Urban Changes & Climate

Transcription

1 Urban Changes & Climate 18-1 Urbanization Effects Mitigation Strategies Science Concepts Surface Types Surface Energy Budget - Cities Ozone - Temperature Relationship

2 18-2 How has urban growth changed the climate system over cities? Landsat 7 images from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s show trends in urbanization Atlanta Note changes in green, i.e., forested area - For example, Atlanta, GA gobbled up 380,000 acres of trees between 1973 and averages about 55 acres of trees per day 1996

3 18-3 Madison County Growth % Developed % Developed % Developed % Developed LEGEND Developed Land Undeveloped Land Change: Change:

4 18-4 What happens to the Sun s energy at the Earth s surface over a city? An acre of forest or cropland receives as much sunlight as an acre of buildings Green space will be cooler because of transpiration and shading of the ground Urban surfaces get much hotter than vegetated surfaces during the day. They release this energy at night, creating a dome of warmer air at night

5 18-5 What is Urban Heat Island? Urban areas are warmer, like an island of heat surrounded by cooler rural areas Large horizontal temperature gradient exist at the urban/rural boundary, could be as large as 4 C/km Urban areas appear like a plateau with weaker increasing gradient. This pattern is influenced by distinct intra-urban land uses: open areas, parks, lakes (cool), dense buildings, commercial areas or industrial areas (warm) Intensity of the UHI depends on the urban-rural temperature difference

6 18-6 Atlanta Atlanta metro region 9/28/2000 Landsat-7 image True-color image (top) - Surface temperature (bottom) - Urban areas are gray Wooded suburbs and open fields are green Yellow areas are relatively cool Red areas are hot Note correlation between hot areas and roads, etc.

7 18-7 Atlanta (Con t) Midtown Residential Atlanta Central Business District (CBD) - May 1997 CBD

8 18-8 Atlanta (Con t) Atlanta cross-city temperature Midtown Residential CBD

9 Climate Elements 18-9 Intensity Factors below contribute to UHI, relative roles are not certain Factors combine to make the urban area store sensible heat during the day, and inhibit this excess heat from dissipating rapidly at night. Altered energy budget terms Increased absorption of short wave radiation Increased long wave radiation for sky Features of urbanization underlying energy budget change Canyon geometry - increased surface area and multiple reflection, dark materials (e.g., asphalt Air pollution - greater absorption and emission Decreased long wave radiation loss Anthropogenic heat source Increased sensible heat storage Decreased evaporative cooling Decreased total turbulent heat transport Canyon geometry -- reduction of sky view factor Waste heat from city buildings and traffic Construction materials - increased thermal admittance Construction materials - increased water-proofing, less vegetation, shrubs, and other plants Canyon geometry - reduction of wind speed

10 18-10 Effects UHI has several direct and indirect effects; including biological, economic and meteorological effects - Increases demand for cooling energy - Increases electricity generation which leads to higher emissions of SO 2, CO, NO, PM, CO 2, accelerates the formation of harmful smog, higher O 3 - Increases chemical weathering of building materials

11 18-11 Effects (Con t) UHI has several direct and indirect effects; including biological, economic and meteorological effects (Con t) - Temperature affects ozone amount > Increases the thermal destruction of some hydrocarbon-nitrate molecules (peroxyacetylnitrate or PANs) that free NO 2 > Increases the vegetative emission of VOCs and evaporation of VOCs

12 18-12 Effects (Con t) - Induces convergence over city - Initiates convective activity downwind of city - Precipitation and cloud cover enhancement occur downwind of city - Trends of global warming are higher in urban areas; most weather stations are located near urban areas, which could bias the trends of global warming.

13 18-13 What can be done to mitigate the effects of urbanization? NASA has been flying aircraft over nine cities to determine their thermal characteristics that drive the development of the urban heat island Working with city officials, urban planners, architects, schools and other groups to educate and affect change - Color of roofs - More trees - Better community planning

14 18-14 Summary Urban areas are usually warmer than rural areas, especially at night. Under ideal conditions, UHI generates its own circulation, radially inward flow at street level, radially outward flow above. First noticed ~170 years ago. Even with numerous studies since the 1960 s, it is still not well-understood. Formation of UHI and its magnitude results from urban and geographical characteristics, city size (population, height-to-width ratio), meteorological conditions (wind speed, cloud cover). UHI has distinct seasonal behavior, usually greatest in the summer, weakest in the winter. UHI not only affects temperature, it affects cloudiness, precipitation and air quality. It also impacts global warming.