DIGITAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SKILLS FOR FACILITIES MANAGEMENT

Transcription

1 DIGITAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SKILLS FOR FACILITIES MANAGEMENT O3 A1 Learning unit 2 Energy efficiency and energy management in buildings Project Start Date - October 1st, 2016 Project End Date - March 31, 2019 Duration in months - 30 months Project code UK01-KA DATE: 01 DECEMBER Prepared by: SWC

2 Learning Unit 2 Description Title Description Overall Learning Outcome Energy efficiency and energy management in buildings This learning unit covers the processes and technologies applied in energy saving and carbon emissions reduction for buildings as well as the impacts from the use of energy saving practices. It introduces the learner to practical and cost effective ways of energy management, such as developing an energy policy and energy management plan. Learners should understand the role of the energy efficiency practices in buildings, appreciating the range of approaches and technologies available in order to select the appropriate strategy. Also, they should understand the importance of ccommunication of the agenda to the users of the building. EQF level 4-5 Duration 20 hrs NLT ECVET credits 1 Prerequisites General+ Learning Outcomes of Learning Unit 1 Assessment 1 assignment: case-study (5 open-ended questions and/or multiple choice test) Learning Outcome 1 Learning Outcome 2 Learning Outcome 3 Learning Outcome 4 Learning Outcome 5 Describe the fundamental principles of environmental management and sustainability in relation to FM. Explain no-cost vs. low-cost energy saving measures for buildings. Evaluate the impact of integrating energy saving measures in buildings. Prepare energy management plan. Advise customers on the use and impact of smart energy saving solutions.

3 Energy efficiency and energy management in buildings Advantages of Sustainability and Environmental Management Reduces Carbon Footprint Reduced operating costs Marketing advantage over competitors (ecological way of thinking) Shows due diligence of the organisation Reduces long term reliance on fossil fuels Increase long terms robustness and reduce vulnerability with respect to utilities cost Raises the profile of the FM department

4 Key Issues in Energy Management The key issues under energy management are as follows; Policy / Strategy Accountability / Resourcing Reporting Procedures Monitoring and Targeting Maintenance / Servicing Regime Staff awareness / Training Investment / Budget State-of-the-art technical solutions

5 Key Issues in Energy Management The key criteria for assessment of energy use are as follows; Audit of Energy Use Space Heating Hot water Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Lighting Process/Other Equipment Building Fabric Automatic Controls / SMART metering Building Management Systems(BMS)

6 Why is energy wasted? Poorly designed buildings and installations insufficient insulation undersized ventilations ducts poorly designed technical systems do not properly involved/educated/motivated employees (leave windows open, do not switch of the lighting after working time, etc.) Inadequate control systems Poor control settings Inefficient plant operation Out of date technology Poor maintenance Poor operating and working practices

7 Energy Policy Energy Survey An energy policy makes a statement of commitment this need not be complex or lengthy. Specifies clear and achievable objectives and targets for energy consumption Identifies responsibilities and resources Provides an action plan States the mechanisms to implement the action plan Commits to a review process Resourcing Are the roles of energy/facility manager contained in a formal job description of a designated person? The facility/energy manager provides accountability and recognition of the role In large organisations there may be a dedicated energy manager In small to medium sized organisations the role of energy manager is usually done by the facility manager

8 Energy Survey Energy Reporting There needs to be a clear reporting and responsibility structure in place This structure needs to indicate who the energy manager is responsible to and who reports to the EM Energy can be reported at specific meetings or dedicated energy committee meetings It should be stated how often the committee meets and how recommendations are acted upon. Constantly Monitoring and Analysing the Energy Consumption Staff Awareness and Training Energy efficiency training can easily be added to new staff induction training programmes Existing staff can be motivated via an Energy Efficiency Campaign, for example an Energy Awareness Week Other methods of awareness include: presentations by external energy agencies, newsletters, incentives and notice boards

9 Energy Management Action Plan

10 Energy Management Action Plan 1. Make a commitment This first stage relates to the commitment of a company to energy efficiency and the reduction of carbon emissions. This usually involves writing an energy policy 2. Establishing a baseline The production of an initial energy audit to show where energy is currently being used in the organisation This audit should quantify energy use in terms of financial cost to the organisation, and associated carbon emissions. It should be clear where most of the energy is going and why Benchmarking 3. Construct a Business Case A financial case will present options for actions that may then be evaluated and decided upon by senior management in order to allocate resources. When making these decisions they should take into account : - the baseline level of energy use and cost - a figure for the level of financial investment to be made - a figure for the level of energy savings which may be achieved in terms of cost savings and carbon reductions - the period over which the savings would be made - the main actions which could bring about these savings

11 Energy Management Action Plan 4. Create an action plan The plan sets out how energy will be managed in an organisation over a period of time. It will make reference to: Roles and responsibilities Resources available Whether a formal management system is used, such as ISO Compliance with energy and climate change regulations Investments required with pay back and ROI information Implications for staff behaviour and training The strategy for monitoring, metering and targeting The strategy for review and feedback 5. Appoint energy champions / representatives These people know where waste occurs and want to do something about it Ideally they will have been involved in the creation of the action plan They will be used to come up with their own suggestions as to how energy reduction targets can be achieved. Their responsibilities should be clearly set out, with targets and timescales.

12 Energy Management Action Plan 6. Implement the plan Responsibilities include the ongoing monitoring and reporting of energy use, its cost and related carbon emissions The energy team will benchmark performance, identify exceptions and instigate corrective actions The plan includes a programme of regular communication with staff to encourage motivation and awareness Continuously identify and evaluate opportunities to reduce energy consumption Procurement decisions with regards to purchasing new equipment should consider the associated lifetime energy costs not just the initial investment 7. Monitor and evaluate progress It is vital that periodic checks are compared against baselines and predictions for energy savings when targets were set It is important to monitor project progress and communicate progress to staff and management Energy projects could be monitored using visual Gantt charts which track project milestones and show progress 8. Recognise Achievements Completed energy projects should be reviewed and discussed with senior management in order to share outcomes Issues which could not be resolved during the project could be highlighted for future actions Publicising and recognising the actions and successes which staff make will encourage them to make future suggestions

13 Building Energy Breakdown This diagram shows that for all building use categories, the highest proportion of energy demand is for space heating/cooling, hot water and lighting. These are the areas that are affected by performance of the buildings envelope and building services.

14 Factors Affecting Energy Use for Space Heating / Cooling The individual elements are described as follows: Fabric losses refer to heat lost through the external fabric elements of the building, i.e. floors, walls, roofs, windows and doors Infiltration losses refers to uncontrolled passage of air (leakage) through the building fabric Solar gain refers to heat energy gained into the building from the sun Internal gains refers to heat generated by appliances, lighting and occupants of the building Control and response refers to the level of heating/cooling controls adjusting heating/cooling to demand System efficiency refers to the efficiency of the heat/cold producing appliances

15 Factors Affecting Energy Use for Water Heating The factors affecting energy use for water heating are as follows: Energy for daily usage refers to the quantity of hot water required to meet daily demand Distribution losses refers to the loss of heat energy between the hot water store and the draw off points, e.g. taps, shower heads Storage losses refers to the heat lost from the hot water storage vessel Primary circuit losses refers to the loss of heat energy between the heat producing appliance and the hot water store Solar input refers to the effect of the sun on the temperature of the water to be heated System efficiency refers to the efficiency of the appliance heating the hot water

16 Factors Affecting Energy Use for Lighting This diagram represents the factors affecting energy use for lighting as follows: Luminance level refers to the level or intensity of light required for rooms within the building Lamp efficiency refers to the efficiency level of the light bulb or lamp, e.g. incandescent bulbs, LED lamps Glazing ratio refers to the proportion and orientation of windows or other transparent building elements affecting the amount of natural light available

17 The Energy Pyramid High Cost / Capital Investment Mid Cost / Capital Expenditure Low Cost/ No Cost

18 Energy Saving Opportunities for Lighting No cost opportunities When you leave the room TURN LIGHTS OFF Optimise use of day lighting Reduce lighting Make use of dual switching Outdoor Lighting - specifically decorative lighting is it worth the price? Vending machines Have your distributor disconnect the lights Low cost opportunities Clean fixtures and bulbs periodically De-lamp Lower room light levels and use task lighting CFL (compact fluorescent lamp) Fit occupancy sensors in appropriate areas Replace EXIT signs with LED s Replace T-12 with T-8 lamps or LED lighting equivalents Making use of daylight can reduce lighting costs by 19% in a typical office. In conjunction with staff action, the use of automatic controls can ensure these savings are achieved.

19 Heating and hot water energy saving opportunities No cost opportunities For every 1 of overheating, energy costs rise by about 8% Never have heating and cooling systems operating at the same time (this is quite often used in buildings equipped with 4-pipe systems when in the middle seasons one part of the building has to be heated and other part (more often the south part) has to be cooled Remove obstructions from heat emitters Check that thermostats are located correctly away from draughts and radiators Design correctly the BMS-zones. Low Cost opportunities A regularly serviced boiler can save as much as 10% on annual heating costs Boiler, hot water tanks, pipes and valves should be properly insulated to stop heat escaping Investment opportunities Upgrading to a condensing boiler will typically reduce energy consumption by 10-30% and the investment should pay itself back in less than 5 years In commercial or industrial buildings with warm air heaters and high ceilings, de-stratification fans can reduce energy use by 20% by blowing warm air down to ground level where it's needed.

20 Ventilation energy saving opportunities Good ventilation is essential - it gives you fresh air and also helps protect a building against damp and condensation. Unnecessary ventilation can waste energy and cost you a lot of money. For example, ventilation accounts for around 30% of heat loss in most commercial buildings. No cost opportunities Where possible use natural ventilation Check timers to ensure that fans operate only when required Clean fans, filters and air ducts to improve efficiency by up to 60% Low Cost opportunities Variable speed fans can slow down when ventilation demands decrease. This will save money on electricity as well as reducing heating/cooling costs. Investment opportunities When buying new motors, always specify higher efficiency motors as they will save up to 5% on energy costs, for little or no extra capital cost.

21 Air conditioning energy saving opportunities Air conditioning can use a huge amount of energy. Air conditioning can increase a building's energy consumption and associated carbon emissions by up to 100%. At the same time the air conditioning is directly related to the employee's comfort and working capacity. No Cost opportunities Check timers to ensure air conditioning is not operating out of hours (the air conditioning has to work also out of the working hours but on lower level; otherwise the energy consumption increases) Ensure air conditioning doesn't operate below 24 C. Make sure thermostatic controllers are not located near any heat sources IT equipment and servers can typically operate with no adverse impact up to 27 Ensure AC condensers and evaporating devices are clean and well maintained Low Cost opportunities High efficiency free cooling systems make the most of cool temperatures outside. This dramatically cuts costs as you won t need to use as much energy to produce cooling for the air conditioning system. Variable speed drives can vary the output of your air conditioning system to meet your needs throughout the day. This can save up to 30% on air conditioning energy costs.

22 Building Services Control Well controlled building services provide the right conditions at the appropriate time. Controls manage the operation of all types of building services such as heating and hot water, ventilation, cooling and air conditioning, lighting, windows and shading devices. There are three main types of control within a building: Time Control: Time controls vary in complexity from simple 24 hour on/off timers, to sophisticated seven day timers, which allow for controls to be set for individual days of the week. Upgrading controls to enable services to be switched on and off to better match daily and weekly requirements can result in substantial savings. Occupancy Control: Building services can be altered to accommodate changing staff working times. Intermittently occupied spaces will often have lights on unnecessarily. Occupancy controls are generally used for quick response services like lighting and individual ventilation fans.

23 Building Services Control Controlling by condition: Building services can be controlled by environmental conditions such as temperature (for heating and ventilation systems), day lighting (for lighting and shading systems), humidity (for ventilation and air conditioning systems) and even carbon dioxide levels for ventilation systems. In larger buildings with interacting services, controls are sometimes brought together in a Building management System (BMS) It is estimated that up to 90% of heating, ventilation and air conditioning control systems are inadequate in some way leading to increased industry and commercial costs. Inadequate or incorrect application of a boiler control can easily add 15-30% to fuel consumption compared to a well controlled system.

24 Building Management System BMS BMS A building management system (BMS) may be installed in larger buildings, to monitor and control the ongoing provision of heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation, etc. A BMS can provide all the types of control, and can also receive signals from pulse meters, as well as logging control data, for longer term energy performance monitoring. It is essential to make sure the system is properly commissioned an independent consultant is recommended. A user interface should be provided on-site and adequate training provided for responsible members of staff. More and more often BMS is combined with KNX-systems which can reduce the investment costs. The most important thing to consider in this case is the effective integration between BMS and KNX. KNX KNX is a technology based on the worldwide STANDARD for all applications in home and building control, ranging from lighting and shutter control to various security systems, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, monitoring, alarming, water control, energy management, metering as well as household appliances, audio and lots more. The technology can be used in new as well as in existing home and buildings. Advantages of a BMS The main advantage of a BMS installation is the ease with which users can review the performance of controls and conveniently make adjustments. Close control of environmental conditions, providing more comfort for building occupants. Energy saving control functions which will reduce energy bills. Ability to log and archive data for energy management purposes. Automatic generation of alarms to warn appropriate personnel of equipment failure or condition changes. Provision of rapid information on plant status When used correctly a BMS can reduce total energy costs by 10% and increase comfort levels in a building

25 Contacts Coordinator SOUTH WEST COLLEGE (SWC) Mountjoy Road 2 Omagh Tyrone, BT79 7AH United Kingdom Phone: Website: defmaproject@gmail.com