Total Fossil Generation Mix CO 2 Forecast

Transcription

1 Post-Combustion CO 2 Workshop Talloires, France July 11, 21 Opportunities & Challenges for Post- Combustion : US DOE Research Activities David Luebke, Research Group Leader Advanced CO 2 Total Fossil Generation Mix CO 2 Forecast 3,5 3, 2.2 Gt Coal.4 Gt Gas / Oil 2.9 Gt Coal.3 Gt Gas / Oil Oil / gas steam Advanced CC Simple cycle Tons (millions) 2,5 2, 1,5 1, Coal 83% of PG CO 2 NGCC Present Coal Technology Advanced Steam Present coal technology 78% of year 23 PG CO 2 Coal units 9% of year 23 PG CO Coal Dominates CO 2 Emissions from Fossil Power Generation Existing Coal Units Contribute 3/4 Cumulative PG CO 2 Through 23 2 Values Calculated from Energy Information Administration s Annual Energy Outlook ARRA Reference Case Scenario, AEO

2 Today s CO 2 Technologies Decrease Plant Efficiency 5 45 Without CO 2 With CO 2 Net Efficiency (% HHV) % 39% 35% 33% 31% CO 2 s New PC net efficiency by 4 to 12% pts. 28% 5 Existing New 3% CO2 5% CO2 7% CO2 PC CO 2 Efficiency Impact New Plant, Bituminous Coal, Amine Scrubbing 9% CO2 3 References: Pulverized Coal Oxycombustion Power Plants Volume 1 Bituminous Coal to Electricity, U.S. Department of Energy/National Energy Technology Laboratory, Revision 2 Final Report, August 28 Integrated Environmental Control Model 28 Today s CO 2 Technologies Increase Water Consumption CO 2 capture and compression cooling needs will increase water consumption by 8%! Dry cooling will net efficiency 5-1% Water (gal/mwhr) 1,4 1,2 1, Withdrawal Consumption Subcritical PC Subcritical PC w/ CO2 Supercritical PC Supercritical PC w/ CO2 IGCC IGCC w/ CO2 4 Source: Estimating Freshwater Needs to Meet Future Thermoelectric Generation Requirements 29 Update, U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory 4/29/1339, September, 29

3 Post-combustion CO 2 Amine-based scrubbing Flue Gas 9 Air Coal PC Boiler (With SCR) Ash Particulate Removal Optional Bypass (<9% ) Sulfur CO2 Removal Process* ID Fan Low Pressure Steam STEAM Power CYCLE CO2 Comp. CO2 To Storage 2,215 psia Percent Increase in COE % 5% 2% 7% 28% 11% 13% Capital Cost COE by 27% Operating Cost COE by 7% Parasitic Power COE by 52% Trans., Stor., & Monit. Compression Capital Capital Operating Steam Aux. Power Compression power Two-step separation process requiring 5 energy inputs: Energy = Q (sensible) + Q (reaction) + Q (stripping) + W (Process) + W (Compression) ALL must be reduced in order to significantly reduce COE impact! 5 Reference: Pulverized Coal Oxycombustion Power Plants Volume 1 Bituminous Coal to Electricity, U.S. Department of Energy/National Energy Technology Laboratory, Revision 2 Final Report, August 28 R&D Timeline to Commercial Demonstration Commercial Demonstration Large-Scale Field Testing 5 25 MWe Pilot-Scale Field Testing.5 5 MWe - DOE National Carbon Center - Utility sites Laboratory-Bench Scale R&D Core R&D Program Projects Funding Opportunity Announcement 6

4 Advanced CO 2 Solvents Solvent R&D Focus High CO 2 working capacity Optimal regeneration energy Low heat capacity Fast kinetics Thermally and chemically stable Non-corrosive, environmentally safe Solvent Technologies Ionic liquids Potassium carbonate/enzymes Phase change solvents Novel high capacity oligomers Bicarbonates/additives Molecular simulations Partners: 1. University of Notre Dame (IL) 2. Georgia Tech. (IL) 3. Illinois St. Geological Survey (Carbonate) 4. 3H (Phase change) 5. GE Research Corporation (Polymers) 6. Lawrence Berkeley Nat. Lab. (Bicarbonate, ILs) 7. NETL (ILs, Phase change, Molecular simulations) Development Timeline Today: Laboratory-scale 211: 1 MWe Pilot Scale 215: 5 25 MWe Pilot Scale 218: Demonstration Scale 7 Carbon Dioxide Ionic liquid solvents/membranes enabling CO 2 capture from syngas Background Ionic Liquids: Molten Organic Salts with CO 2 Affinity and Negligible Vapor Pressure Research Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Transport and Thermodynamic Properties Computationally-guided Screening of CO 2 Sorption Capacity and Kinetic Parameters Development of Polymer Sphere and Fiber Supports Status Effective Models Devised for Transport and Thermodynamic Properties Properties and Contaminant Effects Measured in Model Ionic Liquids Measurement of Sorption Kinetics and Capacity in Solvents Underway P CO2, bar TEGO IL K5 35 K 4 K 45 K 5 K X*, - Membrane Fiber Bundle 8

5 Advanced CO 2 Sorbents Sorbent R&D Focus High CO 2 working capacity + Low Cp ( Q sensible, W process ) Ideal Hrxn ( Q reaction ) Dry scrubbing ( Q sensible, Q stripping = ) Fast reaction kinetics ( Equipment Size) Durability: Thermal, chemical, mechanical Gas/solid systems ( W process ) - Low pressure drop, heat management Partners: 1. UOP (metal organic frameworks) 2. University of Akron (amine functionalized metal zeolites) 3. ADA-ES (amine, zeolites, process design) 4. SRI International (Carbon-based) 5. TDA (Alumina) 6. NETL ORD (MOFs, Supported amines, process design) Project Types Metal organic frameworks Supported amines (silica, clay) Metal zeolites Carbon-based Alumina Sorbent systems development Development Timeline Today: 1 kw pilot scale (ADA-ES) 211: 1 MWe Pilot Scale 216: 5 25 MWe Pilot Scale 22: Demonstration Scale 9 Carbon Dioxide Sorbents reducing the energy needed for CO 2 capture Background With sorbents, a reduction in the energy use by lowering sensible heating as compared to solvents Liquid solvent loss and corrosion effects can be avoided Advantages for atmospheric CO 2 capture Research: Develop sorbents and reactors suitable for retrofit and new pulverized coal-fired power generators Investigate potential for novel capture schemes (air capture, natural gas purification) Status: Continuing improvements in laboratory sorbent performance Collaboration with multiple interested parties (including ADA, KIER, Fuji Silyesia, Sud Chemie, Georgia Tech). Two licensing requests for patented NETL sorbents in July 29. A focus will be on virtual process model based on experimental laboratory data Regeneration Energy kw-hr/kg CO 2 Baseline MEA Sorbent Goal Advanced Solvents 1

6 Advanced Flue Gas CO 2 Membranes Membrane Advantages Simple operation; no chemical reactions, no moving parts Tolerance to acid gases & O 2 Compact, modular small footprint Builds on existing technology at similar scale (NG purification) Challenges Cost reduction and scale-up PM contamination Power plant integration (recycle) P CO2 driving force Increased power consumption Energy = Q (sensible) + Q (reaction) + Q (stripping) + W (Process) + W (Compression) Advanced Membrane R&D Focus High CO 2 /N 2 selectivity & permeability Durability - Chemical, thermal, mechanical (PM) Membrane systems - Process design & scale-up are critical - Power plant integration Low cost systems Development Timeline Today: 1 Ton/day slipstream (ADA-ES) 211: 1 MWe Pilot Scale 215: 5 25 MWe Pilot Scale 218: Demonstration Scale Background Carbon Dioxide Membranes Development Laboratory Facilities for Synthesis, Fabrication and Testing of Polymer-based and Polymersupported Membranes Research Synthesis of Novel Polymers and ILs Fabrication of Polymers into Sheet and Hollow Fiber Configurations Characterization of Polymers and ILs Constant Pressure, Real Gas Performance Testing Status Developed Supported Liquid Membranes with CO 2 Permeability of 1 Barrer and CO 2 /N 2 Selectivity above 3. Demonstrated Facilitated Transport in Ionic Liquid Membranes Identified Effects of Common Contaminants on Ionic Liquid Membranes

7 National Carbon Center (NCCC) at Power Systems Development Facility (PSDF) Wilsonville, AL NCCC Mission: Develop technologies that will lead to the commercialization of cost-effective, advanced coal fueled power plants with CO 2 capture 6 MWe Transport Gasifier 3 MWe Post-Combustion Slipstream Southern Company Peabody Energy American Electric Power Luminant Arch Coal RioTinto Electric Power Research Institute 13 Post-Combustion Slip-Streams Available for Technology Developers 88 MWe Plant Gaston <.1 MWe < 1 tpd Bench CO Scale 2 Test Units 12, tpd CO 2 Stack ID Fan FGD 1 MWe Pilot Test Unit #3 2 tpd CO 2 3 MWe 6 tpd CO 2.5 MWe 1 tpd CO 2 Pilot Test Unit #2 Pilot Solvent Test Unit #1 14

8 Additional Information NETL Office of Fossil Energy 15