Choudhury R.C. Mohanty, UNCRD

Transcription

1 IGES Kansai Research Centre International Symposium on Research Partnership for the Application of Low Carbon Technology for Sustainable Development 7 March Priorities in the transfer of environmental technologies to India from an international organization perspective - Choudhury R.C. Mohanty, UNCRD

2 Selected trends in India Population growth & urbanization By 2050, population is estimated to reach 1.6 billion. More than half will be living in urban areas. Population growth projection of India: Projected urbanization of India: ,000,000 10,000,000 1,800,000 2,500,000 9,149,984 9,000,000 8,000,000 1,600,000 1,400,000 Population of India (thousands) 2,000,000 1,500,000 1,000, ,000 6,115,367 1,042,590 1,613,800 7,000,000 6,000,000 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 Population of the world (thousands) Population (thousands) 1,200,000 1,000, , , , , Year Year India World Total Urban Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision,

3 Selected trends in India Economic Growth By 2050, India s economy could become the third largest in the world. The largest Economies in 2050 GDP estimations for selected countries: ,000 35,000 30,000 GDP (2003 US$Billion) 25,000 20,000 15,000 10,000 5, Year India Japan US Germany Source: Goldman Sachs Group, Inc, Source: Based on the figures in Goldman Sachs Group, Inc,

4 Selected trends in India Energy Use In India, industry accounts for as much as 55% of the total energy consumption. Energy conversion process remains inefficient in most developing countries, including India. India, has primary energy intensities (energy required per unit GDP, toe per 1000 US$) around 1.02 while corresponding value for OECD and World are lower at around 0.20 and 0.32 respectively. Its value reflects nature of economy, structure of energy mix, and technical energy efficiency. The Growing Demand for Energy in Selected Countries in Asia Relative Energy Intensity of Selected Countries and Regions Source: ADB, IGES, Toward Resource-Efficient Economies in Asia and the Pacific. Source: ADB, Toward a Cleaner Energy Future in Asia and the Pacific.

5 Impact on the Environment and Health Water and air qualities, climate change, among other As of 2003, it was estimated that only 27% of India's wastewater was being treated, with the remainder flowing into rivers, canals, groundwater or the sea. Over 900 million urban people are affected with diseases and irritations linked with high levels of indoor and ambient harmful emissions. The annual economic cost of damage to public health from increased air pollution, based on PM10 measurements for 50 cities with the total population of 110 million, reached 3 billion USD in 2004 (CAI-Asia) Center, 2010). India ranks 5th in aggregate GHG emissions in the world, behind USA, China, EU and Russia in 2007 (MOEF India, 2010).

6 Transitioning to more resource efficient economy 1. One-way Economy 2. More resource efficient economy 3. Closed Loop Economy 1. In one way economy, a little effort is made to reduce the amount of materials consumed in production and hence the wastes are produced. Also little effort is made to reuse or recycle those wastes which mainly go for landfill. 2. Greater resource efficiency by reducing consumption and waste of materials, and by reusing and recycling by products. By implementing measures on both the production and consumption sides, countries may be able to reduce (per unit of product) both the quantity of the resource extraction stream and the quantity and environmental impact of the residual materials flow that ultimately reaches disposal sites. 3. In closed-loop economy, nearly all outputs either become inputs to other manufacturing processes or are returned to natural systems as benign emissions rather than as pollutants, e.g, a closed-cycle processing plant takes in freshwater and does not discharge any liquid effluents. Rather, the water is constantly recycled and possibly utilized in the final product itself

7 Stages in Product Life Cycle Extraction of natural resources Processing of resources Design of products and selection of inputs Production of goods and services Distribution Consumption Reuse of wastes from production or consumption Recycling of wastes from consumption or production Disposal of residual wastes Source: ADB, IGES, Toward Resource-Efficient Economies in Asia and the Pacific.

8 The relation of of reduction of of the amount of of waste disposal with the amount of of greenhouse gas emission Restraints on waste generation (Reduce) Reuse Recycling waste necessary production volume Change to production process Alternative energy waste for landfill Return to the environment fuel oil used for incineration energy consumption fossil fuel consumption methane generated at landfill sites Increase the amount of carbon stored in soil GHG emission Source: MOEJ, 2009

9 Green Economy - in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication (GESDPE) GESDPE and the Institutional Framework for Sustainable Development (IFSD) are the two themes of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (UNCSD: Rio+20). GESDPE is as much about structural change in the institutions governing economies at different levels as about technological change. GESDPE Green investment benefits the poor: an example from India National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2006 provides a social protection and livelihood security scheme for the rural poor that invests in the preservation and restoration of natural capital. It takes the form of a public works programme guaranteeing at least 100 days of paid work per year to every household who wants to volunteer an adult member. The scheme has grown fourfold since its inception and investment last year amounted to over US$ 8 billion, creating 3 billion workdays and benefiting 59 million households. About 84% of this investment goes into water conservation, irrigation and land development (Source: UNEP Green Economy Report).

10 Selected Policy Recommendations that promote transfer of resource/energy efficient technologies Conducive legal and regulatory framework Develop holistic policy, law and regulatory frameworks that encourage adoption of greater resource/energy efficiency technologies. Develop clear procedures that encourage private sector (both national and foreign) to invest in resource/energy efficient technologies and practices. Combine and streamline resource/energy efficiency policies with national policies and programmes on greenhouse gas emission reduction. Promote investments and technologies that are locally affordable/adaptable both in terms of financial (including operational and maintenance cost), and technical aspects. Emphasis on small and medium-sized industries In view of the fact that SMEs account for 40% of industrial production and are responsible for an estimated 70% of the total industrial pollution nationwide (MOEF India, as cited in ADB and IGES, 2008): Introduce/improve regulatory package targeting SMEs. Raise awareness of management and develop capacity of SMEs. Provide assistance to industries by developing and disseminating data comparing environmental performance of different technologies.