Passive House: The Standard and its Prospects for Practical Use

Transcription

1 Passive House: The Standard and its Prospects for Practical Use BSMC SB08 Special Forum: Cool:Hot:Continental:Coastal The Passive House Concept in a Worldwide Perspective, Melbourne, Australia, Sep. 2008

2 Sustainability Limit Global limit: 10 billion tons per year for Energy Related CO 2 -Emissions means max. 1 ton per capita and year Population 2050: 10 billion people

3 The Situation CO 2 -Emissions in tons p. p. and yr. across the world Source: Wikipedia,Licenced under GNU-Condition - GFDL: Permission is granted to copy, distributeand/or modify this document under the terms ofthe GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back- Cover Texts. A copy ofthe license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

4 Key Implications Energy-related CO 2 -emissions have to be reduced by at least a factor of 10 in North America & large parts of Europe, Asia, Australia! We have to improve energy performance of houses by a factor of 10 in regions spanning a broad spectrum of climates

5 Source: Thomas Saur

6 Key Idea Passive House Focus on the holes in the bucket - instead of permanent water refill! - tackle the problem at its root - focus on the passive instead instead of the active part of the building Minimize unwanted energy losses/gains by highly efficient well insulated & air tight building envelope highly efficient optimized windows (U, g, size, orientation, shading) controlled air supply with heat recovery optimized surface area/volume ratio (compact shape) energy-saving household appliances & equipment Satisfy remaining needs with small integrated systems Get new overall optimum: economically, ecologically, socially

7 Principles Laid Down in the Seventies Philips Experimental House - First (Ultra-)Low-Energy House in Germany, Aachen 1974 ff Super insulation: U-Value 0.14 W/m 2 K (R~40) Efficient Window Systems: (coated double) + shutters Controlled ventilation, 90% air-to-airheat recovery plus soil heat exchanger Heating demand kwh/(m 2 a) i.e. 2 3 kwh/(ft 2 a) or 7 10 kbtu/(ft 2 a) Renewable Energies Theory-Experiment Comparisons Parameter Studies US & Europe Source: Hörster, Steinmüller (PFA)

8 Heating Requirements in the US and Europe can be cut down by factor of when going from Normal via Swedish to Experimental House Standard Source: Steinmüller 1979

9 Impact Window Area and Type (Passive Solar) location dependent Stockholm (Europe) Albuquerque (US) N: Normal House N: Normal House S: Swedish House E: Experimental House S: Swedish House E: Experimental House Source: Steinmüller 1979

10

11 (Heating)

12 Darmstadt-Kranichstein First Passive House in Europe/Germany 1991 Super insulated House in a Row Insulation: 25 40cm, U-Value 0.1 bis 0.14 W/(m²K) R40 to R60 Optimized triple panes windows with insulated frames, south oriented Ventilation with heat recovery Rest Energy Demand Heating: 12 kwh/(m²a) Hot water: 8 kwh/(m²a) Household appliances: 11 kwh/(m²a) Covered by Vacuum collectors Gas condensing furnace Quelle: Feist (IWU, PHI)

13 Abstract Definition: Passive Houses Formal Definitions "A Passive House is a building, for which thermal comfort (ISO 7730) can be achieved solely by post-heating or post-cooling of the fresh air mass, which is required to fulfill sufficient indoor air quality conditions (DIN 1946) - without a need for re-circulated air." Translation for Residential Houses Maximum Heat Load Maximum Heating Load at Climate Extreme <= 10 W/m 2 (~ 1 W/ft 2 ) allows omission of traditional heating system Maximum Annual Demand Maximum Annual Heating Demand <= 15 kwh/m 2 a (~ 5 kbtu/ft²a) for south oriented buildings in Central Europe Overall Primary Energy Consumption <= 120 kwh/m 2 a (~ 40 kbtu/ft²a) Including household appliances To be lowered in the future Source: PHI

14 Wiesbaden-Lummerlund First Passive House & Low Energy-Settlement in Europe Houses in a Row, 50% Passive, 50% Low Energy Building cost: /m² Scientific Evaluation Inhabitants highly satisfied Passive Houses preferred to low energy ones Passive Houses enable sustainable life-style Energy reduction factor 10 Economically attractive Comfortable, healthy indoor climate No sacrifices, but new degrees of freedom Source: IWU, Rasch

15 Source: BKI, BSMC, SurTec

16 Number of Passive House Units Grow Exponential Growth 100 % p.a. First Passiv House Passiv Houses Darmstadt First First PassivHouse House Passiv Settlement Ulm Settlement Settlement Wiesbaden Wiesbaden Source: PHI

17 ... Additional Investment Drops 50 /m2 (7 $/ft2) Additional Investment Passive vs. Low-Energy [$/ft ] First Passivhaus Prototyp Darmstadt... 37,5 2 [ /m ] reduced to Essentials First Passivhaus Settlement 3 Follow-Up Settlements Row Houses , Source: W. Feist PHI

18 Old Buildings

19 Systematic National Advances via DENA-Programs Participants Phase I Means Demanding targets exceeding new buildings Quality of building envelope Primary energy consumption Sustainability measures Upgraded government funds special cheap loans up to 20 % debt relief Phases Buildings ( ) multi-family 2. > 100 Buildings ( ) incl. single-fam. 3. > 1000 Buildings under way Source: DENA

20 Example: Advanced Retrofit of 8-Family House in Bielefeld Sustainability Approach Life-Cycle Optimization Energy and Economy Long-term Usability, Adaptability Passive House Technologies Roof 35, Wall 20, Cellar 10 cm additional high performance insulation Reduction of Thermal Bridges Passive House Windows Ventilation 90% heat recovery Solar assisted hot water Factor 10 Savings In Energy & CO 2-Emissions Economically multipliable and even optimum for most measures Source: BSMC

21 Results Phase I: On the Average 87% Savings for all Buildings Primary Energy Consumption [kwh/m 2a] 87 % Primary Energy Savings 55 % Below Low Energy Standard before modernization low energy standard, if built new after modernization Source: Dena

22 Heat Saving Potential in Old and New German Dwellings Heating Demand Stepwise Exploitation of Potential Trend Low Energy Passive Renewable Supply Source: IWU/BSMC

23 Different Climates

24 CEPHEUS Cost Effective Passive Houses as European Standard BSMC, Sep-2008 First European Research & Development Project, sponsored by the EU-Joule-Thermie Program Erection and Scientific Evaluation of about 250 passive houses/living units Demonstrating cost-effective passive houses in 5 European countries Creating preconditions for market penetration Presenting full primary-energy and climate neutral approach combined with use of renewable at the World EXPO 2000 Fig. 24 Source: Source:Cepheus Cepheus Project Project

25 Factor of 10 Savings by Passive Houses in Europe Source: PEP-Project, Kaan et al. 2006

26 International Passive House Conferences 2006, 07, 08 showed: Passive House projects under way in almost each European Country About units reached in 2007 Applicability to broad spectrum of climate conditions and building types confirmed Passive House Technology is increasingly applied to old buildings Interest from outside Europe emerging, several projects completed/under way Asia America and Antarctica! Fig. 26 Source: PHI

27 a glance at the US

28 First Passive House in US, Urbana, Illinois 2003 Source: eco-lab, Klingenberg

29 First Certified Passive House in the US Waldsee BioHaus, 2006, Minnesota Climate Zone 7, 5700 hdd Source: WaldseeBioHaus.com

30 many more projects under way

31 Conclusions We have to cut down the carbon footprint by a Factor of 10 in large parts of the world and avoid its growth in others! Passive Houses demonstrate, how this can be done in buildings The standard has proven is practicality - especially in moderate climates The core idea applies to extreme climates as well... as long as the bucket is not immersed in the water anyway!... the optimum hole avoidance/refill strategy depends on local conditions Many green SB approaches are orange in terms of carbon targets The Passive House Standard needs to be incorporated... Let s get our buckets fixed!

32 Thank You!