CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING FOR A BIOGAS COOKER USING POULTRY DROPPING AS A SOURCE OF FUEL

Transcription

1 CONSTRUCTION AND TESTING FOR A BIOGAS COOKER USING POULTRY DROPPING AS A SOURCE OF FUEL BY JOSEPH. I. UKP AI 2001/14346EH. DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING,<ltDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA. NOVEMBER, 2010

2 CONST;RUCTION AND TESTING FOR A BIOGASCOOKER USING POULTRY DROPPING AS A SOUR~E OF FUEL, BY JOSEPH. I. UKPAI 2001/14346EH A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT ~F CHEMICAL E~GINEERING,.SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA, IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIRMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHERLOR.. \;, OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG). FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA.. 11.,'. ;.,: \ ~,

3 DECLARATION I, JOSEPH. 1. UKPAI ( EH), declare that this research project was carried out under the supervision of Engr. Dim.P.E and presented in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the award ofb.eng. Degteejn chemical Engineering. All sources on information and quotation are duly acknowledged.... ~~.... JOSEPH. 1. UKP AI DATE.. iii

4 CERTIFICATIC 1 This is to certify that.this project, Construction and testing of a biogas ::~ooker using poultry dropping as a source of fuel is presented by JOSEPH.1. UKP AI of the department of,. chemical engineering, school of engineering and engineering technology, Federal r University of Technology MilU1a.. ~" ~' :.7...'; ~ '~. >.'. ~ ENGR. DIM p.b PROJECT SUPERVISOR... DAtE D PROF. F ABERUAGBA HEAD OF DEPARTMENT. ~..... " DATE... ~... EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR..... DATE IV

5 DEDICATION This project is dedicated to God almighty. Indeed he is a wonderful God. And to my beloved parent Mr & Mrs TENNYSON UKPAI who have contributed morally, spiritually to my affairs. ' v

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The path to an acadelllic attainment like this is not easy. I here by express my p 9 und r fo gratitude and appreciation to God A1lllighty for sparing my life till this day, for protection, blessing and his mercies towards me. I also Want to acknowledge my project supervisor Engr Dim.p.E in Cheniica] Engineering Department P.U. T Minna. May Almighty God renew your strength and bless your family.... I also acknowledge the effort of my Sweet parent Mr & Mrs Tennyson Ukpai. I, for their attention. patience and co-operation in derailing with me during my degree pro_e. and also, in my report writing, may the good Lord bless you both and to the entire house hold of my family, my sister Miss COmfort lnq,ai, she has been a source of inspiration, and aspimtion to me and Mi~s Elizabeth Ukpai, Master Stanley Ukpai. May Allllighty God bless you all and also to my relatives, I love you all. VI

7 ABSTRACT The objectives ofthis study is to construct and test a bib gas plant that will generate biogas from poultry dropping, purifying the biogas, as well as burn the same gas to produce useful heat for household cooking. The biogas plant consist of a bio-digester, gas lines, C02 absorption chajilber, and burner was designed, constructed and tested for sustainable biogas production. The drum-type continuous flow anaerobic type of digestion was designed and fabricated from steel sheets. The designed units were tested. It was confirmed that the digester has a generation efficiency of 60.5% repr~senting m 3 of the daily designed rate. A pale blue flame confirms significant absorption of C02.The burner efficiency of 58.5% and an average gas consumption of m3. The whole process took place under 15 days and if left for more clays however, a sustainable biogas production is assured. vii

8 Table of content Title page...,...i Declaration... "....iii Certification...,... '....iv ' Dedication...! v Acknowledgement.:... vi Abstract... '... vii Table of content... :....viii CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction... ' Background of study... "... ~... i Aim and Objectives of the Project Justification of the study... 2, 1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study... ~... ~....2 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature Review...,' , 2.1 Biogas.. ~ Produ~tion...,.:... : Composition...,...,... : Biogas from Animal dropping... ',' Fermentation... '... ' Acidity...,... ~ viii

9 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Materials and methods... ~... : Design concept... ' Sizing'a Biogas Plant... :... ~ Digester sizing Daily Gas Production (Vg)...,... ~... 8, Specific gas production (Vp) Digester Loading (Ld)... : Sizing the Gasholder... ' Design Parameters and Dimensions Volume calculation of digester and hydraulic chamber Volume calculation of digester chamber Material balance of the digester... :... :' Geometric Dimension of the biogas plant units Material Selection... ' Construction Biogas Production and Purification... : Gas Utilization... :... :... ~ Testing and Performance Evaluation Process Diagram... ~ IX

10 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Results and Discussion Results..., Discussion of results CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation Conclusion...: Recommendation Reference... ; x

11 CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of study For over thousands of years today, the world has been suffering from a reliable source of energy. It has discovered various source of energy like animal, man, solar, water, wind, thermal e.t.c but all these sources are too expensive or has effect on the forces of nature. Nigeria as a nation is not left out of the struggle for a steady supply of energy. The nature has provided Nigeria with lot of resources which surrounds as a nation, however exploration and exploitation of these natural resources has been rarely maximized. In view point of ~he use of septic tank (digester) for the production of biogas as an alternative source of bio fuel, for the production of energy (electrical and heat) is been investigation. Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter to the absence of oxygen, which is been originated from biogenic material and is a type of bio fuel which is produce by anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as biomass, manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste and energy crops. This type of biogas comprises primarily methane and carbon- dioxide. Since biogas is a mixture of methane (also known as marsh gas "or natural gas, CH 4 ) and, carbon dioxide it is a renewable fuel produced from waste treatment. Anaerobic digestion is basically a simple process carried out.in a number of steps that can use almost any organic material as a substrate -it occurs in digestive systems, marshes, rubbish dumps, septic tanks' and the Arctic Tundra. Humans tend to make the process as complicated as possible by trying to improve on nat!jre in complex machines but a simple approach is still possible. As methane is very hard to compress, its best use as for stationary fuel, rather than mobile fuel. It takes a lot of energy to compress the gas (this energy is usually wasted) and has the hazard of high pressure. A variable volume storage (flexible bag or floa~ing drum are... 1