SYLLABUS. osmania university UNIT - I UNIT - II UNIT - III UNIT - IV CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

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1 i SYLLABUS osmania university UNIT - I CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES Thermal, Hydel, Nuclear Power Generation Principles, Choice of Site, Layout and Various Parts of Generating Stations. Estimation of Power in Hydel, Flow Duration Curve, Hydrograph, Mass Curve etc. Types of Hydel Stations. Nuclear Stations, PWR, BWR, FBR GAS Turbines, GAS Power Stations, Combined Cycle Power Stations. UNIT - II NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES Solar, Wind. Solar Cells, Efficiency, Solar Radiation, Calculation of Insulation, Solar Collectors, Concentrators. Wind Generators, Wind Turbine Types, Rotors Construction. UNIT - III ECONOMICS OF POWER GENERATION Load Curve, Load Demand and Diversified Factors, Base Load Operation, Types of Costs and Depreciation, Calculations. Method of Power Factor Improvement, Economics of p.f. Improvement Tariffs. Distribution 2 Wire and 3 Wire Distributors, Ring Mains, AC Distribution Calculations. UNIT - IV MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES Over Head Line Materials, Support - Types, Vibration Dampers, Arcing Horns, Ground Wires, Sag/Tension Calculations, Equal/Unequal Supports, Effects of Wind, Ice/Erection Condition Stringing Charts. Insulators, Types, Material for Construction, Potential Distribution Over String of Insulators, Equalizing of Potential, Methods. Insulator Testing, Insulated Cables, Insulating Materials, Mechanical Protection, EHV/HV/LV Cables, Grading, Capacitance of 3 Core Cables.

2 ii UNIT - V ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES Inductance and Capacitance of Overhead Line Conductors, Single Phase and Three Phase with Symmetrical Composite Conductors. GMR and GMD Spacing, Transposition, Bundied conductors, Effect of Earth Capacitance.

3 iii power systems i FOR b.e. (o.u) Ii year ii semester (ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING) CONTENTS UNIT - I [CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES] INTRODUCTION BASIC STRUCTURE OF POWER SYSTEM GENERATING STATIONS TIONS THERMAL POWER PLANT AND ITS PRINCIPLE Choice of site for Thermal Power Plant Layout of a Thermal Power Plant Coal and Ash Handling Plant Steam Generating Plant Steam Turbine urbine Alternator Feed Water and Steam Circuit Cooling Arrangement Efficiency of Thermal Power Plant Advantages of Thermal Power Plant Disadvantages of Thermal Power Plant Applications of Thermal Power Plant

4 iv 1.5 HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT AND ITS PRINCIPLE Choice of Site for a Hydroelectric Power Plant Hydrology Mass Curve Flow Duration Curve Estimation of Power in Hydel (or) HydroElectric Potential otential Hydrograph Unit Hydrograph Types of Classification of Hydroelectric Power Plant Classification According to Quantity of Water Available Classification Based on Head Classification Based on Nature of the Load Classification Based on Plant Capacity Layout and Various Parts of Hydroelectric Power Plant Advantages of Hydroelectric Power Plant Disadvantages of Hydroelectric Power Plant Applications of Hydroelectric Power Plant NUCLEAR POWER PLANT AND ITS PRINCIPLE Choice of Site for Nuclear Power Plant Basic Review of Nuclear Physics Structure of Atoms Energy Mass Equivalence Binding Energy Half Life Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion

5 v Layout of Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear Reactors Types of Reactors eactors Basis of Neutron Energy Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Liquid Metal Cooled Reactor (LMCR) Canadian Deuterium Uranium (Candu) Reactor Breeder Reactors (or) Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) Advantages of Nuclear Power Plant Disadvantages of Nuclear Power Plant Applications of Nuclear Power Plant GAS-TURBINE POWER PLANT AND ITS PRINCIPLE Choice of Site for Gas-Turbine Power Plant Layout of Gas-Turbine Power Plant Types of Gas-Turbine Power Plant Open-Cycle (or) Simple Gas-Turbine Power Plant Closed-Cycle Cycle Gas-Turbine Power Plant Comparison of Open-Cycle and Closed-Cycle Cycle Gas-Turbine Plant Gas-Turbine Power Plant Configuration Simple Cycle Gas-Turbine Power Plant Combined Cycle Gas-Turbine Power Plant Advantages of Gas-Turbine Power Plant Disadvantages of Gas-Turbine Power Plant Applications of Gas-turbine Power Plant

6 vi 1.8 COMPARISON OF THERMAL HYDROELECTRIC, NUCLEAR AND GAS-TURBINE POWER PLANT COMBINED CYCLE CLE POWER STATIONS TIONS CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL OF CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES SOLVED PROBLEMS Short Questions and Answers Expected University Questions with Solutions UNIT - II [NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES] INTRODUCTION DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Chemical Energy Nuclear Energy Hydro Energy CONCEPT OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCE (NCES) Advantages of Non-Conventional Energy Sources Disadvantages of Non-Conventional Energy Sources SOLAR POWER PLANT AND ITS WORKING PRINCIPLE Layout of Solar Power Plant Solar Cell Manufacturing Technology of Solar Cell Working Principle of Solar Cell Classification of Solar Cell Efficiency of Solar Cell

7 vii Advantages of Solar Cell Disadvantages of Solar Cell Applications of Solar Cell Solar Radiation Extra-Terrestrial Solar Radiation Solar Constant Terrestrial Solar Radiation Solar Radiation on an Inclined Surface Solar Collector Working of Collector Types of Solar Collectors Flat Plate Collector Materials for Flat Plate Collectors Concentrating Collector Classification of Concentrating Collectors Compare Flat Plate and Concentrating Type of Collectors Solar Concentrators Advantages of Solar Power Plant Disadvantage of Solar Power Plant Applications of Solar Power Plant WIND POWER PLANT AND ITS WORKING PRINCIPLE Layout and Various Parts of Wind Power Plant Characteristics of Wind Energy Energy from the Wind Turbine urbine Wind Generating Plants

8 viii Types of Wind Turbine Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Generator (HAWT) Components of HAWT Types of HAWT Vertical Axis Windind-Turbines Generator (VAWT) WT) Types of VAWT Advantages of Wind Power Plant Disadvantages of Wind Power Plant Applications of Wind ind Power Plant CALCULATION OF INSULATION Short Questions and Answers Expected University Questions with Solutions UNIT - III [ECONOMICS OF POWER GENERATION] ECONOMICS OF POWER GENERATION TERMS AND DEFINITIONS Solved Problems NUMBER AND SIZE OF GENERATOR OR UNITS BASE LOAD AND PEAK LOADS COSTS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY Expression for Cost of Electrical Energy DEPRECIATION Solved Problem POWER FACT CTOR OR Causes of low Power Factor Effects of Disadvantages of Low Power Factor Advantages of Power Factor actor

9 ix Methods of Improving Power Factor actor Static Capacitors Synchronous Condenser Phase Advancer Calculations of Power Factor Correction Most Economical Power Factor When The Kilowatt Demand is Constant Most Economical Power Factor When the KVA Maximum Demand is Constant TARIFF Objectives of Tariff Requirements of Tariff General Tariff Form Different Types of Tariff Solved Problems DC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Two wo Wire ire DC Distribution System Three Wire DC Distribution System Advantages of Three Wire Over Two wo Wire ire DC Distribution System RING MAIN SYSTEM AC DISTRIBUTION A.C Distribution Calcultions Methods For Solving A.C Distribution Problems Short Questions and Answers Expected University Questions with Solutions

10 x UNIT - IV [MECHANICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES] OVERHEAD LINES CONSTRUCTION OF OVERHEAD LINES OVERHEAD LINE MATERIALS TERIALS TYPES OF LINE SUPPORTS Wood Poles oles Steel Poles oles R.C.C Poles Steel Towers VIBRATION DAMPERS ARCING HORNS GROUND WIRES (OR) OVERHEAD EARTH WIRES SAG TENSION IN OVERHEAD LINES Calculation of Sag and Tension Equal Supports Unequal Supports Effects of Wind and Ice Loading Ice Loading Wind Loading Effective Loading Factors Affecting the Sag Stringing Charts (or) Sag and Tension Charts Sag Template Preparation of the Sag Template Solved Problems POWER 4.9 SYSTEMS-I INSULATORS

11 xi Types of Insulators Pin Type Insulators Suspension Type Insulators Strain Insulators Shackle Insulators Insulating Materials Insulator Failure Potential Distribution Over A String of Insulators Mathematical Expression for String Efficiency String Efficiency Solved Problems Methods of Equalising the Potential or Improving the String Efficiency Causes of Failure of Insulators Testing of Insulators INSULATOR CABLES (OR) UNDERGROUND CABLES Insulating Materials For Cables Mechanical Protection Construction of Cables Types of Cables Low ow Voltage (or) L.T Cables High Voltage (H.T) Cables upto 11 kv Super Tension (or) Screened Cables Extra High Tension (E.H.H.T).T) Cables Oil-Filled Cables Gas Pressure Cables Dielectric Stress

12 xii 4.11 GRADING OF CABLES Capacitance Grading Intersheath Grading Solved Problem Limitations of Cable Insulation Resistance of a Single-Core Cable Measurement of Insulator Resistance of Cables Cable Capacitance Capacitance of Single Phase Cable Capacitance of Three-Core Cables COMPARISION BETWEEN OVERHEAD LINES AND UNDERGROUND CABLES Short Questions and Answers Expected University Questions with Solutions UNIT - V [ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES] INTRODUCTION CONSTANTS OF A TRANSMISSION LINE RESISTANCE OF A TRANSMISSION LINE SKIN EFFECT AND PROXIMITY EFFECT INDUCTANCE OF A TRANSMISSION LINE Concept of Inductance Ampere s Law Flux Linkages Inductance Due to Internal Flux Linkages Inductance Due to External Flux Linkages Flux Linkages in Parallel Current Carrying Conductors

13 xiii Inductance of a Single-Phase Two wo-wire Transmission Line Inductance of a Three Phase Overhead Transmission Line Solved Problems CONCEPT OF GMD AND GMR TRANSPOSITION OF CONDUCTORS ORS BUNDLED CONDUCTOR OR CAPACIT CITANCE OF A TRANSMISSION LINES Concept of Capacitance Electrical Potential Potential at a Charged Single Conductor Potential Difference Between Two wo Points Due to Line Charge Capacitance of Single Phase Two wo-wire ire Overhead Line Capacitance of a Three Phase Overhead Transmission Line Capacitance of Three Phase Double Circuit Lines Effect of Earth on the Capacitance of a Transmission Line Solved Problems

14 xiv UNIVERSITY QUESTION PAPERS [May/June ] [New] [Main]... QP.1 - QP.3 [June ] [New] [Main]... QP.4 - QP.6 [May ] [New] [Main]... QP.7 - QP.8 [December ] [New] [Supplementary]...QP QP.9 - QP.12