PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF LAKE WATERS: A CASE STUDY

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 10, Issue 02, February 2019, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_10_02_018 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed PHYSICO-CHEMICAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF LAKE WATERS: A CASE STUDY S. Ramesh Babu Research Scholar, Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India P.V.V. Prasada Rao Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India M.V. Raju Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Vignan s Foundation for Science Technology and Research, Deemed to be University, Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT Water is an important natural resource, which forms the cause of all life. Water is one of the most requisite materials in our day to day life. It is a key resource in all economic activities ranging from agriculture to industries. Only a minimal fraction of the planet s plentiful water is available to the living beings as fresh water. About 97% is found in the oceans and is very salty for drinking, irrigation, or industry. The remaining 3% is fresh water. About 2.997% of it is arrested in ice caps or glaciers or is concealed so deep that it costs too much time & money to extract. Only about of Earth s total volume of water is easily available to us as soil moisture, exploitable ground water, water vapor, rivers, lakes and streams. In this present study by a systematic sampling has been carried out to find the water quality parameters of the Lake, by collecting samples from Six different positions, which covering entire area of the lake, and the stations were distributed covering the periphery of the entire tank, and also considering the inflow and the discharges and to suggest required management techniques to make water free from the pollution Key words: Water, Lake, Physico-Chemical, Quality Parameters, Pollution. Cite this Article: S. Ramesh Babu, P.V.V. Prasada Rao and M.V. Raju, Physico- Chemical Quality Assessment of Lake Waters: A Case Study, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) 10(2), 2019, pp editor@iaeme.com

2 S a esh a u V V rasada ao and V aju 1. INTRODUCTION Lakes, ponds and streams constitute fresh water habitats, which harbor aquatic life. They are subjected to various natural processes taking place in the environment like the hydrologic cycle. They are also the natural sources for all kinds of chemical reactions. In the presence of sunlight, wind, convection currents of water and the potential energy of the stream will mix and stir the water of the water bodies. With unprecedented developmental activities, human beings are responsible for choking several lakes to death. Storm water runoff, discharge of sewage and industrial effluents into the lakes are few of the common causes where various toxic compounds enter the aquatic ecosystems resulting in the deterioration of lake water quality. This loss of water quality is causing health hazards, death of aquatic lives and crop failures. Under such conditions, the need to study and monitor the condition of lakes has become very critical. The ever-increasing importance and threat to long term sustainability of the lakes due to industrialization makes the present study highly relevant 2. DISCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA Rudraram Cheruvu, it s co es under village of rudrara panchayat in Snagareddy District of Telangana State. India. And it coordinates N E. Rudraram Lake, the point source observed is essentially the industries and the nonpoint source is the agricultural runoff. A point to be taken care of is that all the industries are on the elevated side and waters have natural tendency to flow towards the lake. Keeping in view of the quality assessment lake are very importance to satisfy the demand and of the present research work has been taken up with the following objectives. Study area of sampling locations Map shown in Figure 1 Figure 1 Location of the Study Area Map with Sampling Locations 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY Physico-Chemical Water Quality Assessment of lake water To suggest suitable bio-remedial methods for the resurrection of the Lake editor@iaeme.com

3 Physico-Chemical Quality Assessment of Lake Waters: A Case Study 4. METHODOLOGY Glassware All the glassware used in the present study was PYREX Quality, Manufactured by BOROSIL Glassware Ltd, Mumbai. Water Distilled Water was used for all the experiments in the laboratory, withp H and electrical conductivity 10 mho / cm. Chemicals Analytical Reagent (AR) grade chemicals were used for the present Study. Reagents Reagents were prepared from Analytical Grade chemicals, using double Distilled water. Equipment/Instruments The instruments used for carrying out the present study included Digital ph Meters (MKVI Systronics) for ph measurement and Conductivity meters (Systronics 304) for conductivity measurements, UV Visible Spectrophotometer (analytikjena SPEKOL 1200), Microscope (Olympus, USA), Kjeldhal Assembly (kjel plus, India), hot air oven, muffle furnace, Hach COD Reactor for COD measurement,,laminar Air Flow (Clas, India) etc. and chemical used for analysis shown in Table 1. And methods used for analysis shown in Table 2 Table 1 List of Chemicals Sl.No Name of the Chemical Molecular Formula Purity 1. Sulfuric Acid H 2 SO % 2. Ammonium Chloride NH 4 Cl 99% 3 Sodium thiosulphate Na 2 S 2 O 3 99% 4. Sodium Hydroxide NaOH 97% 5. Ammonia NH 3 95% 6. Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (FeNH 4 ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 98% 7. Potassium Dichromate K 2 Cr 2 O 7 99% 8. Mercuric Sulphate HgSO 4 99% 9. Silver Sulphate AgSO % 10. Silver Nitrate AgNO 3 99% 11. Potasium Chromate K 2 CrO 7 99% 12. Iso-propyl Alcohol (CH 3 ) 3 CHOH 99% 13. Hydrochloric Acid HCl 99% Table 2 Methods used for Physico-chemical methods & equipment used in the study S.No Parameter Method Instrument/Equipment (A) Physico-chemical 1 ph Electrometric ph meter 2 Conductivity Electrometric Conductivity meter 3 TDS Gravimetric - 4 Alkalinity Titration by H 2 SO 4-5 Total Hardness Titration by EDTA - 6 Ca hardness Titration by EDTA - 7 Mg hardness Titration by EDTA - 8 Chlorides Argentometric - 9 Sulphates Turbidimetric UV-Visible Spectrophotometer editor@iaeme.com

4 S a esh a u V V rasada ao and V aju 10 Phosphates Stannous chloride method UV-Visible Spectrophotometer 11 Nitrates UV Spectrophotometric UV-Visible Spectrophotometer 12 Nitrites Colorimetric method UV-Visible Spectrophotometer 13 Kjeldhal ammonia Kjeldhal method Kjel plus 14 Kjeldhal nitrogen Kjeldhal method Kjel plus 15 Sodium Flame emission Flame photometer 16 Potassium Flame emission Flame photometer 17 COD Digestion followed by titration using FAS Reflux method 18 DO Iodometric - 19 BOD 5 days incubation followed by titration BOD incubator 5. RESUTS AND DISCUSSION Rudraram Cheruvu is the one of the largest wetlands of this study compared to other lake presents in surrounding region., and for the purpose of the water quality assessment, six sampling stations were selected as shown in Fig. 1, and the stations were distributed covering the periphery of the entire tank, and also considering the inflow and the discharges, Water quality assessment was made twice year, Pre-monsoon (April-May) and Post-monsoon (September-October) periods. The results of the physico -chemical parameters like ph, electrical Conductivity, Alkalinity, Chlorides, Total hardness, Calcium hardness, Magnesium hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical oxygen demand, Phosphates, Sulphates, Nitrates, Fluorides, Total dissolved solids, Sodium, Potassium, Ammonia, Nitrogen and Nitrite are given and shown in Table 4 and Table 5. And Drinking Water Standards of BIS shown in Table 3 Table 3 Drinking Water Standards of BIS (IS: 10500: 1991) S.No Parameter Desirable limits (mg/l) Permissible limits (mg/l) 1 ph No relaxation 2 Conductivity TDS Alkalinity Total Hardness Ca hardness Mg hardness (Mg) Chlorides Sulphates Phosphates Nitrates Sodium Potassium Total COD Nil Nil 15 Dissolved COD Nil Nil 16 BOD Nil Nil 17 Arsenic 0.05 No relaxation 18 Copper Cadmium 0.01 No relaxation 20 Chromium 0.05 No relaxation 21 Lead 0.05 No relaxation 22 Iron Manganese Mercury No relaxation 25 Zinc Note: All the parameters are expressed in mg/l except ph editor@iaeme.com

5 Physico-Chemical Quality Assessment of Lake Waters: A Case Study Table 4. Physico-Chemical water characteristic of surface water of Study Lake (Post Monsoon) S.No Parameter IS SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 SW6 1 ph EC (µs/cm) TDS(mg/l) Ca Hardness as Ca 75 (mg/l) Mg Hardness as 30 Mg(mg/l) Total Hardness(mg/l) Dissolved - Oxygen(mg/l) BOD(mg/l) COD(mg/l) Sodium(mg/l) Potassium(mg/l) Alkalinity(mg/l) Chlorides(mg/l) Fluorides(mg/l) Sulphates(mg/l) Phosphates(mg/l) Nitrogen(mg/l) Ammonia(mg/l) Nitrite(mg/l) Nitrates(mg/l) Table 5. Physico-Chemical water characteristic of surface water of Study Lake (Pre Monsoon) S.No Parameter IS SW1 SW2 SW3 SW4 SW5 SW6 1 ph EC (µs/cm) TDS(mg/l) Ca Hardness as Ca 75 (mg/l) Mg Hardness as 30 Mg(mg/l) Total 200 Hardness(mg/l) Dissolved - Oxygen(mg/l) BOD(mg/l) COD(mg/l) Sodium(mg/l) Potassium(mg/l) Alkalinity(mg/l) Chlorides(mg/l) Fluorides(mg/l) Sulphates(mg/l) Phosphates(mg/l) Nitrogen(mg/l) Ammonia(mg/l) Nitrite(mg/l) Nitrates(mg/l) editor@iaeme.com

6 S a esh a u V V rasada ao and V aju 6. CONCLUSIONS The present study is aimed at analyzing the water quality of by collecting water samples from two seasons i.e. Water quality assessment was made twice year, Pre-monsoon (April-May) and Post-monsoon (September-October) periods Further, it was intended to for physicochemical and biological parameters for the beneficial purposes The important water quality parameters such as ph, electrical Conductivity, Alkalinity, Chlorides, Total hardness, Calcium hardness, Magnesium hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Biochemical oxygen demand, Phosphates, Sulphates, Nitrates, Fluorides, Total dissolved solids, Sodium, Potassium, Ammonia, Nitrogen and Nitrite were analyzed from Six sampling location of the studied lake It was found that the Total Hardness is very high both the seasons, not with in the permissible levels. On human, High levels of calcium and magnesium can affect several organs in the body and cause health problems. One of the most severe effects of hard water is an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. And also that it has highly affects the survival aquatic life. and also High of Ammonia, alkalinity during the both the seasons of the analysis and it is confirmed that the water quality is poor and need to followed by various treatment water softening technologies like Ion Exchange Process, Zeolite Process, Lime soda process and other similar technologies. So that Necessary awareness must be provided to the public regarding, judicial consumption of water, hygienic sanitation, adoption of a proper method to reduce dumping of waste into water bodies REFERENCES [1] BIS, Indian standards specifications for drinking water. IS: 10500, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2003 [2] Satish Kumar, M., Raju, M.V., Asadi, S.S., Vutukuru, S.S, A statistical evaluation of binginipalle cheruvu soils and sediments pollution: A model study, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN Volume 9, Number 23 (2014) pp [3] ISI Indian Standard Specification for drinking water, IS: 10500, 1983 [4] Jain C.K and Sharma M.K, 1997 Relationship among water quality Parameters of groundwater of Jammu District, Pollution Research 16 (4): [5] APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. (20 th Edition). American Public Health Association, Washington DC, New York [6] Jain C.K and Sharma M.K, (2003) Fluoride Contamination of Jodhpur District, Rajasthan, Journal of Applied Hydrology Vol. XVI, No. 2, pp [7] Asadi, S.S., Raju, M.V., Yugandhara Reddy, K., Vasantha Rao, B.V.T., (2015), A decision support spatial distribution model to assess heavy metals concentrations using geomatics, International Journal of Applied Chemistry 11(1), pp [8] Omkar Singh, (2002) Ground Water Quality Assessment for Irrigation in Jammu Kathua Districts, J&K, Journal of Applied Hydrology Vol. XV, No. 2&3, pp [9] Rohit Shrivastav and Bindu Choudhary, (1997) Drinking water quality in an average Indian city a case study of Agra, (U.P.). Pollution Research 16 (1): editor@iaeme.com

7 Physico-Chemical Quality Assessment of Lake Waters: A Case Study [10] Sanjay Sharma and Mathur R, (1995) Seasonal changes in groundwater quality in Gwalior : Health risk assessment. Pollution Research 14 (4): [11] World Health Organization,(1993) Guidelines for drinking water quality Recommendations, 4 th Edition Geneva WHO [12] Satish Kumar, M., Raju, M.V., Palivela, H., (2017) Comprehensive index of groundwater prospects by using standard protocols - A model study, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 8, Issue 5, pp [13] Ong CN, Grandjean AC, Heaney RP (2009) The mineral composition of water and its contribution to calcium and magnesium intake. In: Calcium and magnesium in drinkingwater: public health significance. Geneva, World Health Organization, pp ( [14] Madhuri, T.U. (2015) A study on assessment of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking in Madhurawada, Visakhapatnam, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, Volume 35, Issue 2, Pages [15] Parul Baranwal1, Mansi Tripathi, Water Quality Analysis of Lake A Case Study, Energy Technology & Ecological Concerns: A Contemporary Approach ISBN: [16] SS. Asadi, Ramya.Aduri and Kowmudhi, Bachinappa (2017) Evaluation of water quality role on environmental impact assessment study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(3), pp editor@iaeme.com