Semi-open sorption water heater: experimental results and theory of operation

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1 Semi-open sorption water heater: experimental results and theory of operation Kyle R. Gluesenkamp ACEEE Hot Water Forum Nashville, March 13, 2019 Session 7B ORNL is managed by UT-Battelle, LLC for the US Department of Energy

2 Acknowledgments Department of Energy (Contract DE-EE ) Antonio Bouza, DOE Building Technology Office Saeed Moghaddam and Devesh Chugh, University of Florida DISCLAIMER This material has been authored by UT-Battelle, LLC under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The United States Government retains and the publisher, by accepting the article for publication, acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. The Department of Energy will provide public access to these results of federally sponsored research in accordance with the DOE Public Access Plan ( 2

3 Outline UEF (water heating system) COP (heat pump) What is a sorption heat pump? What can system efficiency (UEF) be? What is a semi-open sorption heat pump? Theory of operation What can cycle efficiency (COP) be? Experimental results from prototype semi-open system Prospects for commercialization Heat pumps Sorption heat pumps Semi-open sorption heat pump 3

4 Outline What is a sorption heat pump? What can system efficiency (UEF) be? What is a semi-open sorption heat pump? Theory of operation What can cycle efficiency (COP) be? Experimental results from prototype semi-open system 4

5 What is a Sorption Heat Pump? Source: Kuhn, A. (ed.) Thermally driven heat pumps for heating and cooling (2013) Source: 5

6 Sorption Technologies 3.5 Thermal COP heating = Q 1 /Q Semi-open H 2 O/IL Half effect H 2 O/LiBr Single effect H 2 O/LiBr Double effect H 2 O/LiBr Double effect NH 3 /H 2 O Single effect NH 3 /H 2 O Triple effect H 2 O/LiBr GAX NH 3 /H 2 O Various adsorption cycles Semi-open can have higher or lower COP than closed (depends on operating conditions) IL-based can have higher or lower regen temperature than LiBr (depends on fluid) 6 Adapted from: K. Gluesenkamp and R. Radermacher, "Heat Activated Cooling Technologies for Small and Micro CHP Applications," in Small and Micro CHP Systems, R. Beith, Ed., ed Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Ltd., 2013.

7 Outline What is a sorption heat pump? What can system efficiency (UEF) be? What is a semi-open sorption heat pump? Theory of operation What can cycle efficiency (COP) be? Experimental results from prototype semi-open system 7

8 Energy Flows in System Want: EF = f η b, COP, η ph, λ, ECOP Where: EF Q delivered Q gas +W elec η b = Q desorber /Q gas η ph = Q ph /Q gas λ loss = Q delivered /(Q DHW + Q ph ) COP = Q DHW /Q desorber ECOP = Q DHW /W elec Gluesenkamp, K. (2016). Energy Factor Analysis for Gas Heat Pump Water Heaters, ASHRAE Annual Meeting 2016, June 29, 2016, St. Louis, MO. 8

9 Writing EF as function of component performance Exact solution: 1 EF = 1 λ η b COP + η ph ECOP η b COP η b COP + η ph Approximation: η b COP/[η b COP + η ph ] = 1 Error of <1% under full range of parameters 1 EF = 1 λ 1 η b COP + η ph + 1 ECOP 9

10 COP and UEF 1 EF = 1 λ η b COP + η ph ECOP Except where explicitly varied along x-axis, parameters values are set to: η b = 0.8, η ph = 0.15, λ = 0.85, COP = 1.3, and ECOP = 25. Gluesenkamp, Kyle R.; Yang, Zhiyao; Abdelaziz, Omar (2017). "Translating cycle performance to system-level efficiency for sorption heat pumps." 12th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2017, Rotterdam, Netherlands, May 15 18, Gluesenkamp, K. (2016). Energy Factor Analysis for Gas Heat Pump Water Heaters, Conference Paper Session 19, ASHRAE Annual Meeting 2016, June 29, 2016, St. Louis, MO. 10

11 COP and UEF 1 EF = 1 λ η b COP + η ph ECOP (ADP>T flue >WDP) λ = 0.85 COP = 1.6 ECOP = 25 Gluesenkamp, Kyle R.; Yang, Zhiyao; Abdelaziz, Omar (2017). "Translating cycle performance to system-level efficiency for sorption heat pumps." 12th IEA Heat Pump Conference 2017, Rotterdam, Netherlands, May 15 18, Gluesenkamp, K. (2016). Energy Factor Analysis for Gas Heat Pump Water Heaters, Conference Paper Session 19, ASHRAE Annual Meeting 2016, June 29, 2016, St. Louis, MO. 11

12 Expected EF Parameter Hypothetical Example Systems Theoretical Realistic worst System 2 System 3 Realistic System 1 Theoretical best System 4 η b η grid η ph λ COP ECOP EF PEF

13 Outline What is a sorption heat pump? What can system efficiency (UEF) be? What is a semi-open sorption heat pump? Theory of operation What can cycle efficiency (COP) be? Experimental results from prototype semi-open system 13

14 Semi-open Sorption Architecture Traditional (closed) Semi-open Key component 14

15 Solution Semi-open Absorption Water Heater Solution Oil Process water 15

16 16 Key Component: Semi-open Absorber

17 Prototype Evaluation at ORNL Absorber assembly 17

18 Prototype Generations Generation 1: Generation 2: Generation 3: Under fabrication 18

19 Outline What is a sorption heat pump? What can system efficiency (UEF) be? What is a semi-open sorption heat pump? Theory of operation What can cycle efficiency (COP) be? Experimental results from prototype semi-open system 19

20 ሶ ሶ ሶ Theoretical Efficiency Established COP htg = 1 + α 1 L abs + L cond L abs + C p,liq 1 ε SHX T D A FR T HTF mሶ vapor T interface q absorption T air α α = q solution = qሶ absorption q air q solution 1 + UA air T interface T air UA soln T interface T HTF (asserted definition) q solution q air T interface = qሶ absorption + U soln T HTF U soln + U air + U air T air qሶ absorption Only three measured values = h m L abs P w,air P w,soln T interface, X soln Gluesenkamp, Kyle R., Devesh Chugh, Omar Abdelaziz, and Saeed Moghaddam (2017). "Efficiency Analysis of Semi-Open Sorption Heat Pump Systems," Renewable Energy 110,

21 Efficiency Expected by Theory Parameter h m U air U soln Measured value in prototype g 1 m 2 s 1 kpa W 1 m 2 K W 1 m 2 K 1 Efficiency can be lower or higher than conventional closed absorption cycle, depending on ambient temperature Contours of heating COP for closed and semi-open cycles at various ambient conditions. Gluesenkamp, Kyle R., Devesh Chugh, Omar Abdelaziz, and Saeed Moghaddam (2017). "Efficiency Analysis of Semi-Open Sorption Heat Pump Systems," Renewable Energy 110,

22 Research Opportunities Performance improved by lower air side heat transfer 22 Lower U air values improve performance at fixed permeability (h m =0.049 g 1 m -2 s -1 kpa -1 ) Gluesenkamp, Kyle R., Devesh Chugh, Omar Abdelaziz, and Saeed Moghaddam (2017). "Efficiency Analysis of Semi-Open Sorption Heat Pump Systems," Renewable Energy 110,

23 Research Opportunities and higher moisture mass transfer. Higher membrane permeability at fixed U air = W 1 m -2 K -1 leads to better performance 23 Gluesenkamp, Kyle R., Devesh Chugh, Omar Abdelaziz, and Saeed Moghaddam (2017). "Efficiency Analysis of Semi-Open Sorption Heat Pump Systems," Renewable Energy 110,

24 Outline What is a sorption heat pump? What can system efficiency (UEF) be? What is a semi-open sorption heat pump? Theory of operation What can cycle efficiency (COP) be? Experimental results from prototype semi-open system 24

25 Cycle heating COP [-] Heat pump delivery temperature [ F] Experimental Results Ambient air 86.0 F/70% RH: Gen 1* Ambient air 77.5 F/74% RH: Gen 2 Ambient air 70.3 F/60% RH: Gen 2 Ambient air 67.8 F/49% RH: Gen 2 (UEF) 123% heating efficiency at UEF conditions Absorber entering water temperature [ F] Heating capacity: W Typical uncertainties: 6 8% of COP; 3% of capacity Heating water from 60 F (15.5 C) to 135 F (57 C) Absorber entering water temperature [ F] *Gen 1: Chugh, Devesh; Kyle R. Gluesenkamp, Omar A. Abdelaziz, Saeed Moghaddam (2017). Ionic liquid-based hybrid absorption cycle for water heating, dehumidification, and cooling, Applied Energy, 202, Gen 2: Chugh, Devesh, Kyle R. Gluesenkamp, Ahmad Abu-Heiba, Morteza Alipanah, Abdy Fazeli, Richard Rode, Michael Schmid, Viral K. Patel, Saeed Moghaddam (2019). Experimental evaluation of a semi-open membrane-based absorption heat pump system utilizing ionic liquids, Applied Energy, v. 239,

26 26 References Chugh, Devesh, Kyle R. Gluesenkamp, Ahmad Abu-Heiba, Morteza Alipanah, Abdy Fazeli, Richard Rode, Michael Schmid, Viral K. Patel, Saeed Moghaddam (2019). Experimental evaluation of a semi-open membranebased absorption heat pump system utilizing ionic liquids, Applied Energy, v. 239, Chugh, Devesh; Kyle R. Gluesenkamp, Omar A. Abdelaziz, Saeed Moghaddam (2017). Ionic liquid-based hybrid absorption cycle for water heating, dehumidification, and cooling, Applied Energy, v. 202, Gluesenkamp, K., Chugh, D., Abdelaziz, O., and Moghaddam, S., (2017). "Efficiency Analysis of Semi-Open Sorption Heat Pump Systems," Renewable Energy, v. 110, Gluesenkamp, K. R. (2016). Energy Factor Analysis for Gas Heat Pump Water Heaters, ASHRAE Annual Meeting 2016, Conference Paper Session 19, June 29, 2016, St. Louis, MO. K. Gluesenkamp and R. Radermacher, "Heat Activated Cooling Technologies for Small and Micro CHP Applications," in Small and Micro CHP Systems, R. Beith, Ed., ed Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Gluesenkamp, K. (2012). Development and Analysis of Micro Polygeneration Systems and Adsorption Chillers. Dissertation University of Maryland. Chugh, D., Nasr Isfahani, R., Gluesenkamp, K., Abdelaziz, O., Moghaddam, S. A novel absorption cycle for combined water heating, dehumidification and evaporative cooling, International Sorption Heat Pump Conference, March 31 April 3, 2014, College Park, MD. S. Moghaddam, Thin Film-based Compact Absorption Cooling System, WO Patent 2,013,063,210, S. Moghaddam, D. Chugh, R. Nasr Isfahani, S. Bigham, A. Fazeli, D. Yu, M. Mortazavi, and O. Abdelaziz, Open Absorption Cycle for Combined Dehumidification, Water Heating, and Evaporating Cooling, Patent Application WO/2015/116362, PCT/US2015/ S. Moghaddam and D. Chugh, Novel Architecture for Absorption-based Heaters, Patent Application UF-14697, 2013.

27 27 Thank You