The Study on the ecological footprint of rural solid waste disposal-example in Yuhong District of Shenyang

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1 Avalable onlne at Proceda Envronmental Scences 16 (2012 ) The 7 th Internatonal Conference on Waste Management Technology The Study on the ecologcal footprnt rural sold waste dsposal-example n Yuhong Dstrct Shenyang Merong Tan a, Jx Gao a,, Zhrong Zheng b, Zhaopng Yang a a Nanjng Insttute Envronmental Scences, Mnstry Envronmental Protecton, Nanjng , Chna b Chnese Research Academy Envronmental Scences; Bejng ; Chna Abstract In ths paper, accordng to the characterstcs rural sold waste logstcs system process, the ecologcal footprnt evaluaton method model for rural sold waste dsposal has been establshed, taken Yuhong dstrct Shenyang as an example, the results showed that the ecologcal footprnt rural sold waste dsposal was hm 2, n whch, the ecologcal footprnt lvestock manure was hm 2, whch accounted for 81.65% the total results, ndcatng specal management measures should be taken on lvestock manure to release the negatve envronmental effect The Authors. Publshed by Elsever B.V. Selecton 2012 Selecton /or peer-revew /or peer-revew under responsblty under responsblty Basel Conventon Basel Conventon Coordnatng Coordnatng Centre Centre for Asa for Asa the Pacfc the Pacfc Natonal Natonal Center Center Sold Sold Waste Waste Management, Management, Mnstry Mnstry Envronmental Envronmental Protecton Protecton Chna. Chna. Open access under CC BY-NC-ND lcense. Keywords:ecologcal footprnt, rural sold waste 1. Foreword Wth the development economc the growth populaton, the qualty rural sold wastes such as rural lvng garbage, lvestock farm waste, straw, plastc flm for agrcultural are ncreasng the harm to the envronment s becomng serous, therefore the rural sold waste treatment resource recyclng has been pad more more attenton. Rural sold waste manly come from four aspects, frst, the farml orchard resdues, such as straw, grass, leaves, vnes; second, the manure lvestock poultry, the statstcs showed that the total producton lvestock manure reached 1.73 bllon tons n 2000, whch was 2.7 tmes hgher than the producton ndustral waste n the same year; thrd, the agrcultural waste such as plastc flm so on, t has been estmated by the Mnstry Agrculture Correspondng author. Tel.: +86-(0) ; fax:. +86-(0) E-mal address: gaojx@nes.org.cn Selecton /or peer-revew under responsblty Basel Conventon Coordnatng Centre for Asa the Pacfc Natonal Center Sold Waste Management, Mnstry Envronmental Protecton Chna Open access under CC BY-NC-ND lcense. do: /j.proenv

2 96 Merong Tan et al. / Proceda Envronmental Scences 16 ( 2012 ) that the remnant plastc flm added up to kg/ hm 2 n some area; last, the human excrement muncpal sold waste. Some researchers had been workng on the management treatment rural sold waste, however, few studes was done towards the ecologcal footprnt dsposng the waste[1]. The treatment dsposal rural sold waste wll occupy l consume resources as well as releasng waste gas water to the envronment, whch wll reduce the ecologcal capacty the envronment, so, the ecologcal footprnt account dsposng waste should be set up accordng to the necessary calculaton to reflect the effect human lfe to the envronment n a broader way. 2. The study area the data The study area for ths research s the Yuhong dstrct Shenyang Provnce, Chna, rangng from to E from to N, wth a total area 499 km 2, the total area s 499km2.Wth the rapd development the economy, the total output value agrculture was growng contnuously n the last years, n whch plantng stock farmng were the prmary ndustry, so the rural sold waste manly came from agrcultural plastc flm, lvestock manure, crop straw muncpal sold waste. The utlzaton amount plastc flms grew to 1582 tons n 2010 the producton crop straw, lvestock manure muncpal sold waste reached 210,000, tons respectvely n The rural sold waste flow Yuhong dstrct was shown n fgure 1, the comprehensve utlzaton rato lvestock manure reached 99.7%, n whch 90% was utlzed n compost organc fertlzer, the others was used n bogas producton; the 96% crop straw was used as fertlzer or returned to feld. The plastc flm was not dsposed n the feld, whch caused whte polluton on ste; half the muncpal sold waste was collected transferred to lfll whle another half was dscharged wthout treatment. Fg 1 The materal flow analyss rurual sold waste n Yuhong

3 Merong Tan et al. / Proceda Envronmental Scences 16 ( 2012 ) Research method 3.1. The Ecologcal Footprnt method The Ecologcal Footprnt (EF) was proposed by WllamRees n 1992[2-3]. Ecologcal footprnt represented the human dem on bologcally productve areas dfferent l types. The general calculaton formula was shown below, manly calculated the ecologcal footprnt computatonal resources. 6 6 C P I - E EF N ef N N 1 EP 1 EP (1) Where EF was the total ecologcal footprnt, N was the populaton, ef was the per capta ecologcal footprnt, C was the per capta annual consumpton consumng tems( among them, =1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectvely represent the fossl energy l, arable l, pasture, forest, water area, bult for the correspondng ecologcal producton ), EP was the average productvty (kg/gha) producng the th consumpton tem for correspondng bologcally productve area, P was the per capta annual producton capacty the th consumng tems, kg/person; I was the per capta annual mport volume the th consumng tems, E, was the per capta annual export volume the th consumng tems The ecologcal footprnt method based on sold waste dsposal The ecologcal footprnt based on sold waste dsposal was the ecologcal productve area consumng human produced wastes, whch manly reflected the ecologcal footprnt all the resources' consumpton envronmental pollutants generated n the processng stage sold waste dsposal, as well as the l ecologcal footprnt occuped by sold waste non-processng part. The calculatons ecologcal footprnt were based on the followng steps: Correspondng the sold waste wth the ecologcally productve ls Consderng the waste dsposal process was very complcated, when calculatng the consumpton ecologcal footprnt some sold waste, the major envronmental pollutants the energy consumpton n waste processng stage were generally chosen as the correspondng ecologcal footprnt's components. Table1. The correspondng ecologcal footprnt table sold waste stream

4 98 Merong Tan et al. / Proceda Envronmental Scences 16 ( 2012 ) Category Treatment process The consumed resources released pollutants lvestock manure Compost Bogas producton Consumng power,releasng polluted ar Consumng power,releasng polluted ar ecologcally productve ls Cultvated l, forest l, fossl energy l Forest l, fossl energy l Unused L occupaton, greenhouse gas Cultvated l, forest l emssons Crop Straw Slage Slage machne consumng Fossl energy l gasolne Mechancal method Straw crushng machne consumng power Fossl energy l Collecton transport Lfll dsposal plant greenhouse Forest l gas emssons, polluton gas Muncpal Sold waste Un-treated L occupaton Cultvated l Agrcultural Plastc Flm Un-treated L occupaton Cultvated l The ecologcal footprnt model based on sold waste consumpton EF n x EF 1 n M p 0.75 N p 1 ( A e1 A e 2 ) P n m Q Q p C jp EF 2 4 EQ p 1 j 1 EP j (3) Where EF x was the total consumpton ecologcal footprnt sold waste, EF was the ecologcal footprnt the th sold waste, 1 was the fossl energy balance factor, 2 was cultvated l balance factor, 4 was the forest balance factor, P was the treatment method, was Unt power consumpton raw coal (kg/kw h), M p was the energy consumpton the Pth method (kw h); A el, ecologcal footprnt Coal unts(hm 2 /t), NP was the fuel consumpton quantty the Pth method(l), 0.75 was the Gas densty(kg/l), A e2 was the ecologcal footprnt petrol unts(hm 2 /t), Q was the non-treated I sold waste volume(t), EQ was the Pled sold waste amount per unt area l(t/hm 2 ), Q p was the treatment amount P method(t), C jp was the Jth polluted ar amount per unt sold waste P method(kg), EP j was the global forest average absorpton capacty the jth knd polluton(kg/hm 2 ). Parameter selecton The calculaton method balance factor: a knd equvalent factor ecologcal productve l meant the average ecologcal producton the global ecologcal productve l /the average ecologcal producton the global knds ecologcal productve l. Ths paper referred to the factors proposed by World Wde Fund for nature(wwf)n 2006: fossl energy balance factor was 1.34 cultvated l balance factor was 2.21, forest equlbrum factor was 1.34 Accordng to the Maths Wackernagel et al's calculaton[4], the ecologcal footprnt gasolne Ae2=0.4637hm 2 /t, the ecologcal footprnt raw coal Ael= hm 2 /t. Accordng to the research results Xe Hongyu et al, the Ikw h thermal power consumed 0.525kg raw coal[2], the average CO 2 absorpton ablty global forest, EP 1 = kg/hm 2 ; Ba Yu et al's correspondng results showed that the average CO 2 absorpton ablty global forest, EP 2 =152.05kg/hm 2 the average NO x absorpton ablty global forest, EP 3 =380kg/hm 2. Ths study suggested that the non-harmless treated sold wastes were ten stacked on the cty frnge area occuped large amount l, whch most were cultvated l wth producton capacty, so the stacked sold waste amount per unt l was ntroduced to measure the ecologcal footprnt cultvated (2)

5 Merong Tan et al. / Proceda Envronmental Scences 16 ( 2012 ) l. Based on the related assessment, the sutable stocked sold waste amount per unt l n Chna was about t/ hm 2 [5-6] 4. Result analyss Accordng to the relevant nformaton, compostng process lvestock manure consumed energy about 3 kwh/t[7] released the amount CO 2, SO 2 NO x was about 36.2kg/t, 0.03 kg/t 0.04 kg/t respectvely producton process bogas consumed the total energy was approxmately 1.86kWh/t[7] release the amount CO 2, SO 2 NO x was about kg/t, 0.02 kg/t 0.01 kg/t respectvely CO 2 emsson amount per unt unused part was mg / ( kg h),calculated by 7 days, the total amount was about 11.9kg/t;45t/h slage straw consumed 3.4L/h gasolne, the total energy consumpton was about 0.076L/t; straw crushng machne consumed 30KW/h power,crushng stalk rate was 30t/h the total energy consumpton was 1kw h /t untreated parts occupy cultvated l; durng garbage was collected transported to the lfll, greenhouse gas polluted gas would be released, for example CO 2 emsson amount was 1.56kg/person/year, SO 2 emsson amount was 1.57*10-4 kg/person/year NO x emsson amount s 5.277*10-4 kg/person/year[9] f the per capta lvng garbage output the agrcultural populaton was calculated n accordance wth 1.7kg/person day, the total emsson amount CO 2, SO 2 NO x would be 2.51kg/t 0.25*10-3 kg/t 0.85 *10-3 kg/t respectvely; unused part untreated agrcultural plastc flm were calculated as occuped l. All the results were shown n table 2. Table2. The calculaton results correspondng ecologcal footprnt Category lvestock manure Crop Straw Muncpal Sold waste Agrcultural Plastc Flm Treatment Energy Consumpton CO 2 release SO 2 release NO x release L occupaton process /kg t -1 /kg t -1 /kg t -1 Compost 3 kwh t Bogas producton 1.86 kwh t Unused Slage 0.076L/t Mechancal 1 kwh t method Unused Collecton * * transport Un-treated Un-treated Table3. The consumpton ecologcal footprnt sold waste n the rural area Yuhong Dstrct ShenYang An example a column headng Lvestock manure Crop straw Muncpal Sold waste Agrcultural plastc flm Total (hm 2 ) Fossl energy footprnt (hm 2 ) Cultvated l footprnt (hm 2 ) 0.17* forest footprnt (hm 2 ) Total (hm 2 )

6 100 Merong Tan et al. / Proceda Envronmental Scences 16 ( 2012 ) The table 3 showed that the consumpton ecologcal footprnt rural sold waste n Yuhong Dstrct was hm 2, whch lvestock poultry manure footprnt accounted for 81.65% the total consumpton footprnt that meant larger emsson lvestock poultry manure n ths dstrct. The result showed that the forest footprnt accounted for 88.06% the total lvestock poultry manure consumpton footprnt also suggested that larger amounts greenhouse gas polluted gas were released n the treatment process lvestock poultry manure. In recent years, the burnng straw had been under control straw had been manly used for the fuel fertlzer, the released polluted gas could be neglgble only counted the cost electrcty gasolne n the recyclng process, the result showed that the fossl energy footprnt was 26.63hm 2 the occuped cultvated l footprnt unused straw was 0.17hm 2 ; 50% untreated lvng garbage was stacked to the vllage takng up farml area, the forest footprnt other released polluted gas n the lfll process was for 13.68hm 2, whch accounted for 1.13hm 2 cultvated l footprnt; because the polluton composton's uncertanty the agrcultural plastc flm, only consderng the occuped l agrcultural plastc flm, the proporton the consumpton footprnt agrcultural plastc flm was the least. 5. Dscusson Consumptve ecologcal footprnt was based on the premse the theory the ecologcal footprnt. It was proposed calculated by the needed ecologcally productve l for dsposng waste. The current study only concerned wth the calculaton consumptve footprnt whose waste generated n rural sold waste processng stage. The study could also be utlzed n calculatng consumptve footprnt between dfferent waste dsposal methods, such as compostng, lfll, ncneraton. Furthermore, t could be used to evaluate compare the envronmental mpact dfferent processng ways. The method provded the theoretcal bass for decson makng on waste management. In order to mprove the rural envronment, frstly, we should reduce the consumptve footprnt rural sold waste. The man counter measures ncluded the development ecologcal agrculture organc agrculture, reducng sold waste emssons n rural areas, strengthenng straw manure, protectng agrculture the rural ecologcal envronment, choosng comprehensve envronmental measures whch generate less consumptve footprnt to manage rural waste, lvestock farm waste. We should carry out envronmental publcty educaton orented to townshp cadres, farmers rural students n prmary mddle school, enhances ther awareness envronmental protecton, ultmately solves the fundamental sold waste polluton problems n rural areas, ensure sustanable economc development further mprovement the ecologcal envronment n rural areas. References [1] Ba Yu et al.the optmzaton Ecologcal Footprnt Model based on envronmental polluton account. Appled Ecology Journal;2008,19(8):P [2] Xe Hongyu,Wang Lngl, Chen Xansheng et al. The mprovement Applcaton ecologcal footprnt assessment model.be Jng.Chemcal Industry Press [3] Lu Mao,Hu Yuanman, L Yuehu et al.ecologcal footprnt model ts research advances.chnese Journal Ecology; 2006, 25( 3) : p.334~ 339 [4]Maths waekemagel et al.natonal natural captal accountng wth the eeologcal footprnt Concept,Ecologcal Economcs;1999,29(3).P [5] L X. Seek ng the way ou t o f the garbage dsposal n Chna based on the experences Germ any. Sc-Tech Informaton Development Economy; 2006, 16( 10): p

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