec aciviy, he invesmen coss may include land purchase or renal, machinery, equipmens, buildings, fences, sie and soil preparaion, seedling, planing, waering, weeding, pesicides, ferilizaion, supervision, raining, echnical consulaion, ec. ha occur in he esablishmen period. The operaions and mainenance coss may include hinning, pruning, harvesing, replaning, fuel, ransporaion, repairs, fire and disease conrol, parolling, adminisraion, ec.) up o he end of crediing period. There are also ransacion coss such as for projec preparaion, validaion, regisraion, monioring, ec. The revenues may include iems like sale of imber, fuelwood, non-wood producs and CER revenues. Sub-sep 2d: Sensiiviy analysis Noes: The mos imporan drivers for uncerainies of he IRR/NPV may be he uni cos, and price of wood and non-wood producs, because hey are driven by fuure markes, and can be quie uncerain, especially in he longer erm. STEP 3: Barrier analysis Sub-sep 3a: Idenify barriers ha would preven he implemenaion of he ype of he proposed projec aciviy Modificaion: For an A/R CDM projec aciviy, barriers may, in addiion o hose lised in he addiionaliy ool, include: a) Invesmen barriers The projec owner canno afford he high esablishmen invesmen in he early sage, because all economic reurns, including from imber, non-wood producs and CER, may occur en or more years afer he sar of a proposed CDM projec aciviy No opporuniy o ge commercial loans from banks for he purpose of afforesaion /reforesaion because of he high marke risk and economical unaraciveness in he conex of arid and hyper arid desers. b) Technological barriers, e.g.: Lack of access o qualiy seed source and skills o produce high qualiy seedlings Lack of skills for successful ree planing Lack of skills for prevening planed rees from being subjec o fire, pes and disease aack. c) Insiuional barriers (e.g., lack of organizaional insrumens o inegrae separae households and address echnological barriers menioned above) High marke risks /79

13 Sub-sep 3b: Show ha he idenified barriers would no preven he implemenaion of a leas one of he alernaives (excep he proposed A/R CDM projec aciviy already considered in sep 3a) Noes: The alernaive land use (coninued saus as wase land) does, of course, no face he abovemenioned barriers. STEP 4: Impac of CDM regisraion 7. Ex ane acual ne GHG removal by sinks a. Verifiable changes in carbon socks in he carbon pools The average annual carbon sock change in aboveground woody biomass, belowground woody biomass and soil organic maer beween wo monioring evens for sraum i, species j, species k can be esimaed as described below. C = C + C + C ) (B.11) where: ijk, ( AB, ijk, BB, ijk, SOC, ijk, C ijk, changes in carbon sock in carbon pools for sraum i, subsraum j, species k, onnes CO 2 yr -1 for year C AB,ijk, changes in carbon sock in aboveground woody biomass for sraum i, subsraum j, species k, onnes C yr -1 for year C BB,ijk, changes in carbon sock in belowground woody biomass for sraum i, subsraum j, species k, onnes C yr -1 for year C SOC,ijk, changes in carbon sock in soil organic maer for sraum i, subsraum j, species k, onnes C yr -1 for year 44/12 raio of molecular weighs of CO 2 and carbon, dimensionless a.1 Calculaion of average annual carbon sock change in living woody biomass 10 C (B.12) AB, ijk, = ( CAB,, C,, ) T 2 ijk AB 1 ijk 1 C (B.13) BB, ijk, = ( CBB,, C,, ) T 2 ijk BB 1 ijk 1 C AB, ijk C AB _ ree, ijk + C AB _ shrub, ijk = (B.14) C BB, ijk CBB _ ree, ijk + CBB _ shrub, ijk = (B.15) Where C AB,ijk, changes in carbon sock in aboveground woody biomass for sraum i, subsraum j, species k, onnes C yr -1 for year C BB,ijk, changes in carbon sock in belowground woody biomass for sraum i, subsraum j, species k, onnes C yr -1 for year C AB,2,ijk carbon sock in aboveground woody biomass for sraum i, subsraum j, species k, calculaed a ime 2, onnes C C AB, 1,ijk carbon sock in aboveground woody biomass for sraum i, subsraum j, species k, calculaed a ime 1, onnes C C BB,2,ijk carbon sock in belowground woody biomass for sraum i, subsraum j, species k, calculaed a ime 2, onnes C 10 Refers o equaion in GPG-LULUCF 13/79

14 C BB, 1,ijk carbon sock in belowground woody biomass for sraum i, subsraum j, species k, calculaed a ime 1, onnes C C AB_ree,ijk carbon sock in aboveground biomass of rees, onnes C C AB_shrub,ijk carbon sock in aboveground biomass of planed shrubs, onnes C carbon sock in below-ground biomass of rees, onnes C C BB,ree,ijk C BB_shrub,ijk T 1 carbon sock in below-ground biomass of planed shrubs, onnes C number of years beween ime 2 and 1 for biomass, T 1 = 2 1, years a.1.1 Planed rees The carbon sock in above- and below-ground biomass of pre-projec exising rees shall no be included in he ex-ane esimaion. Biomass Expansion Facors (BEF) mehod can be used o esimae he carbon sock in above- and below-ground biomass of living rees 11 ha were planed wihin he A/R CDM projec: C C AB _ ree, ijk = Aree _ ijk Vree _ ijk Dk BEFk CFk (B.16) BB _ ree, ijk = CAB _ ree ijk Rk (B.17) where: C AB ree,ijk C BB ree,ijk A ree, ijk carbon sock in aboveground biomass of rees, onnes C carbon sock in belowground biomass of rees, onnes C area covered by rees for sraum i, subsraum j, species k, ha V ree_ijk mean merchanable/sanding volume for sraum i, subsraum j, and species k, m 3 ha -1 D k volume-weighed average wood densiy for species k, onnes d.m. m -3 merchanable/sanding volume BEF k biomass expansion facor for conversion of ree biomass of merchanable or sanding volume o above-ground biomass, dimensionless CF k carbon fracion, onnes C (onne d.m.) -1, IPCC defaul value = 0.5 R k roo-shoo raio, dimensionless a.1.2 Planed shrubs C AB _ shrub, ijk Ashrub, ijk f ( DB, H, C, N) CFs, k C BB _ shrub, ijk CAB _ shrub, ijk Rs, k = (B.18) = (B.19) where C AB shrub,ijk carbon sock in aboveground biomass of shrubs, onnes C C BB shrub,ijk carbon sock in belowground biomass of shrubs, onnes C A shrub,ijk area of sraum i, subsraum j, covered by shrub species k, hecare (ha) CF s,k carbon fracion of shrub species k, dimensionless R s,k roo-shoo raio of shrub species k, dimensionless f ( DB, H, C, N) an allomeric equaion linking above-ground biomass (d.m. ha -1 ) of shrubs o one or more of he variables diameer a base (DB), shrub heigh (H), crown area/diameer (C) and possibly number of sems (N) The choice of mehods and parameers shall be made in he same way as described in secion II. 5. The changes of diameer a base (DB), shrub heigh (H), crown area/diameer (C) and number of sems (N) due o forage harves and regrowh wihin each harves cycle can be obained from 11 GPG-LULUCF Equaion /79

15 lieraure, local yield able for planed shrubs, or surveys on similar shrub planaions ha are under differen sages of he harves cycle in he viciniy. If here are no allomeric equaions available, or i is impossible o esimae he biomass of planed shrubs, he carbon sock change in living biomass of planed shrubs can be conservaively assumed o be zero. a.2. Calculaion of average annual carbon sock change in soil organic maer 12 The esimaes of sock change in soil organic maer are based on he difference beween an iniial and final quasi-equilibrium (sable) soil C sock. The iniial value is obained from esimaes for projec lands before aciviies commence. The final value comes from a long-esablished fores sand of he same species, managemen pracice and growing under condiions similar o hose in he projec area. A linear sock change is assumed o occur beween he iniial and he final soil C sock values, over a period of T years ypically aken o reach he final soil C sock (IPCC defaul: 20 years). The sock change beween iniial and final saes is divided by T as an esimae of he mean annual incremen in mineral soil C under projec condiions (see also Secion in GPG LULUCF). SOC ijk, = ( SOCFor, ijk SOCNon For, ij ) Aijk TFor, ijk (B.20) Where: SOC ijk, average annual carbon sock change in soil organic maer for sraum i, subsraum j, species k, onnes C yr -1 SOC For,ijk sable soil organic carbon sock per hecare of planaion for sraum i, subsraum j, species k, onnes C ha -1 SOC Non-For,ij sable soil organic carbon sock per hecare of lands before planing for sraum i, A ijk T For,ij subsraum j, onnes C ha -1 area of sraum i, subsraum j, species k, hecare (ha) Duraion of ransiion from SOC Non-For,ij o SOC For,ijk, year SOC For,ijk should be preferably locally species- and managemen-specific and obained from peerreviewed scienific or oher auhoriaive lieraures or survey on planaions in he viciniy ha beer relae o species, roaion and managemen pracices of planed foress under he projec condiions, whenever possible. If verifiable evidence (survey on similar planaions in viciniy or publicaions) indicaes ha he afforesaion/reforesaion would eiher increase or leave he soil organic carbon sock unchanged, he carbon sock changes in he soil organic maer can be conservaively assumed o be zero. b. GHG emissions by sources GHG = E + E + N O + N O, (B.21) E, FossilFuel, Biomassloss, 2 N fixing, 2 Direc N feriliser where GHG E, E FossilFuel, E Biomassloss, increase in GHG emission as a resul of he implemenaion of he proposed A/R CDM projec aciviy wihin he projec boundary, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 for year increase in GHG emission as a resul of burning of fossil fuels wihin he projec boundary, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 for year CO 2 emissions as a resul of a decrease in carbon sock in living biomass of exising non-ree vegeaion, onnes CO 2. This is an iniial loss, and herefore accouned once upfron as par of he firs monioring inerval, no per year 12 Refer o GPG-LULUCF Equaion and Equaion /79

16 increase in N 2 O emission as a resul of planing of N-fixing shrubs and culivaion of N-fixing annual crops wihin he projec boundary, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 for year increase in direc N 2 O emission as a resul of nirogen applicaion wihin he 2 N N 2 O N fixing, N O Direc feriliser, projec boundary, onnes CO 2 -e.yr -1 for year b.1 Calculaion of GHG emissions from burning fossil fuels This mos likely resuled from machinery use during sie preparaion and logging. IPCC 1996 Guideline could be used o esimae CO 2 emissions from combusion of fossil fuels: E CSP EF + CSP EF ) (B.22) FossilFuel, = ( diesel, diesel gasoline, gasoline where: E FossilFuel, he increase in GHG emission as a resul of burning of fossil fuels wihin he projec boundary, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 for year CSP diesel, volume of diesel consumpion in year, lire (l) yr -1 CSP gasoline, volume of gasoline consumpion in year, lire (l) yr -1 EF diesel emission facor for diesel, kg CO 2 l -1 EF gasoline emission facor for gasoline, kg CO 2 l conversion from kg o onnes of CO 2 Projec paricipans should use naional CO 2 emission facors. If hese are unavailable hey may use defaul emission facors as provided in he 1996 Revised IPCC Guidelines, GPG 2000 and IPCC 2006 Guidelines. b.2 Calculaion of he decrease in carbon sock in living biomass of exising non-ree vegeaion I is assumed ha all exising non-ree vegeaion will disappear due o sie preparaion or compeiion from planed rees. The carbon sock in exising non-ree vegeaion can be esimaed using local or naional daa available or by direc measuremen during baseline survey using mehod described in Secion III.5.b.2 below. This is a conservaive assumpion because here will be some non-ree vegeaion in he projec scenario. Some vegeaion may re-grow even if all non-ree vegeaion is removed during he sie preparaion (overall plough). The non-ree vegeaion carbon loss will be accouned once during he crediing period, as par of he firs monioring inerval. Ebiomassloss, Ai Bnon ree, i CFnon ree 44 / 12 (B.23) where: = i E Biomassloss, CO 2 emissions as a resul of a decrease in carbon sock in living biomass of exising non-ree vegeaion, onnes CO 2. This is an iniial loss, and herefore accouned once upfron as par of he firs monioring inerval, no per year A i area of sraum i, ha B non-ree,i average non-ree biomass sock on land o be planed before he sar of a proposed A/R CDM projec aciviy for sraum i, onnes d.m. ha -1 CF non-ree carbon fracion of dry biomass in non-ree vegeaion, onnes C (onne d.m.) -1 44/12 raio of molecular weighs of CO 2 and carbon, dimensionless 16/79

17 b.3 Calculaion of nirous oxide emissions from nirogen ferilizaion pracices 1314 [( F + F ) EF ] 44 GWPN O N2Odirec N = ferilizer SN, ON, 1 28, 2 (B.24) F F = N (1 Frac ) (B.25) SN, SN Fer, GASF = N (1 Frac ) (B.26) ON, ON Fer, GASM where: N2 O direc N ferilizer, direc N 2 O emission as a resul of nirogen applicaion wihin he projec boundary, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 for year F SN, mass of synheic ferilizer nirogen applied adjused for volailizaion as NH 3 and NO X, onnes N yr -1 in year F ON, annual mass of organic ferilizer nirogen applied adjused for volailizaion as NH 3 and NO X, onnes N yr -1 in year N SN-Fer, mass of synheic ferilizer nirogen applied, onnes N yr -1 in year N ON-Fer, mass of organic ferilizer nirogen applied, onnes N yr -1 in year EF 1 emission facor for emissions from N inpus, onnes N 2 O-N (onnes N inpu) -1 Frac GASF he fracion ha volailises as NH 3 and NO X for synheic ferilizers, onnes NH 3 -N and NOx-N (onnes N inpu) -1 Frac GASM he fracion ha volailises as NH 3 and NO X for organic ferilizers, onnes NH 3 - N and NOx-N (onnes N inpu) -1 44/28 raio of molecular weighs of N 2 O and nirogen, dimensionless GWP N2 0 global warming poenial for N 2 O (wih a value of 310 for he firs commimen period) As noed in GPG 2000, he defaul emission facor (EF 1 ) is 1.25 % of applied N, and his value should be used when counry-specific facors are unavailable. The defaul values for he fracions of synheic and organic feriliser nirogen ha are emied as NO X and NH 3 are 0.1 and 0.2 respecively in 1996 IPCC Guideline. Projec paricipans may use scienifically-esablished specific emission facors ha are more appropriae for heir projec. Specific good pracice guidance on how o derive specific emission facors is given in Box 4.1 of GPG Updaed values shall be used upon he publicaion of IPCC 2006 Guidelines. b.4 GHG emissions from inercropping of N-fixing shrub species and of N-fixing annual crop 15 N2O = 28 (B.27) F F BN N ( FBN FSN EF GWPN O fixing, +, ) 1 44 /, 2, = ( Crop, Crop Crop A ) (B.28) SBN i j k BFk RAk NCRBFk ijk, = ( B _, LF Shrub A ) (B.29) i j k AB shrubijk k NCRBFk ijk 13 Refers o Equaion in IPCC GPG-LULUCF, Equaion 4.22, Equaion 4.23 and Equaion in GPG Based on he guidance on accouning for emissions of N2O from ferilizer applicaion agreed on EB 26 h meeing, only direc (e.g. volailizaion) emissions of N2O from applicaion of ferilizers wihin he projec boundary shall be accouned for in A/R projec aciviies. 15 Refers o Equaion 4.20 and Equaion in IPCC GPG-2000 for Agriculure. 17/79

18 where N 2 O N increase in annual N 2 O emission as a resul of planing of N-fix shrubs and fixing, inercropping of N-fixing annual crop wihin he projec boundary, onnes CO 2 -e. yr -1 in year F BN, amoun of nirogen fixed by N-fixing inercrops culivaed annually, N yr -1 F SBN, amoun of nirogen fixed by N-fixing shrubs planed, N. yr -1 in year EF 1 emission facor for emissions from N inpus, onnes N 2 O-N (onnes N inpu) -1 Crop, he seed yield of N-fixing inercrops per hecare for crop ype k, d.m. ha -1 yr -1 BF k RA k in year Crop, he raio of dry maer in he aboveground crop biomass (including residue) o he seed yield for crop ype k, dimensionless Crop he fracion of crop biomass ha is nirogen for crop ype k, dimensionless A ijk NCRBF k area of N-fixing inercrops or shrubs for sraum i, subsraum j, crop ype or species k, ha B annual sock change of aboveground biomass for sraum i, subsraum j, shrub AB _ shrub ijk, species k, d.m. ha -1 yr -1 in year LF k he raio of leaf biomass in aboveground biomass of N-fixing shrubs, Shrub NCRBF k GWP N2 0 Counry or local specific value for dimensionless he fracion of N-fixing shrub biomass ha is nirogen for species k, dimensionless global warming poenial for N 2 O (wih a value of 310 for he firs commimen period) Crop RA k, Crop NCRBF k and ShrubNCRBF k shall be used. If counryspecific daa are no available, he defaul values may be chosen from Table 4.16 of GPG-2000, Table 4-19 of he Reference Manual of he IPCC 1996 Guidelines (0.03 kg N (kg dry maer) -1 ) and relaed ables in IPCC 2006 Guidelines. Counry-specific emission facor (EF 1 ) should be used where possible, in order o reflec he specific condiions of a counry and he agriculural pracices involved. If counry-specific emission facor is no available, EF 1 from oher counries wih comparable managemen and climaic condiions are good alernaives. Oherwise, he defaul emission facor (EF 1 ) is 1.25 % of inpu N as noed in GPG-2000 or updaed value in IPCC 2006 Guidelines. There is no defaul value for LF k, so i may be found in lieraures, oherwise i should be obained hrough direc measuremen. c. Acual ne GHG removals by sinks The acual ne greenhouse gas removals are calculaed as follows:, = C, GHG (B.30) C ACTUAL ijk E, i j k where: C ACTUAL, Acual ne greenhouse gas removals by sinks, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 C ijk, average annual carbon sock change in living biomass of rees for sraum i, species j, onnes CO 2 yr -1 for year GHG E, GHG emissions by sources wihin he projec boundary as a resul of he implemenaion of an A/R CDM projec aciviy, onnes CO 2 -e yr -1 for year 8. Leakage Leakage represens he increase in GHG emissions by sources, which occurs ouside he boundary of an A/R CDM projec aciviy, and which is measurable and aribuable o he A/R CDM projec aciviy. As per he applicabiliy condiions, he proposed A/R CDM projec aciviy will provide a leas he same amoun of goods and services for local communiies as in he absence of he projec 18/79