Index. K Kapit Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan- Comprehensive Integrated Delivery of Social Services, Kalahi-CIDSS water projects, 46

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1 A Above mean sea level (AMSL), 173 Adala case (Philippine Supreme Court GR Number 16894), 45 Adaptive collaborative water governance (ACWG), 224 Aerobic rice culture, 243 Agno River basin, Agno River irrigation system (ARIS), 175 Agricultural productivity, 118, 272 Agricultural Training Institute (ATI), 129 Agricultural water management, , 269 Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA), 42, 120, 121, 124, 129, 147, 195, 201, 203 Agro-recycling, 104, , 265, 269 Agusan river, 164, 166, 167, , 179, 181, 182 Algal blooms, 152, 155, 157 Alienable and disposable areas for aquaculture and fishpond, 145 Alkalinity, 151, 152 Angat reservoir, 51, 166, , 180 Aquaculture, 9, 11, 23, 105, 136, , 227, 261, 266, 270, 274 Aquaculture runoff, 2, 6, 17, 31, 195 AQUASTAT FAO s information system on water and agriculture, 17, 18 Aquatic environments, 144, 151 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 44, 46, 56, 67, 69, 73, 80, 106, 155 Asia-Pacific region, 5, 29, 35 B Balili river system revitalization coalition (BRSRC), 222, 223 Barangay water service associations (BWSAs), 43, 66 69, 74 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 26, 96, , 112, 168 Biodigester effluents, 110, 111, 265 Biodiversity conservation, Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 91, 92, 95, 96, 151, 152 Biophysical science, 11 Blacksmith institute, 102, 105, 107 Block consumption, 69 Block tariffs, 237 Bottom-up-budgeting water, 250 Bulk water price, 10, 263, 265 Bulk water system, 253 Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), 9, 105, 146, 148, 264 Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM), 9, 10, 35, 56, 119, 120, 123 C Capacity building, 70, 75, 129, 138, 212, 226, 228 Captive social capacity for facing water scarcity, 255 Certificate of compliance, 45, 90 Civil society, 3, 42, 62, 114, 193, 222, 223, 246, 248, 273 Springer International Publishing AG 2018 A.C. Rola et al. (eds.), Water Policy in the Philippines, Global Issues in Water Policy 8, 277

2 278 Clean Water Act (Republic Act 9275, s. 2004), 42, 44, 75, 78, 89, 90, 106, 136, 148, 213, 246, 248 Climate change, 7, 16, 27, 33 36, 125, 160, 188, 195, 199, 203, 206, 217, 218, 228, 236, 262, 265, 270, 274 Climate Change Commission (CCC), 35 Cloud seeding, 8, 35 Coastal waters, 26, 149, 155, 157, 158, 266, 270 Code of Practice for Aquaculture (Fisheries Administration Order No. 214, s. 2001), 147 Collection efficiency, 126, 127, 129, 133, 137, 253 Commodity, 10, 69, 121, 195, 200, 238, 263, 267, 273 Communal irrigation systems (CIS), 9, , 126, 128, 129, 132, 133, 137, 243, 269 Communal toilets, 78 Community-based forest management (CBFM), 189, 192, 198, 200, 201, 203 Community-based forest management agreements (CBFMA), 192 Community-based organizations (CBOs), 43, 58, 66 69, 71 74, 237, , 244, 272 Community participation in water management, 236 Compendium of Philippine Environmental Statistics (NSCB), 19 Compensation agreement, 49 Complementary water use, 216, 271 Comprehensive land use planning (CLUP), 196, 199, 201 Comprehensive National Fisheries Industry Development Plan Medium Term , 146 Concession, 51, 52, 59, 77, 82, 90, 98, 194, 202, 237, 244, , 264 Conservation farming village (CFV), 226 Consumptive water use, 97 Continuing mandamus, 114 Conveyance inefficiency, 118 Cooperative Development Authority (CDA), 43, 58, 82, 90, 120 Critical watershed, 10 Cropping intensity, 118, 125, 127, 130, 132, 133, 136, 137 Customary rights to water resources, 52 D Decentralization, 2, 42, 57, 60, 62, 71, 73, 79, 191, 243, 263, 273 Decision support systems (DSS), 181, 212, 214, 219, 270 Deforestation, 187, 192, 194 Demographic factors, 16, 27 29, 274 DENR Administrative Order (DAO) No. 34 (Revised Water Usage and Classification), 91 93, 96, 105, 112, 136 DENR Administrative Order (DAO) No. 35 (Revised Effluent Regulations of 1990), 91, 94 96, 112, 136 Department of Agriculture (DA), 9, 54, 113, 118, 136, 195 Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), 2, 4, 6, 19 21, 23, 26, 27, 46 48, 50, 54 57, 60, 74, 75, 77, 89, 91, 92, 96, 99, 101, 102, , 112, 133, 136, 145, 148, 153, 155, 159, 160, 166, 186, , 194, 206, 211, 218, 222, , 271, 275 Department of Finance (DOF), 55, 129 Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), 43, 58, 73 75, 81, 129, 212, 245, 268 Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), 46, 50, 54 56, 60, 72, 74, 78, 80, 82, 90, 91, 177, 178, 213, 214, 216 Desludging services, 75, 77 Discounted water rates, 254 Dissolved oxygen (DO), 26, 91, 151, 152, , 158 Diversion dams (DD), 120 Domestic water service level (I, II and III), 68, 69, 72, 264, 268 Droughts, 35, 118, 172, 181, 206, 241, 246, 249 E Economic growth, 2, 19, 187, 262 Ecosystem services, 189, 192, 194, 199, 204, 206, 221, 227 Effluents, 75, 91, 95, 149, 154, 155, 157, 265 Effluent standards, 91, 94 96, 148, 153, 271 El Niño, 35, 130 Environment and Natural Resources Office (ENRO), 148 Environmental compliance certificate, 90

3 279 Environmental fee, 60 Environmental impacts, 88, 91, 101, 194, 196 Environmentally critical project/area, 90 Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), 2, 6, 8, 23, 26, 89, 90, 93, 96, 99, , 113, 148, 159 Environmental policies, 7, 10, 11, 89, , 203, 205, 206, 266, 267 Environmental protection, 10, 11, 44, 47, 109, 114, 164, , 261, 266 Environmental user s fee, 101, 265 F Feasibility studies, 27, 182 Fecal coliform (FC), 26, 92, 96, 152 Financing for domestic water sector, 74 Firmed-up service area (FUSA), 125, 127 Fish cage, 51, 146, 154, 167, 218, 271 Fisheries, 4, 9, 11, 20, 23, 83, 96, 105, , 149, 155, 167, 169, 213, 227 Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils (FARMC), 9, 147, 149, 159 Fisheries Code, 9, 145, 147, 153 Fishing rights, 145 Fish kills, 110, , 160, 218, 266, 270, 271 Fish pens, 146, 147, 154, 160, 166, 167, 266, 270 Fishpond lease, 9, 146, 159 Flood control, 9, 46, 47, 61, 83, , 172, 174, 175, 177, 180, 181, 213, 214, 217, 227, 263 Flood management, 8, 56, 220, 227 Floods, 8, 9, 35, 46, 47, 61, 83, 108, 118, 126, 132, , , 177, 178, 180, 181, 192, , 217, 220, 224, 227, 263, 269 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 5, 33, 147, 248 Food security, 6, 118, 146 Food self-sufficiency program, 121 Forest cover, 11, 22, 33, 186, 187, 189, 192, 197, 262, 266, 274 Forest Management Bureau (FMB), 11, 18, 186 Forest resource, 46, 62, 189, 192, 273 Forest restoration and protection, 193, 194 Formalization of water sector, 61, 263 Fresh waters, 91, 93, 96, 223, 234 Functionality indicators, 129 Functionality rating, 127 G General Appropriations Act, 48, 122 General Santos City, 17 Government owned and controlled corporations (GOCCs), 53, 67, 119, 120 Green Revolution, 130 Green water technology, 157 Grey water, 243, 250, 254, 255, 273 Groundwater, 16, 36, 107 aquifer, 31, 166 extraction, 18, 53, 57 potential, 17, 18, 23 reservoirs, 3, 17, 66, 145 resources, 17, 18, 31, 36, 66 H Heavy organic load, 155, 157, 158 Homeowner associations, 52, 67 Human right, 10, 273, 274 Hydrology, 172, 177, 181, 266 Hydropower, 8, 34, 83, 136, , , 177, 180, 213, 227 Hydropower generation, 34, 164, , 180 I Iloilo Watershed Management Council (IWMC), 225 Indigenous People s Rights Act (Republic Act 8371, s. 1997), 42, 52 Industrial sector, 3, 88 90, 97, 99, 100, , 112, 113, 242, 269, 274 Industrial use, 89, 90, 96, 105, 217, 235, 242, 250 Industrial wastewater generation, 101 Industrial wastewater treatment, 91 Informal and illegal water users, 97, 112 Informal water economies, 241 Inland waters, 3, 34, 88, 94 96, 144, 145, 153 Institutional strengthening, 70, 159, 182, 210, 224, 225, 270 Integrated area-based planning, 194 Integrated forest management agreements (IFMA), 189, 192, 198 Integrated river basin management and development (IRBMD), 211, 216, 217 Integrated water data bases, 8 Integrated water resource use,

4 280 Integrated water resources management (IWRM), 211, 219, 220, 248 Integrated watershed management, 212, 274, 275 Integrated Watershed Research and Development Program (INWARD), 221 Intensive aquaculture, 155, 158, 159 Interagency and multisectoral collaboration, 188, 199, 205 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 33, 188, 236 Internal revenue allotment (IRA), 51, 58, 83, 264, 268 Inter-sectoral water transfer, 10, 44, 61 Irrigation development, 118, 120, , 127, 135, 136, 180 investment, 118, 121, 122, 125, 136, 265 rehabilitation, 135, 269 sector, 20, 135 Irrigation management offices (IMOs), 119, 127 Irrigation management transfer (IMT), 128, 129, 134, 138 Irrigation service fees (ISF), 10, 57, 122, , 133, 134, 137, 138, 243 Irrigation systems (IS), 9, 10, 50, 56, 57, 108, 122, 124, , 135, 198, 199, 243, 265 Irrigators associations (IAs), 119, , 133, 134, 137, 138, 269, 273 J Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 2, 6, 20, 22, 78, 102, 211, 262 Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) for water supply and sanitation, 72, 76 K Kapit Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan- Comprehensive Integrated Delivery of Social Services, Kalahi-CIDSS water projects, 46 L Laguna de Bay Basin, 223 Laguna Lake, 8, 26, 47, 91, 96, , 146, 160, 164, , 181, 182, 224, 265 Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA), 9, 47, 51, 56, 91, 93, 99, 100, 102, 113, 166, 167, 170, 224 Lake Buhi, 51, 57, 61, 218 Land cover, 18, 33, 34, , 206, 221 Landscape-based planning, 206 Land tenure instruments, 189 Land use and land cover, 18, , 221 Land use change, 33, 203, 228, 274 Land use management, 196 Land use-zoning, Lease, 9, 42, 50, 146, 159, 252, 271 Lifeline consumption, 69 Lifeline water rates, 254 LIMAS MARINA River Rehabilitation and Protection Foundation, Inc., 223, 224 Link between science and policy, 204 Listahang Tubig (Water Registry), 52, 68, 71 Local communities, 62, 114, , 198, 199, 205, , 268 Local Government Code (Republic Act 7160, s. 1991), 9, 71, 77, 148, 196, 203 Local government-run water utilities, 272 Local government units (LGUs), 7, 9, 44, 47, 48, 51, 54, 56, 58, 60, 61, 66, 67, 69 71, 73, 75 81, 83, 113, 114, , 129, 133, 138, 148, 166, , 203, 205, 213, , 237, 251, 263, 264, 268, 272, 275 Local Government Units Urban Water and Sanitation Project (LGUUWSP), 56 Long-term ecosystem and watershed monitoring, 204, 205 Low economic development scenario, 16, 19 Low water pressure, 244 M Magat river integrated irrigation system (MRIIS), 119 Major river basins, 144, 191, 205, 211, 216, 217, 262 Management, operation and maintenance contract, 164 Manila Bay, 26, 44, 77, 102, 103, 158, 169 Manila Water Company Inc, (MWCI), 46, 66, 77, 98, 172, 237, 251 Marginal cost pricing, 237 Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando river systems (MMORS), 91, 99, 101, Marine ranching, 145 waters, 23, 91, 93, 94, 96, 148, 149, 152, Master plan study on water resource management, 22

5 281 Maynilad Water Services, Inc. (MWSI), 66, 77, 172, 251 Metering of service connections, 237 Metro Manila, 2, 22, 26, 27, 31 33, 35, 44, 46, 47, 51, 57, 61, 66, 68 70, 75 80, 88, 98, 99, 102, 103, 105, 155, 157, 167, 172, 196, 237, 246, 251, 252, 266 Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA), 47 Metro Manila waterworks and sewerage system (MWSS), 33, 35, 43, 46, 51, 53, 58, 66 68, 70, 74, 77, 81, 172, 174, 251 Migration, 7, 16, 28, 29, 31, 32, 147, 159, 180, 271 Milkfish (Chanos chanos), 105, 146, 149, 157 Millennium Development Goal (MDG) Target 7c, 72 Mindanao, 2, 3, 17, 18, 27, 30, 31, 125, 187, 191, 195 Monitoring and detection of ecosystems changes for enhancing resilience and adaptation in the Philippines (MODECERA), 221 Multiple-use river basins, 33, 164, 166 Multiple water use, 51, , 181 Multipurpose reservoir systems, 166, , Multitrophic aquaculture, 159 Municipal-government-(LGU) administered water works, 8 Municipal sector, 20, 32 Municipal waters, 6, 66, 145, 272 Municipal waterworks, 42, 51 National Irrigation Administration (NIA), 9, 10, 35, 43, 46, 47, 50, 51, 54 57, 60, 61, 119, 120, , , 173, 174, 214, 265, 269, 272 National irrigation system (NIS), 118, 119, 121, , , 132, 134, 136, 137 National Power Corporation (NAPOCOR), 46, 47, 51, 57, 90, 172, 174 National Sewerage and Septage Management Program (NSSMP), 75, 78, 80, 213 National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission, 91 National Water Information Network (NWIN), 27, 211 National Water Resources Board (NWRB), 6, 9, 17, 20, 24, 25, 27, 43, 46 48, 50, 52 54, 57, 58, 60, 61, 67 69, 74, 81, 88, 90, 97, 98, 120, 148, 166, , 227, 237, 262, 267, 272 National Water Resources Management Body/ National Water Resources Management Authority, , 227 National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA), 70 Natural resource management, 203 Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), 149, 156, 158 Nitrogen in the water, 151 Non-consumptive water use, 97, 98 Non-government organizations (NGO), 3, 9, 106, 110, 192, 225, 240 Non-revenue water (NRW), 31, 72, 244, 253, 262 N Napindan hydraulic control structure, 169 National and local initiatives, National Capital Region (NCR), 30, 31, 33, 69, 90, 91, 96, 99, National Economic Development Authority (NEDA), 46, 48, 54 56, 68, 73, 76 78, 80, 205, 210, 212, 213, 237, 272 National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) Infrastructure Committee Sub-committee on Water Resources, 80 National government agencies (NGA), 54, 61, 200, 205, 227, 263 National government agencies with subsidiary water mandate, 60 National Greening Program, 193 National Integrated Protected Area System (NIPAS) Act of 1992, 42, 193 O Official Development Assistance (ODAs), 82, 201 Off-peak water use, 235, 241 Operations and maintenance (O&M), 122, 123, 127, 128, 130, , 137, 264, 265, 269 P Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program, 138 Partial-cost recovery basis for water charges, 240 Payment for environmental services, 10, 263, 274 People s organizations (PO), 9 Per capita water availability, 2, 5, 21 Philex Mining Corporation, 109

6 282 Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, 136, 148, 246, 248 Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development (PCAMRD), 148 Philippine Development Plan (PDP), 200 Philippine Environmental Monitor, 17, 18, 22 Philippine Fisheries Code (Republic Act 8550, s. 1998), 146, 147 Philippines, 1 8, 10, 11, 16 27, 29 37, 44, 45, 50, 52, 66, 68, 69, 72, 75 80, 88 90, , 106, 108, 109, 111, 112, 114, 118, 120, 124, 126, 128, 134, , 149, 153, 156, 164, 166, 167, 175, 179, 180, 186, 191, 193, 203, 210, 211, 213, 217, 218, , 234, , 252, 253, 255, , 267, 269, 272, 273 Philippines Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act (AFMA) of 1997, 42, 120, 147 Philippine Water Supply and Sanitation Roadmap (PWSSR), 72, 80, 212 Phosphate concentration, 152 Plankton die-offs, 152, 155, 156, 158 Policy formulation, 48, 79, 188, 197, 203, 204, 206, 210, 266 Policy implementation, 112, 188, 189, 197, , 206, 266 Polluters pay principle, 10 Pollution Adjudication Board (PAB), 89 Pollution control, 89, 91, 242 Pollution Control Law (Presidential Decree 984), 56, 91, 153 Pollution load, 6, 99, 101, 113 Poly-centric water governance, 61, 273 Population growth, 2, 5, 7, 16, 28, 29, 31, 32, 36, 234 Potential irrigable area, 124 Power generation, 51, 89, 97, 102, 112, 145 Presidential Decree No. 1067, also known as the Philippine Water Code, 8, 89 Principal river basins, 18, 66, 212 Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF), 54 Private sector participation in waterworks, 60, 71, 251 Private water concession, 51 Privatization, 58, 251, 253 Proclaimed watershed forest reserves, 10 Protected waters, 94 Public consultation, 213, 245, 246, 248 Public education program for water conservation, 246 Public faucet, 43, 53, 253 Public-private partnerships (PPPs), 135, 136, 252, 272 Pump irrigation using open sources, 119, 120 R Rainfall, 3, 17, 21, 35, 56, 66, 109, 110, 118, 144, 170, 173, 236 Rainwater storage, 120 Red tide, 3, 155, 158 Regional irrigation offices (RIOs), 119 Renewable water resources, 5, Republic Act (RA) 3931 also known as the Pollution Control Law, 91 Republic Act (RA) 9275 also known as the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, 42, 136, 148 Republic Act (RA) No /Disaster Risk Reduction Law of 2010, 217 Republic Act (RA) No. 9729/Climate Change Act of 2009, 217 Research, 8, 62, 104, 110, 113, 146, 182, 193, 203, 204, 206, , 242, 248, 249, 269, 271, 273 Reservoirs, 3, 9, 10, 23, 33, 35, 51, 56, 88, 92, 119, 120, 124, 128, 130, 132, 136, 138, 148, 149, 153, 158, , , 179, 180, 182, 198, 199, 266, 269, 272 Revised Effluent Regulations, 91 Revised Forestry Code of the Philippines, 10 Revised Water Usage and Classification, 91 River Basin Coordinating Office (RBCO), 212, 216, 217 River basin organization (RBO), 48, 57, 228 River basins, 18, 22, 31, 34, 66, 167, 187, 212, 217, 221, 262, 271 River system, 26, 31, 91, 96, 102, 103, 105, 107, 108, 114, 120, 154, 166, 167, 169, 175, 179, 181, 224, 269, 271 Rural-urban migration, 16, 29, 32 Rural Water and Development Corporation (RWDC), 70 Rural water service association (RWSA), 43, 50, 54, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74 S Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig para sa Lahat (SALINTUBIG) (Abundant and Safe Water for All), 46 Sagip- Ilog (Save the River) Program, 26 Sagudin-Balili watershed, 222 Salinity, 151, 152, 169, 170 Salt water, 6, 27

7 283 Saltwater intrusion, 31, 172, 181 Samahang Tubig Maynilad (Maynilad Water Association), 247 Sanitation coverage, 29, 216 San Roque reservoirs, 164, 166, 175, 176, 180 Santa Cruz sub-watershed, 108, Science-based water management, 271 Seaweeds, 144, 149, 155 Sectoral prioritization, 42, 60 Sedimentation, 10, 23, 130, 132, 175, 180, 182, 225, 265, 271 Sediment management, 177, 269 Self-provisioning by households, 73 Septic tank, 75, 78, 80, 222 Sewage disposal, 3 Sewage treatment facilities, 244 Shallow tubewells, 57, 120, 132 Sludge management, 75 Small farm reservoirs, 120 Small scale independent water providers, 7, 73 Small-scale irrigation projects (SSIPs), 9, 56, 73, 120, 123 Small water impounding project (SWIP), 56, 120, 132 Small water irrigation system associations (SWISA), 119 Social agreements among multiple users of a common water source, 61, 263 Social capital, 249 Social good, 10, 43, 240, 263 Social learning, 224 Social sciences, 11 Solid Waste Management Act, 201 Solid wastes, 3, 22, 26, 32, 51, 75, 137, 187, 189 Southeast Asia, 21 Stakeholders, 58, 108, 110, 136, , 188, 189, 191, 193, 198, 201, 205, 211, 214, 217, 219, 220, , 270, State property rights to water, 62, 273 State regulation of water organizations, 43 State subsidy for water production and development, 58 Surface water, 4, 17, 18, 20, 23, 27, 33, 44, 45, 47, 51, 56, 57, 62, 66, 91, 97, 98, 107, 132, 136, 145, 171, 262, 265, 271, 273 Surface water potential, 17, 18 Sustainability science, 219, 220 Sustainable water resources, 182, 216, 219, 274 Synergy of policies and programs of government agencies, 182, 189, 270 T Territory managers, 247 Tiered pricing scheme, 238 Tigum-Aganan Watershed (TAW), 225 Total suspended solids, 6, 91, 92, 95, 96, Toxic substances, 91, 93, 94, 103, 112, 170 Toxic wastes, 101 Traditional rights to use coastal waters, 149, 266 Transdisciplinary approach, 182, 219, 220 Tropical rainforests, 3, 186 Tropical storm/cyclone, 17, 35 Trust of water authority, 249 Tubig para sa Barangay (Water for the Community), 247 U Umiray-Angat transbasin, 173 Umiray River, 173, 174 United Nations Children s Fund (UNICEF), 7, 29, 32, 72, 73, 76, 212 United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, 35 United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 16, 28, 32, 33, 36, 271, 272 United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), 194, 211 University of the Philippines Baguio, 223 University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB), 106, 110, 224 Upper Pampanga River Integrated Irrigation System (UPRIIS), 119 Urbanization, 7, 16, 27, 29 33, 36, 196, 234, 274 User fees, 10, 79 User fees for sanitation services, 79 V Voluntary household water saving practices, 249 W Wastewater discharges, 90 recycling/reuse, 136 settling and treatment, 94, 95, 154, 164, 165 standards, 75

8 284 Water acidity, 151, 154 allocation, 9, 20, 34, 49, 51, 58, 88, 90, 97, 112, 125, 166, 167, 174, 218, 237, 238, 265, 266, 273 apex bodies, 46, 48, 53, 60, 263 availability, 2, 5, 6, 16, 21, 22, 27, 28, 31, 35 37, 45, 124, 188, 226, 236, 262 balance, 2, 262 bodies, 2, 6, 8, 10, 23, 26, 75, 96, 99, 110, 148, 149, 155, 160, 196, 198, 199, 265, 266, 270, 274 as common pool resource, 52, 241 consumption profiles, 98 cooperatives, 67, 74, 82, 264 czar, 54, 82 demand, 2, 5, 7, 11, 16, 19, 20, 23, 27 36, 45, 174, 180, 211, , 241, 244, 245, 250, 254, 255, 262, 271, 273 demand management, 11, 255 discharge, 223 districts, 8, 10, 27, 42, 43, 45, 47, 50 54, 56, 58, 60, 61, 66 69, 72, 81, 136, 225, 237, 238, 240, 244, 246, , 263, 264, 272, 273 efficient products, 235 elites, 53 exchange, 154, 156 franchise, 50, 68 governance, 7, 8, 37, 57, 61, 62, 118, 119, 137, 148, 166, 167, 214, 226, 227, 263, 269, 273 investments, 228 permit, 5, 42 45, 50, 51, 53, 57, 58, 60, 88, 90, 97, 112, 120, 132, 145, 248 pilferage, 245, 248 planning, 57, 266, 267 policy, 3, 9, 11, 42, 44, 46, 50, 52, 57, 60, 61, 88, 112, 228, 241, 248, pollution, 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 28, 31, 83, 88 93, 104, 109, 113, 114, 148, 155, 196, 213, 227, 242, 262, 269 pollution control devices, 242 pricing policy, 10, 263, 273 quality, 7 9, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34 36, 46, 48, 51, 57, 61, 75, 80, 83, 89, 91, 93 96, 109, 110, 112, 146, 148, 151, , 159, 164, , 175, 179, 180, 212, 213, 217, 218, 222, 227, 251, 253, 263, 264, 266, 270, 271 quality assessment, 23, 26, 27 quality criteria for aquaculture, 148, 153 quantity, 11, 189 recirculation, 157, 242 related disasters, 35 resource centers, 273 resource management, 3, 22, 37, 47, 56, 57, 164, 177, 181, 224, 248, 267 resources, 3 11, 16, 19, 20, 28, 29, 31, 33, 35 37, 43, 46, 47, 50, 52, 54, 55, 60, 66, 82, 83, 88, 90, 91, 103, 111, 112, 120, 130, , 148, 159, 160, 164, 166, 181, , 204, 210, 211, , 219, 220, , , 248, 254, 261, 266, 267, 270, 272, 274 rights, 18, 19, 43, 45, 49, 51, 53, 54, 61, 128, 159, 174, 236, 263, 270, 271 saving devices, 242, 245 scarcity, 1, 7 11, 22, 27, 32 34, 36, 45, 50, 118, 236, 255, 263, 265 service providers, 42, 45, 51, 54, 57, 58, 66, 237, , 273 sharing agreement, 45 shortage, 3, 7, 27, 66, 89, 175, 235, 244, 245, 262 as a social good, 10, 43, 60, 240, 263 stress, 3, 16, 22, 27, 32, 36, 234 supply, 2, 5 8, 11, 16 37, 42, 46, 47, 51, 56, 57, 61, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 78 81, 83, 88, 89, 96, 99, 118, 125, 126, 128, 132, 133, 137, 145, , 169, 172, 174, 175, 177, 180, 181, 189, , 234, , , , 262, 264, 265, 267, 273, 274 sustainability, 16, 27, 36, 37, 274, 275 table, 6, 27, 31 tariffs, 9, 10, 69, 79, 238, 251 temperature, 151, 152, 156 user association, 70 Water-borne diseases, 6, 27, 29, 262 The Water Code of the Philippines, 8, 242 Water Environment Partnership Asia (WEPA), 88 Water quality management areas (WQMA), 48, 56, 89, 102, 106, 148, 218, 222 Water-resource regions (WRRs), 22, 23, 211 Watershed, 2, 5, 8, 10, 11, 18, 33, 42, 44, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 61, 83, 89, 118, 125, 126, 133, 144, 157, 159, 164, 167, 169, 170, , 177, 179, 180, 182, , , , 212, 213, 217, 218, , 265, 266, 271,

9 285 Watershed Ecosystem Management Framework (WEMF), 190 Watershed management, 8, 118, 217, 221, 225, 274 Watershed management councils, 57, 133 Watershed reservation, 10 Willingness to pay (WTP), 239 Women as household water managers, 236 World Bank (WB), 18, 44, 46, 53, 56, 68, 69, 72, 73, 75, 77, 80, 120, 126, 130, 187, 210, 237, 244, 252, 262, 266 World Bank Water and Sanitation Program Study, 252 World Health Organization (WHO), 7, 29, 32, 72, 73, 76 World Resources Institute (WRI), 3, 22, 27 Writ of Kalikasan, 108, 114