The economics of ecosystem services of Xijiang River Basin in Guangxi

Transcription

1 The economics of ecosystem services of Xijiang River Basin in Guangxi

2 OUTLINES Backgrounds The status of Xijiang River Basin, Guangxi Methodology Results Discussions

3 Why biodiversity is important

4 Strategic goal A. Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss Target 1: By 2020, People are aware of the values of biodiversity and the steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably. Target 2: By 2020, biodiversity values are integrated into national and local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning processes and national accounts Target 3: By 2020, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to biodiversity are eliminated, phased out or reformed. Target 4: By 2020, Governments, business and stakeholders have plans for sustainable production and consumption and keep the impacts resource use within safe ecological limits. Strategic goal B. Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use Target 5: By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly reduced. Target 6: By 2020 all stocks managed and harvested sustainably, so that overfishing is avoided. Target 7: By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity. Target 8: By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity. Target 9: By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent their introduction and establishment. Target 10: By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning. 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets Strategic goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity Target 11: By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas are conserved through systems of protected areas... Target 12: By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in decline, has been improved and sustained. Target 13: By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives is maintained, Strategic goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services Target 14: By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including services are restored and safeguarded, Target 15: By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration, including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems, Target 16: By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefits Sharing is in force and operational Strategic goal E. Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building Target 17: By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument, and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated NBSAP. Target 18: By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities and their customary use, are respected. Target 19: By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to biodiversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and the consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and applied. Target 20: By 2020, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity from all sources,, should increase substantially.

5 Initiated by What is TEEB? Objectives To highlight the growing cost of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation To help decision-makers recognize, demonstrate and capture the values of ecosystems & biodiversity To raise the awareness to the value of nature

6 TEEB in the world

7 A case study at sub-national level: Xijiang River Basin, Guangxi 次国家级案例研究 : 广西西江流域

8 Xijiang River Basin in Guangxi Guangxi is one of five Autonomous regions in China Pearl River runs through Guangxi, the basin of 453,690 km 2, Xijiang River Basin in Guangxi is a part of the Pearl River Basin Land coverage of Xijiang River Basin in Guangxi is 202,500 km 2 Population in 2013:46.03 million GDP in 2013:17,880 million USD

9 Northern Guangxi Hotspots in Guangxi 丰富的生物多样性资源 Central Guangxi South-west Guangxi

10 Regulating services: Ecosystems services provided water purification: Water should achieve III water quality standard before it goes to Guangdong Flood regulation Conservation of water and soil Provision services: Fresh water: 70% of the fresh water (totally 20 billion tones) demanded by Pearl River Delta Region is provided by Guangxi High air quality Timber Supporting services Primary productivity Soil formation The water quality of the Pearl River, 2013 China Environmental Bulletin, 2013 (MEP)

11 Threats to ecosystem services Soil erosion:24,862 km 2, taking 12.27% of total land coverage, especially within the area of slope farmlands; Stony desertification: stony desertification land 23,790 km 2, potential desertification land18,670 km 2,taking 20.96% of total land coverage; Water pollution: arable land 42,400 km 2, taking 21.47% of total land coverage, becoming an important non- point pollution source to water Landuse change: the expansion of built up areas, road networks, industrial lands, minings, etc.

12 Ambitious development plan Xijiang Golden canal construction plan( ) By 2012, 70 million tons port handling capacity is increased, total handling capacity reach 100 million tons. By 2020, a canal network with a length of 1,480km, connecting the major cities in the Basin is accomplished.

13 The purpose of the study In 2010, Environmental Protection Bureau of Guangxi Autonomous Region invited CRAES to initiate a study in the Basin, with the aim of: To elaborate the implementation plans for Ecology and Environment Protection in Xijiang River Basin for the guidance of environmental practices in the implementation of the Xijiang Gloden canal construction plan( ); To provide an positive and supportive evidence to the government of Guangxi Autonomous Region for supporting their consultation with Guangdong Province in eco-compensation dialogue.

14 The diverse of methodologies for evaluation

15 InVEST model(the Integrate Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs Tool), Developed jointly by Stanford University, WWF and TNC; Comprised by: Water model: including water production, water conservation, water quality, flood reduction, soil conservation, sedimentation reduction, irrigation, hydropower, etc., and; Non-water model: biodiversity conservation, timber harvesting, agriculture, pollination, carbon sink, non-timber production, etc

16 InVest model Three tier is given for each model: simple, moderate and complex Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Simple Modeling reality Complex Data reality Less Data More Data Most Data

17 Technology roadmap InVEST model introduction Field survey and data collection Data demands study Data processing Literature review Model adjustment and Parameter calibration GIS InVEST model Result verify Application in study area Non-point pollution reduction Sediments reduction Carbon storage and oxygen Timber provision Value for ecosystem services Ecological function zoning and planing

18 InVest model-data collection 以 2008 年为基准年的统计公报数据收集各类资料相关科研成果, 共计 100 余件各类规划报告遥感 GIS 信息源野外调研校对数据

19 Field survey Karst landscape Field survey focus on Field survey The status and threats of important ecosystems Anthropogenic impacts such as deforestation, dam building, road construction, agriculture on Natural resources Dam construction Stony desertification deforestation Mining Road construction

20 Interviews Interviews focused on: Social-economics and livelihoods Administration and management for Interviews environment and nature conservation

21 The aspects of modeling Non-point source phosphorus loads filtering sedimentation reducing carbon storage and oxygen releasing Timber provision

22 Results 研究结果

23 Ecosystem service value for phosphorus loads filtering Hydrology Tools based on ArcGIS9.2 Water, pollutant solutes and sediments conjugate transport theory The identification of Critical Source Areas(CSA) by using Hydrological Sensitive Coefficient(HSC) Modeling the filter of phosphorus by vegetation, taking into account the landuse The standard for drainage fees collection and its calculation, 14 kg -1 for phosphorus

24 Ecosystem service value for sedimentation reducing The establishment of the model for sedimentation reduction based on Universal soil and water loss equation(usle) and sediment delivery ratio (SDR) and relevant hydrological theories Simulating potential and actual soil erosion and soil retention by using USLE Identification SDR by considering of the source of sediments, landuse, slope, gully density, catchment area, etc

25 Ecosystem service value for carbon storage and oxygen releasing Solar energy can be transformed into plant organic carbon content though Photosynthesis, 1.62gCO2 /1g plant dry matter Modelling Net Primary Productivity (NPP) by using light use efficiency model for identification of plant dry matter Other indicators, such as vegetation type, climate data and ecological parameters gathered in the field are taking into account In China, the average cost of forestation is about Y260.9/t carbon, the value of O2 releasing is also modeled by the cost of industrial oxygen methodology(y0.4/t).

26 Ecosystem service value for Timber provision Timber provision were modeled by 5 indicators: annual product stocks, habitat quality adjustment coefficient, harvesting pressure coefficient, and management coefficient and availability in neighborhood. annual product stocks : Statics data and the main forest types in the 1266 sample plots data; Habitat quality adjustment coefficient: NPP and vegetation coverage; harvesting pressure coefficient: The distance between residential area and road networks; Legal access coefficient: natural reserves networks Availability in neighborhood: vegetation, residential and road, etc.

27 Settlement security Designation Ecological regulating of Ecological Goods and services 9 secondary function zoning zone and 71 third class provision zones were zone also identified based the zone designation of primary zones. Major ecosystem problems and conservation An ecological function zoning plan was initialized based on the analysis of space measures were also pointed out respectively. distribution of ecosystem services values, taking into account with social-economic and other ecological factors

28 Non-point source emission control Non-point source emission control plans Non-point source emission control areas identification National ecological towns construction initiative, including: establishing fenced area for natural vegetation restoration; soil testing and formulated fertilization; sewage treatment plants construction; Above-scaled livestock farming, etc.

29 Soil erosion and stony desertification control plans Identify the priority areas for ecosystem restoration Ecosystem restoration plans Water and soil restoration in Slope cultivated lands Small watershed restoration Stony desertification control, taking into account project for poverty reduction

30 Maintaining goods and services Natural reserve networks Improving the spatial pattern of natural reserve networks, including: the establishment of new natural reserves along Fenghuang mountains, Duyang mountains, Liuwandashan mountains and Dagui mountains; Establishing 8 biodiversity corridors.

31 Discussions 讨论

32 About the project An practice for applying an scientific TEEB model into policy making plans; Enhancing the scientific base for policy making; Improving the awareness to the importance of ecosystem services among decision makers; Difficulties in data collecting stages; Gaps between the outputs of modeling and the realities of Basin; Gaps between the outcomes and decision making.

33 About the implementation An study report and an implementation plan was adopted by an expert meeting submitted to the Environmental Protection Bureau of Guangxi Autonomous Region in The EPB of Guangxi is taking a lot of efforts to implement the implementation plans for Ecology and Environment Protection in Xijiang River Basin. However, more efforts need to be done by other relevant provincial authorities. More politician willingness is needed. A new message for trans-provincial eco-compensation dialogue.in 2013, Mr. Hu Chunhua, the Secretary of CPC Committee of Guangdong Province, has expressed his willingness to initiate a pilot project in Hedi reservoir, a small basin at local level, for eco-compensation, in collaborate with Guangxi AR.

34 About InVEST model It is useful for the rapid valuation of ecosystem services at river basin level; However, The lack of data at sub-national level is the major obstacle for the application of InVest model in China; it is not appropriate to apply the model for the case studies in China without any modification and parameter correction.

35 Look into the future As Mr. Xi Jinping, the President of China, has highlighted, We want both golden, silver hills and clean water, green mountains. Let s bear in mind that clean water and green mountains is also golden, silver hill. The concept of the TEEB and the application of its relevant tools such as InVest model are going to have a very good prospects in National s ecological civilization strategy.

36 Thank you! Danke! 谢谢! XU Jing