MAPPING AND MODELING OF GROUND WATER PATTERN USING GEO SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 9, September 2017, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_08_09_014 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed MAPPING AND MODELING OF GROUND WATER PATTERN USING GEO SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY M. Satish Kumar Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Kallam Haranadha Reddy Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India M.V. Raju Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Vignan s University, Andhra Pradesh, India G. Venu Ratna Kumari Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Prasad V Potluri Siddhartha Institute of Technology, Andhra Pradesh, India S. Ramesh Babu AGM, Environment Health and Safety, Suven Life sciences Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India ABSTRACT Groundwater has significant role in hydrological cycle and it is the part of precipitation that seeps down through the soil until it reaches rock material that is saturated with water. Due to rapid industrialization and increased volume of vehicles the amount of heat generating in atmosphere keep on increasing at an alarm rate which causes hydrological imbalance and reduces the rate of annual rainfall. Apart from these reasons unscientific agricultural practices and improper drainage systems initiates depletion of water resources both in its quantity and quality. The satellite images of desired locations gives the information of existed geographical conditions and the pattern of hydrological issues to select suitable sites for groundwater recharge as well as to identify the zones for bore wells/dug wells and these are the best sources for extracting information of geological conditions and drainage patterns of the study area. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques have emerged as efficient and powerful tools in different fields of science over the last three decades. The Geographical Information Systems has the ability to store, arrange, retrieve, classify, manipulate, analyze and present huge spatial data and information in a simple manner. The Remote sensing technique is applied to retrieve complete information in space and time even from inaccessible areas. Now days, both Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) editor@iaeme.com

2 Mapping and Modeling of Ground Water Pattern Using Geo Spatial Technology techniques are regarded as essential tools for groundwater studies especially for extended and complex systems. Key words: Groundwater, Rock material, Hydrological imbalance, Drainage system, Satellite images. Cite this Article: M. Satish Kumar, M.V. Raju, G. Venu Ratna Kumari, S. Ramesh Babu, Mapping and Modeling of Ground Water Pattern Using Geo Spatial Technology. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(9), 2017, pp INTRODUCTION Out of total available water resources 97% of water is as Oceans, 2% as polar ice caps and only one percentage is available as fresh water. Approximately one fifth of the world s population facing problems to access safe drinking water. According to United Nations Population Fund, the global population has tripled in seventy years while water usage has grown six-fold, and about one-third of the world s population will experience water scarcity in coming twenty five years, more than one billion people are unable to access safe drinking water and three billion people lack access to basic sewage systems. Coming to India there is a severe stress on water resources with the ever increasing human population. The population in India is increasing at an annual rate of 1.7crores and by the year 2050 it is said that it may cross 150crores, with this proposed predictive population India will be requiring about 1,2010,00 million cubic meters of water by the year 2050 A.D.in order to meet this demand there must be proper management to sustain water resources for the welfare of society. 2. DISCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA The study area lies in the district of Visakhapatnam it is one of the north coastal district of Andhra pradesh and it lies at N, and E It is bounded on the north by Orissa state and partly by Vijaynagaram district, on the south by east Godavari district, on west by Orissa state and on the east by Bay of Bengal. Visakhapatnam climate is generally tropical humid. The mean daily maximum temperature ranges from to 34 0 c and mean daily minimum temperature ranges from to c. the annual mean relative humidity is 77 % in the morning and 79 % in the evening. The dominant direction of wind is from the SW towards the NE. The average rain fall is about 974 mm. the two monsoons that frequent this area are SW monsoon from June to September and NE monsoon October to December. The moisture index of Visakhapatnam is 42.9%. Bio - climatically it falls under the category of discomfort zone during summer and comfortable zone during its cooler seasons. There are many minor catchments within the corporation area and the important minor watersheds in the immediate environs are Naravagedda, Hanumanthavaka, and Meghadrigedda. 3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY: Preparation of thematic maps using Survey of India toposheet and satellite imagery. Collection of attribute data from ground water department Preparation of final ground water prospectus maps by overlaying base map, lithological, structural, geomorphological, hydrological maps (Integrate spatial attribute data). To narrow down the area of ground water prospects for future exploration programmes. Identification of recharge structure sites. To create ground water maps by integrating spatial and attribute database on ARC/INFO & GIS Platform. Preparing the Method of management systems editor@iaeme.com

3 4. METHODOLOGY M. Satish Kumar, M.V. Raju, G. Venu Ratna Kumari, S. Ramesh Babu Collection of two season s satellite data, SOI (Survey of India) toposheet, village maps and tentative soil erosion maps for preparing thematic layers. Two seasons satellite data of PAN (Panchromatic) and LISS-III (Linear Image Self Scanner) are geometrically corrected and enhanced. Then both PAN and LISS III data are merged using principal component method and Cubic Convolution resampling technique. Finally after map composition satellite imagery is printed in FCC in 1:50,000 scale. Preparation of basic themes like base map, groundwater table map, rainwater harvesting map Updating thematic maps with reference to satellite image by visual interpretation techniques Preliminary quality check and necessary corrections are carried out for all the maps prepared. Thematic layers were finalized by incorporating field observations. Ground water prospects map is prepared by taking considering of Lithology map, geomorphology map, Final quality check and necessary corrections are carried out for all the maps prepared. All the maps prepared are converted into soft copy by digitization. Report was prepared with report generation, graphics preparation, A4 size layout preparation, Editing / composition and Annexure preparation. Preparation of Arc view project file with hotlink to all thematic maps. Preparation of final deliverables in soft copy format for submission. Figure 1 Flow chart showing Step by step procedure editor@iaeme.com

4 Mapping and Modeling of Ground Water Pattern Using Geo Spatial Technology 5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Base map of the study area is prepared by using SOI top sheets on 1:50,000 scale. All the existed settlements, road network, water and vegetative bodies are considered for base3 amp preparation By comparing both SOI top sheets with satellite images and the size of all the settlements are increased and updated and it consist information of Rivers/Streams, All water bodies both perennial and ephemeral Canals, National highways, State highways, Metalled and unmetalled roads connecting all the habitations Railways Cities/major towns/villages International, State, District, Taluk/Tahsil boundaries. Groundwater table map and rainwater harvesting maps were prepared based on the information from the Central and State Ground Water Departments, besides necessary ground checks. Information on availability and the depth of water collected from the residents of the area by conducting field studies Figure 2 Base map of the study area Figure 3 Groundwater table map of the study area editor@iaeme.com

5 M. Satish Kumar, M.V. Raju, G. Venu Ratna Kumari, S. Ramesh Babu 6. RECOMMENDATIONS Figure 4 Rain Water Harvesting map of the study area Planning and implementation of rain water harvesting techniques where ever required Prohibition on deep bore wells in city limits Proper monitoring on installations of private bore holes to be set up Strict implementation of water metering system and fixing up the user charges to control wastage of water Proper designing and monitoring of pipe lines for disposal UFW (uncounted for water) studies to be carried at all the areas to find the major places/ zones of loss Creating awareness on water conservations to be taken up Designing steps to recycle and reuse of waste waters Allocating sufficient funds for Improving ground water recharge facilities Groundwater levels must be improved to avoid further depletion of groundwater levels by practicing artificial recharge techniques. By keeping view of water demand proper recycling methods must be initiated immediately. Industrial effluents must be treated before releasing in to water bodies. An integrated approach should be developed for water supply and sewage disposal system to control water loss. 7. CONCLUSIONS Even though it is a very small attempt, it is more beneficial to meet the need of a common citizen. At other side it is cost effective, can be built within in a short period of time and it can be practiced easily to overcome the water scarcity. The present study mainly focused on availability, requirement and consumption rate of groundwater with a required comprehensive checklist of the parameters. There are different models for rainwater harvesting and bore well editor@iaeme.com

6 Mapping and Modeling of Ground Water Pattern Using Geo Spatial Technology connections, the government must encourage research proposals to develop a system which can sustained for a long period of time to meet the water demand and promotes sustainable development at study area, For effective handling and monitoring of the systems, the existed conventional procedures need to be updated by the modern technologies and it is very much important to develop a system in a more comprehensive manner with suitable methodology for future study which can be adopted at regional and state level on this aspect. REFERENCES [1] Lillesand M Thomas and Ralph w keiferi, remote sensing and image interpretation, John wiley and sons, Newyork, [2] M. Anji Reddy, Text book of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information systems, Second edition, B.S Publications, Hyderabad, [3] Mishra H.C, Introduction To Satellite Remote Sensing, GIS India,1998. [4] Y. Anjaneyulu, Introduction to Environmental Science, Edition, B.S Publications, Hyderabad, [5] Hydrology and Ground Water Quality in Visakhapatnam Urban area and Environs Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, Hyderabad, 1999 [6] Srivastava, A.K., and Sinha, D.K., Water quality index for River Sai Raebareli for the premonsoon period and after the onset of monsoon, Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol-14, No. 5, , [7] Principles and practice of highway engineering by Dr. kadiyali L.L [8] Physical development plan for Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region Operations Research Group and Environmental Planning and Design Consultants, 1988 [9] Manual of Land use / Land cover mapping using Satellite imagery, Part I and II, National Remote Sensing Agency, Department of Space, Govt. of India, 1989 [10] Water Supply Engineering Santosh Kumar Garg, Khanna Publications, [11] Regional Economic Analysis for Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region: Draft Final Report Operations Research Group and Environmental Planning and Design Consultants, 1987 [12] Master Plan: Visakhapatnam Development area and its Vicinity (Visakhapatnam Metropolitan Region) Urban Development Authority, Visakhapatnam, 1987 [13] Steffen Mehl, Mary C.Hill, ELSEVIER, Development and Evaluation of Local Grid Refinement Method For Block-Centered Finite-Difference Groundwater Models Using Shared Nodes. Advances In Water Resources 25, (2002) [14] Feasibility study for Sewerage Projects for 26 Municipal Town in Andhra Pradesh: Visakhapatnam Draft Final Report, Consulting Engineering Services, 1991 [15] Agarwal C.S and Garg P.K, Text book of Remote Sensing in Natural Resources Management. [16] Evaluation of groundwater pattern in block cotton soils using geospatial technology A Model study, M.Satish Kumar, M.V Raju. and G.Venu Ratna kumari published in International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume No: 8. Issue No: 05, May 2017, pp ISSN: [17] Interpretation and correlative study of water simulation in surface water bodies, M.Satish Kumar M. V Raju. S.ramesh babu and M.Siva Jagadeesh kumar published in International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume No: 8. Issue No: 05, May 2017, pp , ISSN: [18] Comprehensive index of groundwater prospects by using standard protocols A model study, M.Satish Kumar M.V Raju., and Hepsiba palivela published in International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume No: 8. Issue No: 05, May 2017 pp ISSN: editor@iaeme.com