MIT International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2015, pp

Transcription

1 MIT International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2015, pp Energy Audit and CDM Opportunity in Ajmer Monika Singh Asstt. Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Moradabad Institute of Technology Moradabad, U.P., India ABSTRACT India is one of the leading host countries of clean development of mechanism (CDM) projects. More than 2000 projects are either already registered or under validation. The research gives a path to CDM for renewable resources in Ajmer. It provides a survey report of more than 300 survey forms and tells about the interest of peoples for solar and availability of land and also tell about the demand of electricity in Ajmer. It gives results in terms of saving, investment and simple payback period. This research aimed to define CDM opportunity in Ajmer. Energy audit, unit cost of electricity, renewable energy availability, demand of cooling lighting and heating products with their capacity and running cost are the main tools of this research. Keywords: CDM, CER. Introduction The main objectives of the study is to identify the need of energy per person and find the availability of non-conventional resources in Ajmer and to calculate the total amount of money required to develop a solar power plant for needed energy within a particular region. The study can enable the furtherance of knowledge on optimum energy intensity and energy efficiency and their determinants with a focus on the state of Rajasthan. This will help the researchers and Ajmer s population for initiating and promoting multidimensional research, training, education and awareness programs on energy-environment-development interface. It also highlights the importance of developing data on emissions like carbon dioxide for helping to fine tune the industrial scenario of the state on a sustainable basis. A key component of the energy policy in different countries has been increasing energy efficiency and productivity, thereby guaranteeing sustainable development. In this context, researcher has developed indicators to measure and evaluate the development and outlook of energy efficiency performance within Ajmer or regions. Improving energy efficiency has become an important element of different perspectives that guarantee consumption and sustainability as key elements of economic development. The main objectives for improving energy efficiency on a macroeconomic level are to maintain reserves of fossil fuels enhance energy security, prevent global warming, and better environmental quality. On a microeconomic level, for achieving energy efficiency s the main objectives are cost minimisation, reduction of energy use when prices increase, and seeking substitutes or clean energy by reducing carbon emissions and global warming impact of using conventional resources or electric equipment s. Hypotheses The study is based on the following hypotheses Solar Energy intensity of Rajasthan is high compared to All India. Rajasthan shines with clear sunny days analogous to deserts of California, Nevada, Colorado and Arizona. Energy Audit It deals with the different connected electric equipment their number wattage. In this chapter we know about the percentage consumption in deferent sections. In this Table 1 summarised data sheet gives details of electricity consumption or demand for lighting, cooling and heating.

2 MIT International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2015, pp Table 2 gives consumption in KWH that tells the unit running cost of equipment. With the help of wattage required per equipment calculation for billing for that particular equipment done. These data analysed the result of annual consumption and annual investment on electricity. All data has taken with the help of survey in Ajmer. Survey has completed with different localities in Ajmer to estimate the energy demand and interest of peoples for renewable plants and CDM project. There are three categories of equipment lighting, cooling and heating and some other equipment like television, computer also considered. Energy audit is the term use for calculating running unit cost in KWH. Daily Appliance electricity consumption. Consumption in KWH = (Watts Hours used per day)/ Mode of finding out energy demand The mode of find out energy demand is annual survey which is done in the mid of winter and summer and estimated data has been taken from door to door. The data is under 95% feasibility as I concern to the population of medium families. I have omitted the data collected through the new rich families and very poor families as the consideration of pareto s Analysis. Therefore I can say the work is under 3σ can be taken according to our estimation of data. Here I have attached a survey form which can show the information which I have and had completed my work. Table 1: Power demand and consumption The following table shows all connected equipment i.e. the total number of appliances with their rating (W) and in last row the total wattage. Table 1: Connected load Type Lighting Cooling Heating Record of 220 survey forms Appliance No. of Equipment s Power Rating Name Total (w) W Total wattage Television Tube-light CFL I CFL II Refrigerator Fan Cooler Desert Cooler AC Electric Iron Geyser Microwave heater Immersion Road Computer Washing machine Other Submersible Pump mixer grinder Water pump These calculations are based on survey records. Survey has done for families in Ajmer at different localities. We have surveyed that what are the equipment are using and how many no. of different equipment in a family. 2. Energy Consumption These calculations are based on approximate time of running hours. These calculations based on rating given in watts, ampere and conventional data. The following table gives the details of total electrical energy consumption for lightings, cooling, motors, computers and others. This gives the detail idea of total electricity consumption annually. There would be some variation in billing due to: 1. To other electricity consumption like functions and guesting of relatives. 2. These calculations are based on approximate time of running hours. 3. These calculations are based on rating given in watts, ampere, voltage, kw, HP, and conventional data. Introduction to CDM The clean development mechanism a cooperative mechanism established beneath the Kyoto protocol that provides for emissions reduction projects. CDM was planned for two purposes: 1. To help developed countries fulfil their assurances to reduce emission, and 2. To promote developing countries in achieving sustainable developments. CDM projects earn sanctioned emission reduction credits (CERs) that project partakers can sell to Annex. I parties to help them meet their Kyoto Protocol mark. A study is eligible for CDM if greenhouse gas emissions are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the CDM project. Total cost of solar plant As I have discussed in previous chapter that according to our connected load our energy requirement for 1009 persons in 220 homes. According to calculated data and our requirement of energy we will calculate the total cost required for solar plant installation. Total energy requirement annually = KWh

3 MIT International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2015, pp Table 2: Energy Consumption Record of 220 survey forms Type Lighting Cooling Heating Other Appliance Name Total kw kw No. of Month Total hours in a day Annual total kwh Annual cost 1 unit = 6 rupees Television Tube-light CFL I CFL II Refrigerator Fan Cooler Desert Cooler AC Electric Iron Geyser Microwave Heater Immersion Road Computer washing machine Smrsblpmp mixer grinder Waterpump Total annual kwh= Total money spend = ? 1. Calculation for Plant Size Monthly energy consumption is KWh Considering total loss = 30% (Which include temp loss, shadow loss, dust loss and rain lost etc. ) No. of sun shines hours per day = 7 The plant size required to overcome the energy demand is 27 KW approximately. 2. Cost Calculation Cost of 96 panels =10,48,320 rupees (if the cost of each watt = 39 rupees) Cost of 172 battery = 10,32,000? Here we are taking the cost of one battery is 6000 rupees. Cost of invertors = 75,000 Now total cost of the system = rupees Balance of system (cost of labour, mounting structure and wiring) Let 15% of the total cost = rupees Net total cost = rupees It is the total cost of solar plant that is required to replace the electricity. 3. CO 2 emissions from Solar Panels (Not zero but low as compared to electricity) The carbon footprint of a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel the average level of greenhouse gas emissions it is responsible for over its lifetime is about 72 grams of carbon dioxide-equivalent per kilowatt-hour of electricity generated (gco 2 e/kwh). Generating electricity using solar PV panels does not produce greenhouse gases directly. But emissions are associated with other parts of the panels life cycle: manufacturing and transporting them. Therefore it is simply clear that the carbon emissions from solar plant is just 10% of the total emissions from electricity as we know the carbon emission factor for electricity is.72tco 2 /MWh carbon emissions from solar is only.072tco 2 /MWh.

4 MIT International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2015, pp Then total carbon emission from electrical systems are = kgco 2 Now carbon emission from solar plant is = kgco 2 Therefore net CO 2 omitted is = tco 2 B.1. Appendix for investment and pay-back period of solar plant of required capacity Calculation for investment and simple pay-back period Perticulars year-0 year-1 year-2 year-3 year-4 year-5 year-6 year-7 year-8 year-9 year-10 net electricity saved cost of a unit of electricity income from saving of electricity E+05 cost of solar project in which 15% losses and labour cost are added and maintenance is 2% of total solar plant installation cost opretion and maintenance cost 2% without CDM revenue cash outflow (Rs) Cash inflow (Rs) E+05 net cash flow -2E E+05 project simple payback period -2E+06-2E+06-2E+06-2E+06-1E E E+06 therefore simple payback period is 8 years approx whenever the project life is more than 20 year and net profit in 10 years is 10,64,551rupees with CDM revenue cash outflow (Rs) Cash inflow (Rs) E+05 CER tco 2 /year CDM Revenue $12/tCO E+05 Net Cash flow (Rs.) -2E E+05 simple pay-back period -2E+06-2E+06-1E+06-9E+05-3E E+06 3E+06 3E+06 therefore the simple pay-back period is 5 year and profit in 10 years is rupees. Energy efficient devices replaced the using device Using Electronic Fan regulator in place Resistance type Fan Regulator Total number of ceilings fans = 966 Power consumption of one ceiling fan with conventional regulator (resistant type) = 100W Power saving/fan = 15 Watt Assuming operating hours of fan/day = 12 No. of days fan works = 210 (7 Months) Cost of one electronic regulator = Rs. 50 Summary Annual cost savings Implementation cost Simple Payback Month Result This research is based on the energy consumption and saving by applying different items replacement and using renewable energy resources. This research has done on the bases of energy requirement find out threw survey and CDM opportunity in Ajmer. I have calculated here total requirement for establishing a solar plant in Ajmer.

5 MIT International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 5, No. 1, January 2015, pp With the help of survey I have decided the need of energy per day for particular regions in Ajmer. Here is a table which can make understand the benefits of this research. S/N Energy conservation opportunities Table 3: Result Investment of replacing (Rs) Energy saving per year (KWh) Simple Payback period with CDM benefits 1 Solar plant years 2 3 Use of Electronic Fan regulator in place of resistance type fan regulator Use of energy habit Immediate 7. AcknowledgEment The author wish to thank Dr. Vikas Bansal (Associate Prof. RTU, Kota) for their support an guidance. References 1. Energy Information Agency (2006), Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government. 2. Economic Survey (2001) Government of India. Ministry of Finance. Economic Division. 3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Emissions Scenarios. A Special Report of IPCC Working Group III. 4. Barbour I., Brooks H., Lakoff S., Opie J., Energy and American Values. New York: Praeger Publishers, 5. Mitali Das Gupta and Joyashree Roy, Energy Consumption in India: An indicator analysis, (2010), Department of Economics, Jadavpur University, Kolkata. 6. Benefits of Clean Development Mechanism 2012, United Nation Frame Work. 7. Stability and control issues integration of renewable resources in power system network by Prof. S.C. Srivastava, Vignesh V. 8. Approved Small Scale Methodology AMS I.D. Grid connected renewable electricity generation. methodologies/sscmethodologies/approved.html 9. The CO 2 Baseline Database for the Indian Power Sector, Ministry of Power: Central Electricity Authority (CEA), Version 2.0, 21st June Government%20of%20India%20website.htm 10 IPCC 2006, 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme, Eggleston H.S., Buendia L., Miwa K., Ngara T. and Tanabe K. (eds). Published: IGES, Japan. 11 CDM and trading of CER Session-5.