PETE 203: Properties of oil

Transcription

1 PETE 203: Prepared by: Mr. Brosk Frya Ali Koya University, Faculty of Engineering, Petroleum Engineering Department Lecture no. (1): Origin of Oil

2 Kurdistan accounts for 43.7 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, 25.5 billion more barrels of unproven reserves and between 3 and 6 trillion cubic meters of gas (30% of Iraq's proven oil reserves). So, it's promising sector to get good jobs as petroleum engineers. 2

3 1- Definitions The word petroleum, derived from the Latin petra and oleum, means literally rock oil. Petroleum (rock oil) refers to hydrocarbons that occur widely in the sedimentary rocks in the form of gases and liquids. Petroleum varies dramatically in color, odor and flow properties that reflect the diversity of its origin. It's a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that occur in the form of gases (Natural gas), Liquid (Crude Oil), semi solid (Bitumen), or solid (Wax or asphalts). 3

4 2- Some Historical Events 3000 BC Sumerians use asphalt as an adhesive; Eqyptians use pitch to grease chariot wheels; Mesopotamians use bitumen to seal boats 600 BC Confucius writes about drilling a 100 gas well and using bamboo for pipes 1500 AD Chinese dig oil wells >2000 deep 1847 First rock oil refinery in England 1849 Canada distills kerosene from crude oil 1856 World s first refinery in Romania 1857 Flat-wick kerosene lamp invented 1859 Pennsylvania oil boom begins with 69 oil well producing 35 bpd

5 Refineries built in Pennsylvania and Arkansas 1870 US Largest oil exporter; oil was US 2nd biggest export 1878 Thomas Edison invents light bulb 1901 Spindletop, Texas producing 100,000 bpd kicks off modern era of oil refining 1908 Model T s sell for $950/T 1913 Gulf Oil opens first drive-in filling station 1942 First Fluidized Catalytic Cracker (FCC) commercialized 1970 First Earth Day; EPA passes Clean Air Act 2005 US Refining capacity is 17,042,000 bpd, 23% of World s 73MM

6 Petroleum is the most vital substance consumed by man at the present time. It's important for society, politics and technology. It's used as a main source of energy for industry, heating, transportation; it also provides a raw materials for petrochemical and plastic industry. The rise in importance was mostly due to invention of internal combustion engine and the raise in commercial aviation. 6

7 Downstream and upstream Upstream" and "downstream" are business terms applicable to the production processes that exist within several industries. Industries that commonly use this terminology include the metals industry, oil, gas, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. Thus, upstream, downstream and midstream make up the stages of the production process for these and other industries. 7

8 In petroleum industry Upstream applies to the operation of exploration, drilling, hydro- carbon production, and transmission via truck, rail or ship or pipeline to the refinery intake valve. Downstream includes all work done at the refinery, distillation, cracking, reforming, blending storage, mixing and shipping. 8

9 3- Formation Biogenic theory According to this theory, oil is formed from the preserved remains of plants, animals and algae which have been settled to the sea bottom in large quantities under anoxic conditions. Over geological time this organic matter, mixed with mud, is buried under heavy layers of sediment. The resulting high levels of heat and pressure cause the remains to convert, first into a waxy material known as kerogen and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons in a process known as catagenesis. 9

10 Because most hydrocarbons are lighter than rock or water, these sometimes migrate upward until they become trapped below waterproof rocks, within porous rocks called reservoirs. Concentration of hydrocarbons in a trap forms an oil field, from which the liquid can be extracted by drilling and pumping. Kerogen: is a composite of waxy hydrocarbon compounds which is the primary organic component of oil shale (an organic sedimentary rock containing kerogen). 10

11 Abiogenic theory The idea proposes that large amounts of carbon exist naturally in the planet, some in the form of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are less dense than aqueous fluids, and migrate upward through deep fracture networks. Thermophile rock bacterial are in part responsible for the organic compound found in petroleum. Thermophile : Requiring high temperatures for normal development. 11

12 Oil Window The temperature range in which the oil forms is an oil window. This range is generally between 50 to C. Below the minimum temperature the oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen, and above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking. The formation of oil is endothermic reactions at high temperature and pressure. 12

13 4- Composition of Petroleum An oil well produces mainly crude oil with some natural gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at surface than underground, some of the gases can come out as associated with oil and can be recovered (or burned). All crude oils are mainly constituted of hydrocarbons mixed with variable amounts of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Oxygen compounds. 13

14 Metals in the form of inorganic salts or organo-metallic compounds are present in the crude mixture in tiny amounts. The ratio of different constituents in crude oils varies obviously from one reservoir to another. The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of chemical elements varies over narrow limits and as shown in Table

15 Table 1.1 the composition by weight of crude oil as chemical element Element Range % Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur Metals <0.1 15

16 Normally crude oils are not used directly as a fuel or as feed stocks for the production of chemicals. This is due to the complex nature of the crude oil mixture and the presence of some impurities that are corrosive or poisonous to the processing catalyst. Crude oils are refined to separate the mixture into simpler fractions that can be used as fuels, lubricants, or as intermediate feed to the petrochemical industries. A general knowledge of these composite mixtures is essential for establishing a processing strategy. 16

17 5- Traps Natural accumulation of petroleum in the earth's interior are called traps. Petroleum found in pockets of porous rock such as sandstone, surrounded by non-porous rock. Gas and oil and water have speed into such pockets and been trapped. Kind of traps: A-The anticline trap: it is the most common trap in which the pool and locked in the roof areas of anticlinal structure. 17

18 B- The fault trap: the fault is where earth movement have caused rock layer to crack and shift, so that a non-porous layer forms apart the barrier trapping the oil. C- The stratigraphic trap: a stratigraphic trap forms when two non-porous layers have joined. 18