An Overview of Energy Demand and Supply in Hong Kong from 1990 to 2007

Transcription

1 An Overview of Energy Demand and Supply in Hong Kong from 1990 to 2007 William Chung Department of Management Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong Abstract This is a descriptive paper related to the energy demand and supply in Hong Kong. Data from culled from government offices websites are used to illustrate the changes of energy demand by sector and by fuel type, as well as fuel mix in the energy supply side. We find that some energy end users, such as the bus and taxi segments, should be further investigated since their energy use performances are getting worse compared with the others. To address this problem, good city planning is highly needed. 1. Introduction Climate change and cities In 2009, according to the C40 website (C40 web, 2011), over 50% of the world s population live in cities that consume over 75% of the world s energy and account for 80% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It is believed that cities can ease the problem of climate change by increasing the energy efficiency of their infrastructure, such as buildings, outdoor lighting, and transport systems. Nowadays, people living in densely populated cities are facing fundamental lifestyle changes in the areas of housing and transportation services. They are also exposed to numerous threats, including extreme weather events, natural disasters, and newly emerging diseases. All of these signify that cities must take actions to ease climate change. This can be accomplished by establishing and implementing immediate and practical measures for the mitigation of GHG emissions and adaptation to the threats caused by climate change at the individual city level. To ease the impact of climate change by reducing GHG emissions and energy consumption, cities should adopt the following considerations in their respective city planning processes (C40 web, 2011): 1. Adopt eco-friendly architectural design guidelines for construction, lighting and insulation; 2. Establish a sustainable transport system through policies that favor public transit; 3. Promote sustainable land-use and urban design, including the preservation of natural landscape, continuous expansion of green areas and other eco-spaces as well as conducting urban planning with focus on low-energy consumption; 4. Expand citywide resource reclamation and reuse facilities and promote recycling programs; and 1

2 5. Raise the share of new and renewable energy in the total energy mix. While energy consumption in cities account for 80% of global GHG emissions, we would like to use this paper to describe and discuss Hong Kong s energy consumption. Section 2 describes the relationship between Hong Kong s energy consumption and GHG emissions. Section 3 shows that the growth of Hong Kong s energy consumption was decoupled from that of GDP in Section 4 provides details of energy supply and demand in Hong Kong. Section 5 discusses changes in energy end uses by the residential, commercial, industrial, and transport sectors. Within the sectors, some enduse segments are further investigated depending on their energy use performances. Section 6 provides a ranking result showing the importance of the energy end-use segments. The last section is the summary. 2. Hong Kong s energy consumption and GHG emission levels The energy end-use data can be obtained from the EMSD website (2011), by fuel type, by sectoral level, and by segment level. GHG emission records can be found in the ENB website (2011). Figure 1 is the summary of energy end use and GHG emissions in Energy type % of total end-uses Major Sectors % in use Oil & Coal 16 Transport 84% Industrial 5% Gas 34 Residential 40% 7.48MtCO2-e Transport 29% (= 17.8% of total CO2-e) Commercial 29% Industrial 2% Electricity 51 Commercial 64% 28.6MtCO2-e Residential 24% ( = 68% ) Industrial 10% Transport 2% Figure 1. Summary of energy end use in Hong Kong in 2005 Electricity use from buildings (commercial and residential sectors) contributed 88% to the total electricity consumption and around 68% to the total GHG emissions in 2005, which is also equal to 45% of total energy end uses in Hong Kong (Figure 1). Apart from reducing GHG emission significantly, energy conservation can also be improved if some energy and environmental policies are imposed in the electricity demand and supply side. The second largest energy end user is the transport sector, which consumed 24.3% of total energy end uses and contributed 17.8% to the total GHG emission. In addition, according to the ENB website (2011), electricity use from buildings accounted for about 67% of our total emission in It is worth noting that close to 90% of Hong Kong s electricity consumption involve buildings. In other words, electricity consumed by buildings contributes to about 60% of Hong Kong s GHG emissions. 2

3 3. Hong Kong s energy consumption decoupling from GDP, Energy end-use data were obtained from the EMSD website (2011), and data on Hong Kong s GDP from were downloaded from the C&SD website (2011). Based on these data, we summarized the change in energy end use from It shows that the deflated GDP increment from this period was much larger than the corresponding energy end-use increment, with a GDP growth rate at 104.7% corresponding to energy end-use growth rate at only 26.0% (Table 1). Table 1: Summary of energy end uses of various sectors in Hong Kong in 1990 and 2007 Energy Use (E, TJ)) Commercial Industrial Residential Transport All E (1990) 54,811 64,433 32,327 76, ,592 E (2007) 112,362 27,360 52,667 94, ,910 E (TJ) 57,551 37,073 20,340 18,500 59,318 E (%) 105.0% 57.5% 62.9% 24.1% 26.0% GDP (1990) (million HK$) 598,950 GDP (2007) (million HK$) 1,226,112 GDP (million HK$) 627,162 GDP (%) 104.7% The energy end use of Hong Kong increased by 26.0% (59,194 TJ) from This is equivalent to an annual increase of 1.37% over the same period. In the same period, the GDP of Hong Kong increased by 104.7% (627,162 million HK$). This is equivalent to an increase of 4.30% per year. If such trends of energy end use and GDP continue, the energy/gdp ratio will drop to (by 2020) and (by 2030) TJ/million HK$, respectively, corresponding to a reduction of 38.1% (by 2020) and 53.4% (by 2030) compared with figures from This extrapolation approach might lead to highly optimistic expectations that Hong Kong can easily achieve the APEC target of 25% reduction in energy/gdp ratio by 2030 using 2005 as the base year. Figure 2 illustrates that the increasing trend of energy end use decoupled from that of GDP from Hence, we can obtain a decreasing trend of the energy intensity (in terms of energy use per GDP, TJ/GDP, or commonly referred to as energy/gdp ratio) from Moreover, it also shows that in the post-2000 years, Hong Kong exhibited a new relationship between energy consumption and economic growth similar to many developed countries, in which the economy kept growing without entailing a corresponding rise in energy consumption, resulting in an improvement in energy/gdp ratio. Figure 3 shows the similar decoupling relationship between GDP and electricity consumption. Furthermore, although the energy/gdp ratio as measured by TJ/GDP was improved, other types of energy intensity measures that are more relevant (e.g., energy use per number of household for residential sector) may not necessarily exhibit the same trend. Hence, it is more appropriate to disaggregate the energy end use by different sectors and segments based on different end-use properties and intensity measures. 3

4 Decoupling of Hong Kong energy end-use from GDP (1990 real)* Index (1990 = Energy Use (TJ) GDP (million HK$) Figure 2: Decoupling of Hong Kong energy end use from deflated GDP (1990=100), Figure 3: Decoupling of electricity consumption from GDP,

5 4. Energy Supply and Demand in Hong Kong Figure 4 describes the energy supply and demand of Hong Kong, in which we can find that there are four energy end-use sectors: commercial, industrial, residential, and transport. In each sector, we can have different segments, such as office segment in the commercial sector. These four sectors consume three types of energy: oil and coal, gas (town gas and LPG), and electricity. It should be noted that LPG, oil, and coal are directly imported and consumed by the end users. To have town gas and electricity, we need to transform some primary energy, as shown in two transformation boxes in Figure 4. The numbers in the transformation boxes show the process by which primary energy is transformed into the energy product. In the example of Transformed to Town Gas box, 30,078 TJ of naphtha and 0TJ of natural gas were used to produce 27,261 TJ of town gas. Hence, the corresponding transformation loss was around 10%. The dot-line arrows represent the energy flows from transformation processes to the end users accordingly. The subsequent sections describe the details from imported primary energy to four energy end-use sectors. 4.1 Imported primary energy In the supply side of the Hong Kong energy market, since Hong Kong has no indigenous energy resources, all primary energy is imported (marked in Figure 4), including (1) coal, natural gas, industrial diesel oil and fuel oil for producing electricity; (2) naphtha and natural gas for producing town gas; and (3) oil, coal, and LPG for direct consumption by end users. Hence, there are two types of energy transformation processes (or production processes): electricity and town gas. These are described in the sections below. 4.2 The production of electricity and gas Electricity supply For the energy transformation process, Hong Kong has two power companies and one town gas company. CLP Power Hong Kong Limited (CLP) is one of the power companies supplying electricity to Kowloon and the New Territories, including Lantau, Cheung Chau, and several other outlying islands. The other power company, Hongkong Electric Company Limited (HEC), supplies electricity to Hong Kong Island and the islands of Ap Lei Chau and Lamma. According to the information from the Environment Bureau of Hong Kong, at the end of 2006, Hong Kong had a total installed electricity-generating capacity of 12,644 MW (including 70% of the capacity of the Guangdong Nuclear Power Station at Daya Bay and 50% of the Guangzhou Pumped Storage Power Station). The fuel mix for power generation is shown in Table 2. 5

6 Three types of energy enduse: - Oil and Coal (Imported) - LPG (Imported) - Town gas - Electricity 4 energy end-use sectors: - Commercial - Industrial - Residential - Transport Imported Transformed to Town Gas 2005 Naphtha 30,078 Natural Gas Imported Gas Plant Losses 5,927 Final Town Gas Requirement(NCV) 24,151 Final Town Gas Requirement(GCV) 27,261 Figure 4: The energy supply and demand side of Hong Kong Table 2: Fuel mix for electricity supply in 2006 Fuel % of installed capacity Coal 52 Oil 10 Natural gas 22 Nuclear energy 11 Pumped storage 5 (Source: ENB Website, 2011) Transformation box (Production processes) From Table 2, we can note that the electricity generated in Hong Kong uses mainly coal and natural gas as feedstock, with coal accounting for over half of the total. To reduce GHG emission, there is constant pressure for the two power companies to increase the use of natural gas in the fuel mix for local electricity generation. This is 6

7 because the coal-fired power generator produces more GHGs than the gas-fired one. Hence, the Hong Kong government has announced a plan in the 2008 Policy Address to explore the possibility of increasing the proportion of natural gas in the fuel mix. In 2010, about 30% of CLP's installed capacity is gas-fired. Since 1996, CLP has been importing natural gas for power generation from the Yacheng 13-1 gas field near Hainan via a 778 km submarine pipeline. CLP anticipates that the existing Yacheng 13-1 natural gas field will be depleted by early 2010s. It is looking for a replacement gas supply and is proposing the construction of a liquefied natural gas station in Hong Kong. On the other hand, in 2006, HEC introduced the use of natural gas as fuel to generate electricity. The natural gas originates from Northwest Australia and is transported to the liquefied natural gas receiving terminal in Dapeng, Shenzhen. From here, natural gas is gasified and delivered to a 335-megawatt gas-fired unit of Hongkong Electric s coal-fired Lamma Power Station via a 92 km, submarine pipeline with a 20- inch diameter. A proposal by HEC to install a new gas-fired generation unit (L10) has been deferred by the government. Town gas supply Town gas is supplied by the Hong Kong and China Gas Company (Towngas) for domestic, commercial, and industrial uses. In the 1970s, the Towngas began using low sulfur naphtha instead of coal and heavy oil as feedstock to produce town gas. Since 2006, the company has introduced natural gas as feedstock in addition to naphtha. The natural gas comes from Northwest Australia and is shipped to and stored in the liquefied natural gas receiving terminal in Shenzhen for storage. This is then delivered to the gas production plant at Tai Po via a pair of 34 km, 450 mm-diameter high-pressure submarine pipelines for the production of town gas. The company now uses natural gas and naphtha as dual feedstock. 4.3 Energy demand The energy end use as consumed by different demand sectors, such as the commercial sector, is supplied either directly from primary energy (products) or as products of transformation from primary energy (products). As mentioned in the previous section, the transformation is typically a process of transforming some primary energy (products) into electricity or town gas. Energy consumption by fuel type If we study the changing trend of the energy end use by fuel type between 1997 and 2008 (Figure 5), we can find that there is a steady growth in electricity and gas consumption. There is no significant growth in the total energy end use because of the negative growth in oil and coal usage. 7

8 Energy end-uses by fuel type TJ Oil and Coal Electricity Gas Total Figure 5: Energy end uses by fuel type, Oil and Coal End-use by Sector 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Transport Industrial Commercial Residential 20% 10% 0% Transport Industrial Commercial Residential Figure 6: Oil and coal end use by sector, 1997, 2002, and

9 Figure 7: Electricity end use by sector, 1997, 2002, and 2007 Figures 6 and 7 show the energy end uses by sector by fuel type. From Figure 6, we find that oil used by transport is decreasing, while Figure 7 indicates that the electricity use in the commercial sector increased by 46% from Moreover, electricity consumption of the transport sector was abnormally small in 2007 because this amount was adjusted by subtracting stations electricity use from the total since Hence, there is no clear picture of the transport s energy consumption. However, we will study it by segment level later in this paper. 5. Changes in Energy End Use by Sector In the Hong Kong energy end-use database of the EMSD Website (2011), energy uses are tracked for four major sectors: commercial, residential, industrial, and transport, alongside their corresponding segments. In this work, we selected some segments for further discussion based on their contributions of the energy intensity and total energy use in the corresponding sectors. Figure 8 plots the energy end use of the sectors from The figures show that the energy end-use changes in different sectors are not in the same pace; for instance, energy end use in the commercial sector increased, while that in the industrial sector decreased. 9

10 Energy end-use in different sectors TJ Commercial Industrial Residential Transport Figure 8: Energy end use (TJ) of Hong Kong time series in different sectors, Residential sector The steady growth in the residential energy consumption (see Figure 8) was due to the steady low growth in population and the continual rise in per capita income and number of households. The fourth column of Table 3 shows that the mid-year population rose from million in 1990 to million in 2007, giving an average annual growth rate of 1.67% for and 0.3% for The slow population growth after 2000 would have contributed to the deceleration in the growth of residential energy consumption. Moreover, when per capita income rises, people usually consume more energy at home in the form of more electrical appliances, better lighting, and more comfortable space conditioning requirements. On the other hand, certain energy specialists considered that when per capita income rises, the residential share of sectoral energy consumption declines because of improvements made in the efficiency of domestic appliances. However, it apparently does not apply to Hong Kong, where the residential shares increased from 14.2% in 1990 to 18.3% in

11 Table 3: Hong Kong GDP and population, GDP at current market price Implicit price deflator HK$ million of GDP 2007=100 Population ('000) , , , , ,047, ,115, ,229, ,365, ,292, ,266, ,317, ,299, ,277, ,234, ,291, ,382, ,475, ,615, Residential segments Figure 9 plots the historical trends of residential electricity and gas consumption from It shows that the electricity consumption increased while the gas consumption dropped since This may be due to the fact that more families have chosen to not cook at home if gas is the main energy used for cooking. Figure 10 also plots energy intensities of residential segments and illustrates that the HASS segment has the highest energy intensity value. 11

12 Competition between Electricity and Gas in Residential Sector, Index (1997 = 100) Electricity Gas Figure 9: Index of electricity and gas in residential sector, Energy Intensity of Residential Segments GJ/Household Public HASS Private Note: Public = the apartments built under a set of mass housing programs through which the Government of Hong Kong provides affordable rental housing for lower-income residents. HASS = HA Subsidized Sales Flats segment includes building apartments built or supported by the Sandwich Class Housing Scheme, Hong Kong Housing Society for selling to middle-income families (i.e., sandwich class) at concessionary prices. Private = Private Housing segment includes buildings and apartments developed by private builders for open realty market. Figure 10: Energy intensity of residential segments 12

13 5.2 Commercial and industrial sectors Commercial energy consumption grew rapidly in , with an average annual growth rate of 3.45%; at the same time, the industrial sector incurred a big slump in energy consumption from around 64,400 TJ in 1990 to 27,350 TJ in 2007 (see Figure 8). This diverse pattern is closely related to the change in the economic structure of Hong Kong. Beginning from the 1980s, the Hong Kong economy has become increasingly oriented toward the service sector, with activities of the manufacturing sector migrating northward into the Mainland when China introduced the open-door policy in GDP by economic activity revealed that the service sector contributed 75.4% of GDP in 1990 and 92.3% in 2007, while the manufacturing sector contributed 16.7% and 2.5%, respectively. Figure 11 shows that in the post-1997 years, the manufacturing sector continued to decline though at a slower pace while the service sector kept increasing at the same time. Consequently, energy consumption of the commercial sector decoupled with that of the industrial sector. % % of GDP by sector, Agriculture and fishing Manufacturing Construction Mining and quarrying Electricity, gas and water Services Figure 11: Percentage of GDP by sector, On the other hand, Figure 12 plots the historical trends of commercial electricity and gas consumption from It shows that the electricity consumption kept increasing in a fast pace, while there was no change in gas consumption. In Figure 13, we have the decoupling result of industrial sector energy use from value-added (HK$). It is interesting to note that the industrial sector used more energy to gain less value. 13

14 Competition between Electricity and Gas in Commercial Sector, Index (1997 = 100) Electricity Gas Figure 12: Index of electricity and gas in residential sector, Decoupling of Industrial sector energy use from value-added (HK$) Index (1990 = 100) Industrial (HK$) Industrial (TJ) Figure 13: Index of electricity and gas in residential sector,

15 Energy intensities of the restaurant, office, and retail segments Figure 14 plots the energy efficiency of the restaurant segment and shows that it deteriorated over the period from , and then stagnated since 1997, resulting in an increase of 5,049 TJ, or 10.35% of the energy end use of the commercial sector in Figure 15 also plots the respective energy efficiency levels of the retail and office segments. The energy efficiency levels of the retail and the office segments became worse over the period from and from , respectively. There were also no improvements in energy efficiency of the retail segment since 2001 and of the office segment since Energy Intensity of Restaurant Segment GJ/m Figure 14: Energy intensity of the restaurant segment 15

16 Energy Intensity of Retail and Office Segment GJ/m Retail Office Figure 15: Energy intensity of the retail and office segments Many factors could have contributed to the worsening energy efficiency of these segments. For the restaurant segment, more energy-consuming facilities, longer operating hours, and change in types and sizes of restaurants are believed to have contributed to the intensity effect. For the retail segment, the trend of concentrating prestigious chain retail shops, a higher customer flow, and longer opening hours are believed to have caused an increase in energy intensity. For the office segment, the high growth in Grade A offices with more prestigious building service facilities is believed to have contributed to the higher energy intensity. Further studies are thus recommended to investigate and confirm these contributing factors. In addition, due to the intrinsic heterogeneous nature of the restaurant and office segments, these should be further classified into subsegments with the energy end-use data being compiled at the subsegment level. 5.3 Transport sectors Energy consumption in the transport sector rose fairly rapidly during (average annual growth being 3.95%); however, this declined during (see Figure 8). Energy consumption peaked in 2000 at about 107,000 TJ. A closer examination revealed that the freight and passenger segments performed differently during (Figure 16). Approximately, energy consumption of the freight segment rose from 44,700 TJ in 1995 to a peak of 51,500 TJ in 2000, and thereafter declined to 38,200 TJ in On the other hand, energy consumption of the passenger segment rose uninterruptedly from 43,300 TJ in 1995 to 55,500 TJ in 2000 and 56,300 in 16

17 2007. Hence, the decline in energy consumption in the sector during was due to the decline in energy consumption of the freight segment. Energy use by transport sectors, TJ Freight Passenger Figure 16: Energy use by transport sectors, The changes in the economic structure discussed above could have contributed to the changing patterns in energy consumption. The decline in the local manufacturing sector would lead to a drop in logistic demand. For the passenger transport sector, uninterrupted rise in per capita income induced more passenger transportation. Demographically, the population shifted into the New Territories from urban areas, hence inducing additional passenger transportation demand. According to the C&SD Website (2011), out of the population of million at the end of 1997, 46.9% resided in the New Territories, whereas 52.0% of million resided in the New Territories in Given that the energy consumption of passenger transport sector has become more important, we now discuss the segments of this passenger sector below. Passenger transport sector In the passenger transport sector, we have four major segments: car and motorcycle, taxi, bus, and rail. Figure 17 shows the energy intensities of these segments. It is surprising that the performance of the bus segment s energy intensity deteriorated over the entire study period. The second bad performer was the taxi segment. 17

18 Energy Intensity of Transport Segments MJ/Vkm Car & Motorcycle Taxi Bus Rail Figure 17: Energy intensity of transport segments, A better understanding of the segment is necessary to improve its energy efficiency. The analysis below may help point the direction for further investigation. Bus segment Figure 18 shows that the energy end use of the bus segment increased at a faster rate than that of Vkm from There was no substantial increase in Vkm of the bus segment after The Vkm stagnation may be due to the extension of the heavy rail system (Table 4). However, the energy end use of the bus segment kept increasing. Despite the fact that there was no substantial increase in Vkm of the bus segment after 2000, Table 5 shows that the Vkm of various types of buses varied the Vkm of franchised bus decreased from 2002 (when the Tseung Kwan O line opened) to 2007, while that of nonfranchised bus increased, thereby offsetting the increase of the former. In addition, the Vkm of light bus private decreased, thereby offsetting the increase of the light bus public. Further investigation is required to study the impact of the opening of new rail lines and the rationalization of bus routes on the Vkm on the bus segment. In addition, further analysis of the bus segment is recommended to uncover the relative 18

19 contribution of different types of buses to the increase in energy end use of the bus segment. Decoupling of BUS energy use from Vkm Index (1990 = 100) Energy end-use Vkm Figure 18: Decoupling of energy use in bus segment from Vkm Table 4: Vkm and energy end use of bus segment under the effect of new rail line New Rail Line Bus Vkm Bus EU (TJ) Rail Vkm ,187,728, Tung Chung Line ,176,967, ,215,088, ,354,460, ,346,880, Tseung Kwan O Line ,374,130, West Rail Line ,336,220, Ma On Shan Line ,330,520, ,342,340, ,367,980, ,391,790,

20 Table 5: Vkm of bus segment energy end-use technologies Fran_Bus Non-Fran Bus Light Bus Private Light Bus Public Taxi segment From Figure 19, it is noted that while taxi energy end use increased, its Vkm generally decreased from It is likely to be caused by the economic downturn since Hence, the taxi subsegment used more energy end use to maintain its diminishing return. It is hypothesized that the economic downturn since 1997 resulted in fewer people taking taxis, thus lowering the Vkm. As a result, taxis had to endure lengthier waiting times, consuming energy without building up Vkm. Further investigation is recommended to validate this hypothesis. Decoupling of TAXI energy use from Vkm Index (1990 = 100) Energy end-use Vkm Figure 19: Decoupling of energy use in taxi segment from Vkm. 20

21 6. Ranking of Segments Based on the energy consumption, Table 6 provides a ranking of demand segments. These segments accounted for 65.5% of Hong Kong s energy consumption in The bus and taxi segments are highlighted because of their poor energy intensities. Since these two segments are under the passenger transport sector, we believe that a good city planning program may help address this problem. Table 6: Ranking of importance of segments by energy end use (TJ) in 2007 Segment (sector, driver) Energy consumed in 2007 (TJ) % of total energy consumed by all segments Energy demand trend 1 Intensity trend GV (freight transport, Vkm) 35, % c Private (residential, H) 25, % + c Bus (passenger transport, Vkm) 23, % + + Restaurant (commercial, m 2 ) 23, % c c Office (commercial, m 2 ) 22, % + c Car and motor (passenger transport, 18,402 c 6.3% Vkm) Retail (commercial, m 2 ) 17, % + c Public (residential, H) 14, % + c Taxi (passenger transport, Vkm) 11, % c + Sub-total 192, % 1 Energy demand trend is driven by the corresponding driver. GV = goods vehicle; H = number of household; Vkm = vehicle kilometer; m 2 = floor area in meter square; c = constant; + = positive growth; = negative growth. For reference, Table 7 is provided to show the ranking of importance of segments based on the amount of their electricity consumption. Table 7: Ranking of importance of segments by electricity consumption (TJ) in 2007 Segments Electricity consumed in 2007 (TJ)* % of total electricity consumed by all segments Other commercial 29, Private household 18, Retail 17, Office buildings 15, Restaurant 13, Public household 9, Subtotal 70.6 Conclusion Today, 80% of global GHG emissions are contributed by densely populated cities, such as Hong Kong. To ease the problem of climate change caused by GHG emissions, a good city planning program may help initiate better energy conservation efforts. 21

22 This paper also shows (1) the relationship between GHG emissions and energy consumption in 2005 in Hong Kong, (2) the decoupling results between GDP and energy consumption, (3) the descriptions of energy supply and demand in Hong Kong, (4) the increasing energy end use in the commercial sector, and (5) the worsening energy use performances of the bus and taxi segments. This study also showed the ranking results, in which the segments importance is ranked according to energy consumption. With the ranking results and the energy use performance of difference segments, we find that the bus and taxi segments should be subject to critical investigation. References C40 web (2011). C40 Cities climate leadership group. EMSD web (2011). Electrical and Mechanical Services Department, HKSAR. ENB web (2011). Environnent Bureau, HKSAR. C&SD web (2011) Census and Statistics Department, HKSAR. 22