To Estimate Physico-Chemical Parameters of Soil in East Southern Part of Amanishah Nala of Jaipur (Rajasthan, India)

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1 To Estimate Physico-Chemical Parameters of Soil in East Southern Part of Amanishah Nala of Jaipur (Rajasthan, India) Ranjeet Jagariya 1 Department of Chemistry University of Rajasthan Jaipur, India ranjeetjagariya@gmail.com * Dr. C. P. Singh Chandel 2 Associate Professor Department of Chemistry University of Rajasthan,Jaipur,India Chandelcps2@rediffmail.com Abstract Soil samples were collected from twelve different vicinal locations of East-southern part of Amanishah-Nala. The continuous irrigation with sewage waters revealed that their use considerably increased the EC and Organic carbon content of the soil. Accumulations of macronutrients, micronutrients and toxic metals were also observed in the irrigated soil. The soil samples were analyzed for ph, EC, Organic Carbon, Phosphate, Potash, Copper, Iron, Manganese and Zinc. The sampling and investigation of soil conducted in pre-monsoon session (feb-may2014). Soil ph varied from 8.2 to 9.0 and all soils were alkaline. Soil ph may influence nutrient absorption and plant growth so they need to give gypsum for reducing alkalinity. The EC values ranged between 0.10 and 0.21 m.mhos/cm and the results indicate that long-term use of these waters have increased the EC of the soil and may develop the salinity problem. Organic carbon content ranged from 0.15 to 0.25 % with very less variations in all studied samples. The organic carbon content of the soil increased with use of these waters and it may be beneficial for soil to improve soil health. Phosphate and potash varied from 19 to 71 kg/ha and 180 to 280 kg/ha respectively but definite concentrations of P and K in soil samples have been observed at critical limits. Copper, Iron, Manganese and Zinc concentrations ranged from 0.20 to 0.35, 3.89 to 4.81, 2.16 to 3.51 and 1.26 to 3.61 respectively, these were within permissible limits and show good soil quality in most of the soil samples. It is concluded that in all soil samples soil was moderate for all kinds of crops except sensitive ones. Keywords: Soil, Physico Chemical Properties, Organic Carbon, Amanishah-Nala. 1. INTRODUCTION: The soil, a main part of the terrestrial ecosystem, is perhaps the most endangered component of our environment open to potential contamination by a variety of different pollutants arising from human activities such as nuclear, industrial, agriculture, waste disposal 1-2 etc.. Although the trace elements in soil are very important for the quality of soil and environment, excessive level of trace elements can cause pollution of waters, toxicity in plants, foods and ultimately in animals and humans that feed upon them. Uncontrolled development of industry, urbanization accelerates the input of heavy metals into the environment in many parts of the world 1. Declining soil quality is emerging as an environmental and economic issue of increasing global concern as degraded soils are becoming more prevalent due to intensive use and poor management, often the result of over-population. Soil quality decline severely impacts the environment and agricultural viability, and thus ecosystems and the population s health, food security, and livelihoods. Out of the sixteen important and essential elements, thirteen elements are provided by the soil. Manures and fertilizers are added to the soil to make up the deficiency of these elements in the soil in order to meet the increasing demand of the crops, but as the world becomes more industrialized, the soil becomes more polluted day by day. It is thought that a full 150 million miles of China's farmland is contaminated 3. In Asia, adverse effects on soil health and soil quality arise from nutrient imbalance in soil, excessive fertilization, soil pollution and soil loss processes. In Africa, three quarters of farm land is severely degraded. This is all due to dumping of industrial and municipal wastes which further causes toxic substance to be leached and seep into the soil and affects the ground water course also because these wastes contains an appreciable amounts of metallic cations.. Soil also receives enormous quantities of pesticides as an inevitable result of their application 67

2 to crops. This increasing the chances of their entrance in food chain may result into phytotoxicity to the crop plants being grown & this ultimately causes significantly health concern. 2. REVIEW: Various workers have carried out extensive study on soil quality and its various physicochemical parameters, micronutrients concentration along with heavy metal pollution in soil, in the different parts of the world. Zhou and Dong 4 and Wang 5 had studied the process, effect and remediation of heavy metal pollution in soil of china. Pour et al 6 studied the effect of entrance of materials, biological organisms and energy into the soil under Soil Pollution Control Management Techniques and Methods and conclude that it will cause changes in soil quality and eventually, this problem will remove soil from its natural state. Gilbert et al 7 conducted a study for the assessment of soil-pollution by slag from an automobile battery manufacturing plant in Nigeria. They assessed heavy metals pollution of soil by slag. Adelekan et al 3 had also conducted a study on heavy metals contamination of soil and groundwater at automobile mechanic villages in Ibadan, Nigeria. They also detected heavy metal pollution in soil and water samples. Hunachew Beyene and Sandip Banerje 8 collectively assess the pollution status of the solid waste disposal site of Addis Ababa City with some selected trace elements, and their results indicated that amongst the minerals studied, the level of Aluminum (Al) was the highest and it ranged between and ppm. The concentration of heavy metals viz. zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co) and lead (Pb) in the soils samples were found higher than the internationally acceptable limit for the soil. Various workers in India have also carried out studies on soil pollution. Krishna andgovil 9 have studied the soil contamination due to heavy metals from an industrial area of Surat, Gujarat, Western India and found that the soils in the vicinity of Surat industrial area were found to be significantly contaminated with metals like Cu, Cr, Co, V and Zn at levels far above the background concentration in soil, which may give rise to various health hazards. Chauhan et al 10 evaluate the effects of conventional (inorganic) and organic agricultural systems on the physico-chemical and microbial properties of soil. Singare et al 11 studied soil pollution along Kalwa Bridge at Thane Creek of Maharashtra, India. The soil samples were analyzed for their heavy metal contents like nickel, zinc, cadmium, copper, iron, arsenic and mercury and it was observed that, the concentration of these heavy metals increases gradually in dry seasons, followed by sharp decrease during rainy season. These heavy metals have a marked effect on the aquatic flora and fauna which through bio magnification enter the food chain and ultimately affect the human beings as well. Various workers in Rajasthan (India) have also carried out studies on soil pollution; Varsha gupta 12 conducted a study on Mammalian scat as bio indicator of heavy metals contamination in western Rajasthan. Nidhi joshi and Ashwani kumar 13 collectively studied physico-chemical analysis of soil and industrial effluents of Sanganer area of Jaipur City. Ranjana singh 14 conducted a study of soil pollution in sub-watershed area of Bandi River, in Jaipur. Sheoran 15 et al collectively find out the metal pollution in soil and plants near copper mining site. In our laboratory Amit Rawtani 16 et.al. assess the quality of soil in Jaipur city for agricultural purposes. However literature is quite silent about the studies on soil pollution in South-eastern part of Amanishah-nala, Jaipur (Rajasthan). Hence the present area was taken for our studies. In the present communication the studied areas have been well documented during the pre monsoon session (February- May 2014) and systematic study was made to predict the suitability of soil for irrigation purposes. 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During last two decades the indiscriminate disposal of Industrial waste on mother earth slowly makes soil susceptible to pollution. Amanishah-nala is located on 26º55' north latitude and 75º49' east longitude in Jaipur, Rajasthan (India) is becoming fragile and has been concern due to increasing industrialization, urbanization & due to all of this, the soil pollution is increasing day by day in Amanishah-nala & its surrounding areas. All the waste from domestic, municipal and industries are discharge in Amanishah-nala which is the largest element of drainage system of this city and covers the whole city. Now a days the various sites of this Amanishah-nala are used as agriculture land, which is not permissible, because various harmful, hazardous pollutants could be present inside the soil and which may cause serious harmful effects on human health and becomes an upcoming serious threat for the 68

3 health of people of this city. Therefore it is essential to assess the quality of soil for its safer use. Therefore the present study of the physico-chemical characteristics of soil of Amanishah-nala and its surrounding area has been taken up. Soil samples from 12 different sampling stations were analyzed during pre-monsoon session (Feb May 2014). Samples were prepared by collecting soil up to a depth of 9 inches. Quartering technique was used to prepare samples of the required mass and collected in clean good quality polyethylene bags. Physical parameters like ph and EC of the soil samples were estimated in soil, by water suspension (in 1:2) with the help of a ph-meter and Electrical-Conductivity-Meter by using Digital Portable Soil-Water Analyzer Kit. Available organic-carbon was determined by the wet digestion titration method of Walkley and Black. Phosphate determined by Olsen's method for alkaline and acidic soil, whereas Potash was determined by Flame Photometer (in Kg per hector). Available micronutrients such as Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn were determined by Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS). 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: By the observation of given tables 1 & 2 following conclusion can be drawn: a. ph: The ph values of soil varied from 8.2 (SS.1 & SS.12) to 9.0 (SS.11) within average value of It is clear from (table1 & 2 and) that total twelve soil samples showing problem of alkalinity. Among these six soil samples (SS2, SS4, SS6, SS7, SS10 and SS.11) showing severe alkaline nature of the soil. These high ph values clearly show that the soil of these sites of East- Southern part of Amanishah-nala must not be used as agricultural land. It is very much clear from above discussion that almost all soil samples showing alkaline nature on ph scale, which shows that soil of Amanishah-nala is not acceptable for irrigation or agricultural practices. b. EC: The EC values range from 0.1 (SS.2) to 0.23 (SS.12) (ds/m). Among twelve samples the maximum value of EC was observed 0.23 (ds/m) (Table 1 & 2). Average EC value for all samples is found The values of EC come in normal range. c. Percentage of Organic Carbon : On the basis of (Table 1 & 2) it is very much clear that entire soil samples contain low level of organic carbon. The minimum organic carbon percentage was found to be 0.15 (SS.12) and the maximum percentage of organic carbon was found to be0.25 (SS.8). The average value of percentage organic carbon was found to be It is clear that the soil of South-Eastern part of Amanishah-nala contain low percentage of organic carbon which is not good for agricultural practices. d. Phosphate : Phosphate (available phosphorus) values were ranging from 19 (SS.4) to 71 (SS.9) (Kg. /hector), with an average value of (Kg. /hector). The prescribed value of phosphate according to ISI is (Kg. /hector) represent the medium level of phosphate in soil and it is very much clear on the basis of above given data that there was four soil sample (SS.3, SS.4, SS.5 & SS.12) comprise low level of phosphate. SS.8 & SS.9 have high level of phosphate and remaining all other samples having medium range of phosphate (Table 1 & 2). e. Potash: Potash values were ranging from 180 (SS.7) to 280 (SS.2, SS.8, SS.10 & SS.12) (Kg. /hector) here all the soil samples show medium potash level according to standard criteria. The average value of potash was found to be kg/ha (Table 1 & 2). f. Concentration Variations of Micronutrients: The Mean concentration of Micronutrients such as Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn is in order Fe>Mn >Zn>Cu. g. Zn-ion concentration (in ppm): The Zn-ion concentration varied from 1.26 (SS.4) to 3.61 (SS.8) with an average value of The desirable value of zinc ion is 0.6 ppm or more and according to that the above obtained value shows normal concentration of Zn in soil (Table 1 & 2). h. Fe-ion concentration (in ppm): The Fe-ion concentration varied from 3.89 (SS.9) to 4.81 (SS.2) with an average value of 4.49 however the desirable value of iron in soil is 4.5 ppm or more according to ISI. Four samples (SS.6, SS.8, SS.9 and SS.11) out of twelve have less value in soil. 69

4 It is clear that obtained Fe-ion concentration is at the lower limit of the normal prescribed value, which is not good for vegetation (Table 1 & 2). i. Cu-ion concentration (in ppm): The cu-ion concentration varied from 0.2 (SS.5) to 0.35 (SS.10) with an average value of The prescribed value of copper ion in soil is 0.2 ppm or more, this shows the permissible range of copper ion in our investigation (Table 1 & 2). j. Mn-ion concentration (in ppm):the Mn-ion concentration ranges from 2.16 (SS.2) to 3.51 (SS.5) with an average value of The desirable value of Mn-ion in soil is 2 ppm or more and on the basis of that we can conclude that the availability of Manganese-ion is moderate (Table 1 & 2). 5. CONCLUSION: Soil ph is the main important factor controlling the solubility and availability of many macro and micro-nutrients in the soil as soil solution. The sorption of trace metals becomes good in soil having low ph value & it could be reduced as the soil ph increasing. In our investigation, there is a severe problem of alkalinity which goes up to 9 on ph scale, so regarding to ph value soil of east southern part of Amanishah-nala doesn't hold good for solubility & availability of various nutrients as well as trace metal-ions. However the availability of micro-nutrients seems near to the lower limits but due to high ph availability of these nutrients is very less. Percentage of organic carbon in soil is also found to be low in most of the soil samples again it is not a good sign for any type of agricultural practice because low percentage of organic carbon also reduces the availability of various micronutrients. Most of the soil samples belong to medium category of phosphate and potash level. Regarding micronutrients Zn and cu-ion concentrations shows normal permissible range. 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: The authors are thankful to the University Grant Commission, New Delhi for financial assistance. 7. REFERENCES: [1].Y Coskun, N A Baydemir, A Kaya and A M Karoz, Nucleolar organizer region distribution in Nannospalax ehrenbergi from Iraq, Turkish Journal of Zoology, 37,1304, [2].A P Kabata, Soil plant transfer of trace elements an environmental issue. Geoderma 122,143, [3].B A Adelekan and K D Abegunde, Heavy metals contamination of soil and groundwater at automobile mechanic villages in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6-5, 1045, [4].Y Zhou and Y Dong, The Progress of Study on Pollution & control of several heavy metal pollution in soil, Journal of Environmental Science Development, 01, 15, [5].X Wang, The Ecological Processes, Effect & Remediation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Soil, Journal of Ecological Science, 23-3, 278, [6].P Pour, N Khakbaz, S Mahdeloei and A Heidari, Soil Pollution Control Management Techniques and Methods. Scholars Research Library, Annals of Biological Research, 3-7, 3101, [7].G Adie, and O Oladele, Assessment of Soil-pollution by slag from an automobile battery manufacturing plant in Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 3-9, 239, [8].H Beyene and S Banerjee, Assessment of the Pollution Status of the Solid Waste Disposal Site of Addis Ababa City with Some Selected Trace Elements, Ethiopia. World Applied Sciences Journal, 14-7, 1048, [9].A K Krishna and P K Govil, Soil contamination due to heavy metals from an industrial area of Surat, Gujarat, Western India. Environ Monit Assess, 124, 263, [10].P K Chauhan, V Singh and V K Dhatwalia, Physico-chemical and Microbial activity of soil under Conventional and Organic Agricultural Systems, J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 3-3,799, [11].U Singare, L Pravin, S Ram, P Pathak and Pragati, Soil Pollution along Kalwa Bridge at Thane Creek of Maharashtra, India. Journal of Environmental Protection, 1, 121, [12].V Gupta, Mammalian scat as a bio-indicator of heavy metals contamination in western Rajasthan, India, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications,2-12, 2250, [13].N Joshi and A Kumar, Physico-chemical Analysis of Soil and Industrial Effluents of Sanganer Region of Jaipur Rajasthan, Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2-2, 354, [14].R Singh, Spatial Distribution of Pollutants in Soil in Sub-Watershed of Bandi River Basin, Jaipur (Rajasthan), water Research & Development, 2-3, 85, ].V Sheoran, P Poonia and S K Trivedi, Metal Pollution in Soil and Plants Near Copper Mining site, International Journal of Geology, Earth and Environmental Sciences,1-1, 27,

5 [16].A K Rawtani and C P S Chandel, Assessment and characterization of various physico chemical parameters of soil of amanishah- nala and its surrounding areas of Jaipur city (Rajasthan, India). Pollution research,30-1,67, Table 1. Obtained values of various parameters of soil of South Eastern part of Amanishah-nala (During pre-monsoon session Feb-May 2014) Available Phosphate (Kg/ha) Available Potash (Kg/ha) Micronutrient Code ph EC % Organic (dsm -1 ) Carbon Zn Fe Cu Mn SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS SS Table 2.Obtained values of various parameters of soil of South-Eastern Part of Amanishah-nala (During pre-monsoon session Feb-May 2014) (Except Micronutrients) Parameters Value Conclusion Representing samples ph EC (In ds/m) Normal Close Proximity of alkalinity SS.1, SS.3, SS.5, SS.8, SS.9 and SS.12 > 8.5 Problem of alkalinity SS.2, SS.4, SS.6, SS.7, SS.10 and SS Normal All Twelve (12) Soil Samples > 1 Problem of alkalinity Nil Low Nutrient Level All Twelve (12) Soil Samples Org. Carbon (%) Medium Nutrient Level Nil >0.75 High Nutrient Level Nil Phosphate (In Kg. /Hector ) Potash (In Kg. /Hector ) 0-23 Low Nutrient Level SS.3 SS.4, SS.5 and SS Medium Nutrient Level SS.1,SS.2, SS.6, SS.7, SS.10 and SS.11 >56 High Nutrient Level SS.8 and SS Low Nutrient Level Nil Medium Nutrient Level All Twelve (12) Soil Samples >337 High Nutrient Level Nil 71

6 AUTHOR S BRIEF BIOGRAPHY: Dr. C.P.Singh Chandel: Dr. Chandel is an Associate Professor in Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Rajasthan, India). He is a stalwart of Chemistry. His yeoman services as a teacher enriched the knowledge of thousands of students. He has nearly 16 PhDs to his credit. He published 100 papers in various esteemed reputable national & international journals. He is a member of various professional bodies. He published 4 books on chemistry of U.G-level. He also received many prestigious awards & rewards. Mr. Ranjeet Jagariya : At present Ranjeet Jagariya is working as Junior Research Fellow at Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Rajasthan). He has attended many National & International conferences and has presented his research papers. 72