EU Directives and National Regulations for the Recycling and Disposal of Waste Wood

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1 EU Directives and National Regulations for the Recycling and Disposal of Waste Wood Rolf-Dieter Peek Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products (BFH) Hamburg, Germany Environmental Impacts of Preservative-Treated Wood Conference, Tuesday, February 10, 2004 Orlando, FL

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6 EU Regulations on Waste Wood Council Frame-Directive 75/442/EEC on waste Council Directive 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste Commission Decision 2000/532/EC on a waste catalogue and a list of hazardous wastes Council Frame-Directive 2001/77/EC on Renewable Energies Directive 2000/76/EC on the Incineration of Waste

7 Council Directive 91/689/EEC Definition of hazardous waste Waste containing any of the hazardous constituents listed in Annex 2 (51 constituents) Waste showing any of hazardous properties listed in Annex 3 (14 properties), or Waste containing substances classified as hazardous and in total exceeding a threshold level

8 What are hazardous constituents? Main hazardous constituents of Waste Wood are C 3 hexavalent chromium compounds C 6 copper compounds C 8 arsenic compounds C 20 inorganic fluorine compounds C 34 biocides C 42 organochlorinated compounds C 43 aromatic, polycyclic and heterocyclic compounds

9 What are hazardous properties? Main hazardous properties of Waste Wood are H 5: harmful, or containing one or more substances classified as harmful at a total concentration 25% E.g. Copper H 6: very toxic, or containing one or more substances classified as very toxic at a total concentration 0,1% E.g. Arsenic, Chromium (VI) toxic, or containing one or more substances classified as toxic at a total concentration 3% H 14: ecotoxic (regulation not specified)

10 Model Hazardous Waste CCA C 3 hexavalent (?) chromium compounds C 6 copper compounds C 8 arsenic compounds H 6: very toxic.. at a total concentration 0,1% 1 m 3 CCA-treated Wood Waste ~ 500 kg Retention ca 5 kg ~ 1 % Hazardous Waste

11 Model Non-hazardous Waste Metal-organic preservative C 6 copper compounds C 34 biocides H 5: harmful.. at a total concentration 25% 1 m 3 treated Wood Waste ~ 500 kg Retention ca 5 kg ~ 1 % Non-Hazardous Waste

12 Legal Aspects GERMANY Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act Ordinance on Incineration Plants and other Combustible Substances Ordinance on the Requirements Pertaining to the Recovery and Disposal of Waste Wood Act on Granting Priority to Renewable Energy Sources Ordinance on Generation of Electricity from Biomass Ordinance on a Harmonised Waste List

13 Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act The general principles are To AVOID To REDUCE To REUSE or to RECYCLE To ELIMINATE

14 What is Waste? For the purposes of the Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act "Waste" shall mean all movable property which the holder discards, or intends or is required to discard "Waste for recovery" is waste that is recovered Waste that is not recovered is "waste for disposal"

15 Ordinance on the Management of Waste Wood The Ordinance entered into force 1 March 2003 shall guarantee a nationwide standard for waste wood management shall lead to greater equality of competition for the small to medium waste management companies ensures that pollutants are eliminated from the economic cycle

16 Ordinance on the Management of Waste Wood The Ordinance is considered a pilot project for material-specific ordinances It is a significant volume flow for waste recovery, It is suitable for both substance recycling and energy recovery, The environmental compatibility of some of the recovery paths for waste wood currently in practice is questionable, and There is an urgent need for standard nationwide regulation in view of the different regulations of the German Länder

17 Ordinance on the Management of Waste Wood The Ordinance applies to both residual wood from industry and wood products that have become waste waste wood includes residues from the working and machining of wood and derived timber products (> 50% by mass) wood packaging, palettes, furniture and waste wood from demolition does not include wood chips from saw mills or forest thinning

18 Ordinance on the Management of Waste Wood The Ordinance identifies and covers all the common methods of waste wood management such as preparing waste wood for the production of derived timber products the production of active carbon or industrial charcoal and synthesis gas the energy recovery of waste wood as a substitute fuel If waste wood cannot be recovered it must be disposed of using thermal processes land filling is not permitted since 2003

19 Estimated annual production of impregnated timber [1.000 to] Structural timber Garden & landscaping 600 Sleepers 29 Poles Telecom 5 elctricity 9-12 Cabel drums 5 Total

20 Waster Timber Categories (I) A I: Waste timber in its natural state or only mechanically worked which, during use, was at most insignificantly contaminated with substances harmful to wood A II: Waste timber which has been bonded, coated, painted, lacquered or treated otherwise without halogenorganic compounds in the coating and without wood preservatives

21 Waster Timber Categories (II) A III: Waste timber with halogenated organic compounds in the coating, without wood preservatives A IV: Waste timber treated with wood preservatives, s.a. sleepers, poles, hop-poles, vineyard-poles and other waste timber which cannot be classified in one of the classes A I A III Irrespective of the kind of wood preservative and retention! Including antibluestain chemicals and fire retardants!

22 What are Wood Preservatives? For the purposes of the Ordinance on the Management of Waste Wood W/P are substances used in woodworking and machining having a biocidal effect against hylophagous insects and fungi as well as fungi which discolour the wood, as well as substances for reducing the flammability of wood

23 Classification concept Inspection by origin, colour, smell etc. Waste from building/demolition timber: spot tests, chemical analyses Disturbing sustances must be removed If waste timber cannot be identified: highest waste wood category

24 Types of wood waste, impurities and quantities Sleepers Types (possible) Retention Ca. quantity impurity (*1000 to/a) Creosote kg/m 3 ca Poles Landscaping Wood from construction and demolition work CKB, CKF, CKA creosote, HgCl 2 CKB, CKF Cu-HDO HDO-salts creosote tar oil derivates/ formulations all WPs, no creosote, chloronaphthalin, HgCl, coatings etc kg/m 3 ca. 90 kg/m 3 0,6-1,0 kg/m kg/m kg/m 3 ca. 80 kg/m g/m 2 No specification possible ca ca. 220 ca

25 Re-use / Recycling Limit values for wood chips (derived timber products) Parameter Concentration mg/kg dry mass Parameter Concentration mg/kg dry mass Arsenic 2 Mercury 0,4 Lead 30 Chlorine 600 Cadmium 2 Fluorine 100 Chromium 30 PCP 3 Copper 20 PCB 5

26 Re-use / Recycling Recovery method Processing of waste wood to wood chips > derived timber products Permissible categories A I A II A III A IV Yes Yes (Yes) Synthetic gas Yes Yes Yes Yes Manufacture of active carbon/industrial charcoal Yes Yes Yes Yes Special requirements A III: only permissible if varnishes and coatings have been removed Recycling only in installations licensed for this purpose

27 Energy Recovery EU Directive 2000/76/EC on the Incineration of Waste Germany: Ordinance on Incineration Plants and other Combustible Substances 17th BImSchV (Seventeenth Ordinance on the Implementation of the federal Emission Control Act 1990/2003 Aim: To define conditions for combustion in waste incineration and co-incineration plants limit air emissions

28 Emission limit values cement kilns (TA Luft), waste incinerators (17. BImSchV) Emission TA Luft 17 BImSchV Total dust Total C CO HCl HF 5 1 SO NO x Cd+TI 0,2 0,05 Hg 0,2 0,05 Dioxins and Furans --- 0,1 TEQ

29 Energy recovery from waste wood Category A I Wood waste Furnaces of a nominal thermal output of 50 kw Category A I + A II Wood waste Furnaces of a nominal thermal output of 50 kw 1 MW Category A I +A II + A III Wood waste Furnaces of a nominal thermal output of 1 MW Category A IV Wood waste Combustion plants following regulation of 17. BImSchV

30 Waste management in Europe Annual waste wood (to) production in your country? Thereof: treated waste Thereof: treated with CCA What is your country doing with waste wood? What is the legal situation for waste wood in your country?

31 Production of wood wastes Country Untreated [to] treated [to] CCA treated [to] B 1, N/D CH N/D N/D N/D D 8, FIN GR IRL N/D N/D N/D NL N/D NO 1, RO 2, UK 7,

32 Kind of reuse in Europe Kind of reuse exists does not exist under preparation Recycling / reuse e.g. particle board Landfill Energy production Special dumps 6 3 -