All rights reserved by ITN- Bangladesh Centre for Water Supply and Waste Management

Transcription

1 WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION Rural and Low-income Urban Communities First Edition: June, 2000 Published by ITN- Bangladesh Centre for Water Supply and Waste Management (A project financed by Danida) Civil Engineering Building. (3 rd floor) BUET. Dhaka Bangladesh. All rights reserved by ITN- Bangladesh Centre for Water Supply and Waste Management This book or any part of it cannot be reproduced in any form or by any means Without written permission of the Publisher. ISBN Cover Design by Sazzad Mahmood Printed by Progressive Printers Pvt. Ltd. Dhaka, Bangladesh.

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface PART 1 : SOCIAL ASPECTS OF WATER SUPPLY& ENVIRONMENTALSANITATION Chapter 1 Introduction I.I Background 1.2 Sustainability 1.3 Sustainable performance of water supply and sanitation systems Chapter 2 The User Community 2.1 The Community 2.2 Community involvement 2.3 Community management 2.4 The management perspective 2.5 Different levels of management involvement Chapter 3 Institutional Aspects 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The need for institutional changes 3.3 The actors 3.4 Principles and policies 3.5 Future roles of the actors 3.6 Important challenges Chapter 4 Gender Awareness 4.1 Gender approach 4.2 Applying gender approach 4.3 Applying gender approach in the project cycle 4.4 Participatory tools Chapter 5 Health, Hygiene and Use of Facilties 5.1 Introduction 5..2 Transmission routes of water-related diseases 5.3 Preventive measures 5.4 Cultural aspects 5.5 Socio-economic aspects 5.6 Hygiene education Chapter 6 Financial Aspects 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Costs of water supply and sanitation systems 6.3 Cost Sharing 6.4 Financing of water supply and sanitation systems 6.5 Willingness to Pay

3 Chapter 7. Implementing Interventions 7. I Introduction 7.2 The project cycle 7.3 The project cycle within a community References/Bibliography PART II : ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION Chapter 8 Introduction to Environmental Sanitation 8.1 Background 8.2 Sanitation and health 8.3 Objectives and definition of sanitation 8.4 Classification ofwastes 8.5 Sanitation Systems 8.6 Appropriateness of Sanitation Systems 8.7 Sanitation Practices in Bangladesh 8.8 Important Factors for Sanitation in Bangladesh Chapter 9 On-Site Human Waste Management: Technological Options. 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Simple pit latrines 9.3 Ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines 9.4 Reed odourless earth closet (ROEC) 9.5 Compost latrines 9.6 Pour-flush sanitation technologies 9.7 Aqua Privies 9.8 Septic Tank System 9.9 Communal sanitation system 9.10 Worked Examples Chapter 10 Wastewater Collection and Transportation 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Conventional sewerage system 10.3 Small bore sewerage system Simplified sewerage system 10.5 Non-seVv'ered transportation of wastewater Chapter Chapter 11 Programming for Sanitation Development 11.1 Sanitation development programme 11.2 Planning for sanitation programme 11.3 Resource mobilization 11.4 Social organization for improvements 11.5 Environmental conditions 11.6 Preferences in sanitation design 11.7 Choice of sanitation technology 11.8 Incremental improvement of sanitation

4 Chapter 12 Treatment of Human Waste and Wastewater 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Composition of human wastes 12.3 Objectives of human waste treatment 12.4 Principles of waste treatment 12.5 On-site waste treatment 12.6 Biogas recovery from waste treatment 12.7 Conventional wastewater treatment 12.8 Waste stabilization ponds 12.9 Duckweed-based wastewater treatment Worked examples Chapter 13 Stormwater and Sullage Drainage 13.1 IntroductIon 13.2 Rainfall and runoff 13.3 Rainfall intensity 13.4 Time of Concentration 13.5 Factors affecting quantity ofston"llwater 13.6 Runoff estimation 13.7 Sullage disposal 13.8 Options for sullage and ston11water drainage 13.9 Worked examples Chapter 14 Solid Waste Management 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Quantities and composition of solid wastes 14.3 Storage and collection 14.4 Solid waste transportation 14.5 Processing of solid wastes and resource recovery 14.6 Composting 14.7 Ultimate disposal of solid waste I.4.8 Hazardous wastes disposal Rcfcrcnccs/B ibliography PART III: WATER SUPPLY Chapter 15 Introduction to Water Supply 15. I Importance of water supply 15.2 History and devejopment of water suppjy 15.3 Objectives of water supply Elements of water supply 15.5 Planning and design considerations Chapter 7. Implementing Interventions 7. I Introduction 7.2 The project cycle 7.3 The project cycle within a community References/Bibliography

5 Chapter 16 Sources of Water 16.Introduction 16.2 Hydrological cycle 16.3 Surface water 16.4 Groundwater 16.5 Groundwaler in Bangladesh 16.6 Rainwaler Chapter 17 Water Quantity and Quality 17.1 Water quantity 17.2 Water quality Chapter 18 Water Treatment 18.1 Introduction I 8.2 Plain sedimentation 18.3 Coagulation and flocculation Filtration 18.5 Disinfection Chapter 19 Specific Groundwater Treatment Processes 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Arsenic removal 19.3 Iron Removal 19.4 Removal of hardness Chapter 20 Water Transmission and Distribution 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Classification of transmission and distrihution systems 20.3 Distribution network 20.4 Design considerations 20.5 Service connections Chapter 21. Low-Cost Water Supply T~chnologies 21.1 Technological options 21.2 Dug well 21.3 Tubewell technology 21.4 Design. construction and maintenance of tubewells 21.5 Alternative water supply technologies References/B i bli ography Appendix